激光重熔A356铝合金表面的力学性能

采用不同的激光功率在A356铝合金表面进行激光重熔试验,分析了重熔层的组织和显微硬度,并采用三点弯曲试验研究了重熔层的力学性能以及重熔层与基体的结合性能。结果表明:与基体相比,激光重熔层的硬度得到了大幅提升;重熔层中的细晶强化及第二相弥散强化提高了重熔层的强度,延缓了重熔层中第一裂纹的发生;重熔层与基板区域具良好的冶金结合能力,界面区域无裂缝;经激光重熔处理的试样表现出了良好的表面力学性能,在1500 W及2000 W激光功率下获得的重熔层与基体间未出现分层现象。     

高速激光熔覆和重熔复合技术制备铁基涂层的组织性能研究

高速激光熔覆能大大提高熔覆效率,但高速激光熔覆层表面容易出现表面粗糙缺陷.采用高速激光熔覆和激光重熔混合工艺,可达到改善熔覆层表面质量、有效提升涂层性能的目的 .在液压立柱材料27SiMn表面激光熔覆制备了Fe90不锈钢涂层,利用超景深显微镜、X射线多晶衍射仪分别对熔覆层的表面形貌、微观组织结构、元素分布和物相构成进行了分析,通过硬度试验、耐磨损试验和电化学腐蚀试验对涂层的性能进行了验证.试验结果表明:涂层激光重熔后相比于重熔前表面粗糙度降低了8.5％,涂层内部的微观组织更加细密均匀,没有相的消失和新相的出现,只是相的含量增加.在性能方面,重熔之后的硬度提高为基体的2.6倍,磨损失重降低95％.采用激光重熔技术不仅改善了熔覆层表面质量,而且有效提升了涂层性能.     

激光重熔工艺对YCF101涂层质量的影响

YCF101合金(铁基)涂层耐磨耐蚀以及合适的硬度,是机床零件再制造理想涂层。为制备高表面质量的涂层,研究了不同重熔工艺参数对YCF101涂层质量的影响。采用激光共聚焦显微镜(LEXT OLS4100)对涂层表面形貌、组织和截面质量进行了分析。研究结果表明,激光重熔有效提高涂层表面质量；在相同的重熔工艺参数下,重熔轨迹与熔覆轨迹呈45°的重熔方式,重熔质量最好；重熔功率为200 W,重熔速度9 mm/s,重熔间距1 mm时,涂层质量最好；随着重熔功率增加,涂层裂纹增多；重熔后熔池内部细密的晶粒被柱状晶取代,涂层截面组织均匀,涂层表面组织晶粒细化。     

钛合金表面激光重熔镍包石墨涂层的研究

为了提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能,以镍包石墨粉末作为预涂材料,先热喷涂到Ti-6A l-4V基底表面,再采用激光技术进行重熔处理,获得了质量良好的增强涂层。通过XRD、SEM和EDS对涂层组织进行分析,结果表明:涂层的微观组织为固熔了少量Ti元素的镍基,含有大量的TiC增强相。这些TiC增强相呈现发达的枝晶状形态,是在激光重熔过程中原位反应生成的。显微维氏硬度测试表明:激光重熔涂层的硬度达到HV1200,是钛合金基底硬度的3倍。     

激光重熔对CoCrAlYTa涂层组织及氧化性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂工艺在Co基合金表面制备CoCrAlYTa-Al_2O_3-ZrB_2复合涂层,并采用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对重熔前后试样进行检测,分析涂层的微观结构及物相组成,同时对涂层进行高温氧化实验,比较重熔前后试样的性能。结果表明,激光重熔消除了等离子喷涂层的片层状结构、孔隙等缺陷,涂层致密性有很大提高;激光重熔层截面显微硬度从平均899.47 HV提高到929.484 HV;激光重熔层氧化增重速率约为等离子喷涂层的1/6,且氧化膜均匀致密,有效阻止氧化的进一步进行,从而大大提高涂层的抗氧化性能。     

激光重熔对火焰喷涂法制备Ni-WC复合涂层耐磨性能的影响

利用CO2激光对火焰喷涂制备的Ni-WC复合涂层进行了重熔实验,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了其重熔后表面形貌,测试了含有不同WC体积分数样品重熔前后的涂层显微硬度,并分析了WC含量对涂层组织及耐磨性的影响。实验结果表明,火焰喷涂制备的涂层气孔随着WC颗粒含量增大而增多,经激光重熔后气孔明显减少;激光重熔后的涂层显微硬度比火焰喷涂的涂层显微硬度提高约20%,WC体积分数为6%时涂层显微硬度达到最大值;激光重熔处理后的涂层耐磨性随着WC含量的增加而增大,WC体积分数为6%时,其耐磨性达到最佳值。     

激光重熔对TC4钛合金表面激光原位熔覆层微观组织与性能的影响

为了进一步提高激光原位熔覆层的质量,利用激光重熔方法对TC4钛合金表面激光原位熔覆层进行了处理。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度计分别对比研究了熔层的显微组织、相分布和显微硬度。结果表明,适当工艺参数的激光重熔处理可以消除位于原位熔覆层底部的大气孔,可以使熔层中的陶瓷相分布更均匀,从而提高熔层的组织致密性;激光重熔处理后熔层硬度值的梯度变化减弱,熔层的平均显微硬度与质量的稳定性均得到提高。     

激光表面重熔300M超高强度钢的组织及腐蚀行为

采用光纤激光器对300M超高强度钢进行激光表面重熔处理,分析了不同激光功率和扫描速率下重熔表面的显微组织、硬度以及电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:表面重熔区域的显微组织主要由马氏体以及残余奥氏体组成;扫描速率越大,显微硬度越高,显微硬度的均值约为704HV;激光重熔后,材料表面的自腐蚀电位正移,腐蚀电流密度下降;在激光功率为300W和扫描速率为33mm/s条件下得到的重熔层的耐蚀性最好。     

抽油杆接箍表面高速激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的组织与性能

为提高抽油杆接箍表面的耐磨、耐蚀性能,利用高速激光熔覆技术在35CrMo抽油杆接箍表面制备了马氏体不锈钢涂层,并进行了激光重熔处理。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机及电化学工作站研究了高速激光熔覆层和重熔层的组织结构、硬度、摩擦磨损性能与电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:高速激光熔覆涂层表面平整均匀,表面粗糙度为15.7μm,无气孔、夹杂、裂纹等缺陷;重熔涂层的表面粗糙度可达5.4μm;高速熔覆涂层和重熔涂层均由单一的马氏体相组成;熔覆层呈现多层搭接的分层特征,熔覆层界面区为平面晶,中部为外延生长的树枝晶,表面为无明显方向的细小树枝晶;重熔使多层搭接特征基本消失,并细化了表层的树枝晶;高速激光熔覆涂层和重熔层的硬度均值分别为470 HV和494 HV。高速激光熔覆提高了基材的耐磨性及耐蚀性,激光重熔可进一步提高涂层的耐磨和耐蚀性。高速激光熔覆和重熔高性能涂层为抽油杆接箍的表面改性提供了新的思路和方法。     

钛合金等离子喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层激光重熔试验研究

研究了钛合金表面等离子喷涂纳米结构的A12O3+l3wt.%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层激光重熔的微观结构形貌、物相、显微"硬度及结合强度.结果表明涂层在激光重熔后.消除了等离子喷涂后的片层结构组织.在涂层中仍存在部分未熔的纳米结构颗粒,分散了涂层内的应力.原等离子喷涂层中的γ-Al2 O3亚稳态相消失,全部转变为稳态相α-Al2 O3,TiO2则由板钛矿相完全转变为热力学稳定的金红石相,重熔后的喷涂层致密性、显微硬度和结合强度均得到了明显提高.     

300 mm硅片表面延性磨削机理研究

根据脆性材料实现延性磨削时存在临界深度的理论,通过设定磨削参数,使之满足硅片的延性磨削条件.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对磨削硅片表面和截面进行分析研究.研究结果表明:硅片表面形成规律的磨削印痕,且磨削印痕微弱,在硅片表面留下的磨削沟槽保留延性磨削特征,硅片表面无微细裂纹和因脆性崩裂产生的凹坑;硅片截面明显地分为非晶层、次表面损伤层、单晶硅层,非晶层厚度约为50～100 nm,表面微细裂纹完全消失,次表面损伤层厚度约为50～150 nm,次表面损伤层存在微细裂纹.     

High-frequency backscatter from terrain with cement-block walls

The measurements of high-frequency (HF) radar cross sections (RCSs)sigmaof trees on a large flat field were reported a few years ago by Steele. This work used a special adaptation of the standing-wave method to 26 MHz. Shortly afterward, the present author used the same apparatus to measure the (RCSs) of cement walls erected on the same terrain. Wall sizes ranged from 5 ft high by 10 ft wide to 20 by 20 ft. Angles of elevationpsiranged from 2.5 to22.5deg. Using vertical polarization (Efield in the plane of incidence), cross sections increased with wall size. When a wall was thoroughly dampened,sigmaincreased by 3 to 13 dB, depending onpsi, and wall size oversigmawas obtained when the wall was dry or partly damp. Chicken wire covering increased the 10- by 10-ft wall's cross section by 10 dB. Using horizontal polarization, cross sections were immeasurable for the smaller walls. For the 20- by 20-ft wall,sigmawas a smoothly increasing function withpsi. When this wall was wet, its cross section increased by 4 dB. The wall-ground combination was treated as a corner reflector, using a theory based on physical optics. The theory compares fairly well to experimental cross sections for the 20- by 20-ft wall. Extrapolation of the theory suggests that a 150-ft high by 100-ft wide building could have a cross section approaching10^{4}m²at 26 MHz.     

Laboratory measurements of the 36 GHz backscattering cross sectionfrom water waves

The backscattering cross section per unit area σ₀ of a roughened water surface at 36 GHz is needed in the development of new remote sensing instrumentation that will operate at this frequency. One instrument, the multimode airborne radar altimeter (MARA), will illuminate the surface at incidence angles ranging from nadir to 12° off-nadir. Laboratory tests were performed at the Wallops Wind-Wave Tank Facility to determine the variability of σ₀ at these angles and as a function of windspeed. The measurement procedures used in a 6-in.-diam aluminum sphere as the calibration source. The results are compared with earlier measurements at this frequency. Little variability with windspeed was found in the cross-section values for 12° off-nadir, while the cross section decreased with windspeed at nadir. The nadir cross section exceeded the off-nadir result by about 7 dB at a windspeed of 10 m/s (at a 10-m effective height above sea level)     

Spontaneous emission factor of a microcavity DBR surface emittinglaser. II. Effects of electron quantum confinements

For pt.I see ibid., vol.27, p.1347-58 (1991). A method for the theoretical analysis of the spontaneous emission factor (C factor) has been developed for microcavity distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) surface emitting lasers having various quantum-well active regions. It is shown that the C factor can be enlarged by the enhancement of mode density, the anisotropic emission, and the narrow spectral width in quantum wells. C~0.6 may be obtained with GaAs-AlAs DBRs, 0.55 μm×0.55 μm cross section of the cavity, three times vertically long cross section of quantum-wire active regions, and the spectral width of several nanometers at room temperature. This value can be further increased by utilizing a narrower spectral width expected at low temperature     

基于断层扫描思想的曲面面积计算方法研究

根据实际工程应用对物体的表面积信息的需求,基于CT断层扫描的思想,提出了用断层边界信息计算曲面面积的新方法。首先,针对椭球面、圆锥面和球面,给出了与理论结果相吻合的数值计算结果。其次,针对实际的鸡蛋表面积,使用细铜丝围出物体每一个断层面的边界形状,对其成像,通过图像边缘检测技术提取每一断层面的边界数据,利用海伦公式计算出实际鸡蛋的曲面面积。实验表明,该方法实用、简单且计算精度高,满足实际工程应用的需要。     

fBm随机粗糙面电磁散射的微扰法近似

本文采用二维fBm分形函数来模拟二维实际粗糙面,利用微扰法给出了fBm粗糙面的归一化散射截面的计算公式。数值计算了不同分维下的实际粗糙面的后向散射截面,并与有关实验测试结果和高斯相关分布及指数相关分布粗糙面的散射结果作了比较。     

Bistatic radar cross section for a perfectly conductingrhombus-shaped flat plate: simulations and measurements

The bistatic radar cross section of a perfectly conducting flat plate with a rhombus shape (equilateral parallelogram) is investigated with simulations and measurements. A moment method surface patch formulation is used to compute the bistatic radar cross section of a 88.9-cm-long (35-in.-long) by 68.58-cm-wide (27-in.-wide) rhombus plate at 1.3 GHz over a wide range of bistatic angles. Important considerations of the bistatic measurements are described. It is shown that the simulations and measurements are in good agreement in terms of the copolarized and cross-polarized bistatic radar cross-section patterns     

ERS-1 SAR images of atmospheric gravity waves

ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of atmospheric gravity waves over the ocean are discussed. Several case studies are presented in detail. It is shown that the well-organized long wavelength (1 to 10 km) wave phenomena which often are seen in SAR images over the ocean may be atmospheric gravity waves. The waves appear in the SAR images because they modulate the surface wind speed which in turn modulates the surface roughness and the radar cross section. The wavelength may be measured directly from the SAR image, and the mean wind speed and wind speed modulation near the ocean surface may be estimated from the observed radar cross section modulation using a wind retrieval model. The atmospheric gravity waves usually were generated by the approach or passing of a meteorological front. Atmospheric soundings and a two-layer model for the lower troposphere indicate that, in general, the observed atmospheric wave phenomena could have been supported by accompanying temperature inversion layers and wind shears     

Determination of capture cross section and surface-states concentration profile using the surface-acoustic-wave convolver

Energy distribution of surface states and majority-carriers capture cross section is determined using the surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) convolver. The semiconductor is placed a small distance above the SAW delay line, with a uniform air gap between the two media. A fast rise time dc pulse is applied across the semiconductor-delay line structure, and the resulting change in the SAW propagation loss is observed. The transient response of the SAW propagation loss represents the emission or trapping of majority carriers from surface states. From this transient response, the capture cross section and the concentration profile of the surface states are determined. The results obtained agree with the already known distribution of fast surface states; it is constant at the middle of the gap and increases towards the conduction band, whereas the capture cross section is constant in the middle of the gap and decreases toward the conduction band. This new SAW technique is simple, sensitive, and requires no contact to the semiconductor surface.