共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A. Cruciani L. J. Swenson A. Monfardini N. Boudou M. Calvo M. Roesch 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):311-317
We present the detection of 5.9 keV X-rays in a silicon wafer utilising an array of frequency multiplexed Kinetic Inductance Detectors. The readout electronics consists of a programmable digital electronics with an integrated 12-bit ADC, operating with a maximum frequency of 100 MHz. We implement a lumped element geometry, realising pixels as small as possible in order to achieve better position resolution. The whole system allows the simultaneous readout of 14 pixels with a bandwidth of 300 kHz, but it is easily scalable up to 100 pixels. A higher bandwidth detection, with less pixels, allows the reconstruction of the photon absorption position in the substrate up to hundreds of microns. This technological development could be applied in the next future to large area X-Ray Imaging. A better understanding of high energy photon and particle detection is also crucial for the space implementation of LEKIDs for mm-astronomy, where data loss due to Cosmic particles could be a major issue. 相似文献
2.
A. Tartari B. Belier M. Calvo V. D. Cammilleri A. Monfardini M. Piat D. Prêle G. F. Smoot 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2014,176(3-4):524-529
The context of this study is the development of polarisation sensitive detectors in view of future Cosmic Microwave Background experiments. Our goal is to demonstrate the possibility to make a mm-wave polarisation analyser at 150 GHz using Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKIDs). Although LEKIDs are very attractive for the relative ease of fabrication, they have an intrinsic optical response which is weakly polarisation-senstive, i.e. orthogonal linear polarisations are absorbed with comparable efficiencies (with a separation typically not exceeding few dB). To overcome this difficulty, we achieve a polarised response by means of small ( \(\sim \lambda \times \lambda \) ) superconducting Nb wire-grids. Each grid is deposited on the rear side of the 300 micron Si substrate, on which 20 nm Al resonators are patterned, so that each pixel may in principle respond as an independent polarisation analyser. Simulations show encouraging results, with a deep (-20 dB) rejection of the unwanted polarisation. Although what we present here is not yet a polarimeter, this pilot study allows us to address some relevant questions that may be crucial in view of a full polarimetric architecture development. In particular, our first prototypes will allow to assess the behaviour of small grids, the interaction between adjacent polarised pixels, and to choose the most suitable resonator geometry. What we present here are preliminary design results about devices which are currently being realised, and soon ready for optical response characterisation. 相似文献
3.
A. Monfardini A. Benoit A. Bideaud N. Boudou M. Calvo P. Camus C. Hoffmann F.-X. Désert S. Leclercq M. Roesch K. Schuster P. Ade S. Doyle P. Mauskopf E. Pascale C. Tucker A. Bourrion J. Macias-Perez C. Vescovi A. Barishev J. Baselmans L. Ferrari S. J. C. Yates A. Cruciani P. De Bernardis S. Masi C. Giordano B. Marghesin H. G. Leduc L. Swenson 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(5-6):834-839
We are developing an instrument based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) known as the Néel IRAM KID Array (NIKA). Leveraging the experience gained from the first generation NIKA in 2009, an improved, dual-band (150?GHz and 240?GHz) instrument has been designed and tested at the Institut of RadioAstronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30-meter telescope in October 2010. The performances, in terms of sensitivity on-the-sky at 150?GHz, are already comparable to existing state-of-the-art bolometer-based instruments. NIKA represents thus the first real proof that KID are a viable technology for ground-based Astronomy. We will describe the instrument, the most recent results and the future plans for building a large resident mm-wave camera. 相似文献
4.
B. A. Mazin M. E. Eckart B. Bumble S. Golwala P. K. Day J. Gao J. Zmuidzinas 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(1-2):537-543
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting detectors that sense the change in the surface impedance
of a thin superconducting film when Cooper Pairs are broken by using a high quality factor resonant circuit. We are developing
strip detectors that have aluminum MKID sensors on both ends of a rectangular tantalum strip. These devices can provide one
dimensional spatial imaging with high quantum efficiency, energy resolution, and microsecond time resolution for single photons
from the IR to the X-ray. We have demonstrated X-ray strip detectors with an energy resolution of 62 eV at 6 keV, and hope
to improve this substantially. We will also report on our progress towards optical arrays for a planned camera for the Palomar
200″ telescope. 相似文献
5.
J. A. Schlaerth N. G. Czakon P. K. Day T. P. Downes R. Duan J. Glenn S. R. Golwala M. I. Hollister H. G. LeDuc P. R. Maloney B. A. Mazin H. T. Nguyen O. Noroozian J. Sayers S. Siegel J. Zmuidzinas 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):347-353
We report on the recent progress of the Multicolor Submillimeter (kinetic) Inductance Camera, or MUSIC. MUSIC will use antenna-coupled Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors to observe in four colors (150 GHz, 230 GHz, 290 GHz and 350 GHz) with 2304 detectors, 576 per band, at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. It will deploy in 2012. Here we provide an overview of the instrument, focusing on the array design. We have also used a pathfinder demonstration instrument, DemoCam, to identify problems in advance of the deployment of MUSIC. In particular, we identified two major limiters of our sensitivity: out-of-band light directly coupling to the detectors (i.e. not through the antenna), effectively an excess load, and a large 1/f contribution from our amplifiers and electronics. We discuss the steps taken to mitigate these effects to reach background-limited performance (BLIP) in observation. 相似文献
6.
P. Diener H. G. Leduc S. J. C. Yates Y. J. Y. Lankwarden J. J. A. Baselmans 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):305-310
To use highly resistive material for Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID), new designs have to be done, in part due to the impedance match needed between the KID chip and the whole 50?Ω readout circuit. Chips from two new hybrid designs, with an aluminum throughline coupled to titanium nitride microresonators, have been measured and compared to a TiN only chip. In the hybrid chips, parasitic temperature dependent box resonances are absent. The dark KID properties have been measured in a large set of resonators. A surprisingly long lifetime, up to 5.6?ms is observed in a few KIDs. For the other more reproducible devices, the mean electrical Noise Equivalent Power is $5.4 \times 10^{-19}\ \mathrm{W}\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ . 相似文献
7.
S. Doyle P. Mauskopf J. Naylon A. Porch C. Duncombe 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(1-2):530-536
Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) provide a promising solution to the problem of producing large format arrays of ultra
sensitive detectors for astronomy. Traditionally KIDs have been constructed from superconducting quarter-wave resonant elements
capacitively coupled to a co-planar feed line [1]. Photon detection is achieved by measuring the change in quasi-particle
density caused by the splitting of Cooper pairs in the superconducting resonant element. This change in quasi-particle density
alters the kinetic inductance, and hence the resonant frequency of the resonant element. This arrangement requires the quasi-particles
generated by photon absorption to be concentrated at positions of high current density in the resonator. This is usually achieved
through antenna coupling or quasi-particle trapping. For these detectors to work at wavelengths shorter than around 500 μm
where antenna coupling can introduce a significant loss of efficiency, then a direct absorption method needs to be considered.
One solution to this problem is the Lumped Element KID (LEKID), which shows no current variation along its length and can
be arranged into a photon absorbing area coupled to free space and therefore requiring no antennas or quasi-particle trapping.
This paper outlines the relevant microwave theory of a LEKID, along with theoretical and measured performance for these devices.
相似文献
8.
P. J. de Visser J. J. A. Baselmans P. Diener S. J. C. Yates A. Endo T. M. Klapwijk 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):335-340
We present measurements of quasiparticle generation-recombination noise in aluminium Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors, the fundamental noise source for these detectors. Both the quasiparticle lifetime and the number of quasiparticles can be determined from the noise spectra. The number of quasiparticles saturates to 10?μm?3 at temperatures below 160?mK, which is shown to limit the quasiparticle lifetime to 4?ms. These numbers lead to a generation-recombination noise limited noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.5×10?19?W/Hz1/2. Since NEP∝N qp , lowering the number of remnant quasiparticles will be crucial to improve the sensitivity of these detectors. We show that the readout power now limits the number of quasiparticles and thereby the sensitivity. 相似文献
9.
A. Monfardini R. Adam A. Adane P. Ade P. André A. Beelen B. Belier A. Benoit A. Bideaud N. Billot O. Bourrion M. Calvo A. Catalano G. Coiffard B. Comis A. D’Addabbo F.-X. Désert S. Doyle J. Goupy C. Kramer S. Leclercq J. Macias-Perez J. Martino P. Mauskopf F. Mayet F. Pajot E. Pascale N. Ponthieu V. Revéret L. Rodriguez G. Savini K. Schuster A. Sievers C. Tucker R. Zylka 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2014,176(5-6):787-795
NIKA (New IRAM KID Arrays) is a dual-band imaging instrument installed at the IRAM (Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique) 30-meter telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). Two distinct Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) focal planes allow the camera to simultaneous image a field-of-view of about 2 arc-min in the bands 125 to 175 GHz (150 GHz) and 200 to 280 GHz (240 GHz). The sensitivity and stability achieved during the last commissioning Run in June 2013 allows opening the instrument to general observers. We report here the latest results, in particular in terms of sensitivity, now comparable to the state-of-the-art Transition Edge Sensors (TES) bolometers, relative and absolute photometry. We describe briefly the next generation NIKA-2 instrument, selected by IRAM to occupy, from 2015, the continuum imager/polarimeter slot at the 30-m telescope. 相似文献
10.
J. Schlaerth A. Vayonakis P. Day J. Glenn J. Gao S. Golwala S. Kumar H. LeDuc B. Mazin J. Vaillancourt J. Zmuidzinas 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(3-4):684-689
We present results from a demonstration camera using Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) (Day et al. in Nature
425, 817–821, [2003]) at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. The focal plane consists of 16 two-color (240 and 350 GHz) pixels. Each pixel
is a phased-array of slot dipole antenna whose output power is coupled to MKIDs via in-line color-defining bandpass filters.
A prototype software-defined radio system was used to read out up to four MKIDs simultaneously. We obtained maps of Jupiter,
Saturn, and G34.3 and demonstrated sensitivities of approximately 1 Jy s1/2 and 10 Jy s1/2 in the two bands, respectively, limited by detector noise due to a low-efficiency optical train. We anticipate that a second
engineering run in 2008 with a 36-element, 4-color array and an optimized optical train will be background limited at 240,
270, 350, and 400 GHz. We are undertaking the construction of a full-size MKID camera with 576 four-color spatial pixels and
using 2304 MKIDs readout by an expanded software-defined radio system.
相似文献
11.
Jochem Baselmans Stephen Yates Pascale Diener Pieter de Visser 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):360-366
The next generation of far infrared radiation detectors is aimed to reach photon noise limited performance in space based observatories such as SPICA and BLISS. These detectors operate at loading powers of the astronomical signal of a few Attowatt (10?18 W) or less, corresponding to a sensitivity expressed in noise equivalent power as low as $\mathrm{NEP} = 2\times10^{-20}\ \mbox{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ . We have developed a cryogenic test setup for microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) that aims to reach these ultra-low background levels. Stray light is stopped by using a box in a box design with a sample holder inside another closed box. Microwave signals for the MKID readout enters the outer box through custom made coax cable filters. The stray light loading per pixel is estimated to be less than 60×10?18 W during nominal operation, a number limited by the intrinsic sensitivity of the MKIDs used to validate the system. 相似文献
12.
M. Naruse Y. Sekimoto T. Noguchi A. Miyachi T. Nitta Y. Uzawa 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):373-378
We report here the effect of film qualities in superconductors on the properties of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs). The sensitivity of MKIDs between crystal aluminum films and amorphous aluminum films is compared. The good quality and crystallized aluminum films have been prepared by using molecular beam epitaxy. We have confirmed that epitaxial Al(111) films were grown on Si(111) substrates with X-ray diffraction and in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements. The amorphous aluminum films on the Si(111) wafers have been deposited by electron beam evaporation. We have measured transmission losses of MKIDs, noise spectrum and relaxation time against optical pulses, changing MKIDs’ bath temperature from 0.11?K to 0.55?K in a dilution refrigerator. Despite of the improvement in normal resistivity, the quasiparticle decay time of both films are equivalent and 450?μs at 0.11?K. The electrical noise equivalent power of the both MKIDs are also comparable and around $10^{-17}~\mbox{W}/\sqrt{\mbox{Hz}}$ . Fabrication details and performance data of both films are presented. 相似文献
13.
Y. J. Y. Lankwarden A. Endo J. J. A. Baselmans M. P. Bruijn 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):367-372
We have developed a coplanar waveguide (CPW) Kinetic Inductance Detector consisting of Al and NbTiN, coupled at its shorted end to a planar antenna. To suppress the odd mode due to direct coupling to sky radiation by the KID we have also developed freestanding metal air bridges. 相似文献
14.
Development of Kinetic Inductance Stationary-Wave Integrated Fourier-Transform Spectrometry (SWIFTS)
N. Boudou A. Monfardini C. Hoffmann F. Podevin P. Xavier M. Calvo 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):386-391
We present millimeter-wave Stationary-Waves Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometry (SWIFTS) using the nascent Kinetic Inductance Detector (KID) technology. SWIFTS operation consists in converting a stationary-wave spatial sampling into the frequency domain; our SWIFTS devices are designed to operate in the sub-THz region. Millimeter wave power is probed using KIDs, high-quality superconducting resonators deemed to be the next generation millimetric photon detectors for large array astronomy cameras. We expect KIDs to be sensitive enough to sense the stationary wave without altering its properties. Moreover, KID multiplexing capabilities will allow the use of many detectors on a single transmission line, facilitating cryogenic measurements.The SWIFTS concept, already validated in the optical and microwave (<20 GHz) bands, will be useful in any applications where integrated and broadband spectral analysis is needed. We discuss SWIFTS device structure, its measurement operation and some preliminary results. 相似文献
15.
A. Gomez M. Calvo J. Goupy A. Bideaud F. Lévy-Bertrand A. Catalano A. Benoît A. Tartari A. Monfardini 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2018,193(3-4):157-162
Polarization sensitivity is a major requirement in future cosmic microwave background studies. Even though lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) have already demonstrated a good performance in the millimeter range, the typical configuration based on linear meander inductors exhibits a cross polarization up to 30%. In this work, we propose a new configuration of LEKIDs coupled to a microstrip transmission line where the continuous ground plane has been replaced with parallel lines in order to be used as a polarizing grid. Microwave simulations and preliminary experiments show that the polarizer acts as an effective ground plane with no influence in the electromagnetic performance and that the cross polarization can be decreased to 3%. 相似文献
16.
Sara Marcatili Nicola BelcariMaria G. Bisogni Gianmaria CollazuolGiovanni Ambrosi Francesco Corsi Maurizio Foresta Cristoforo Marzocca Gianvito Matarrese Giancarlo Sportelli Pedro Guerra Andres Santos Alberto Del Guerra 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2011,659(1):494-498
Next generation PET scanners should fulfill very high requirements in terms of spatial, energy and timing resolution. Modern scanner performances are inherently limited by the use of standard photomultiplier tubes. The use of Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) matrices is proposed for the construction of a 4D PET module based on LSO continuous crystals, which is envisaged to replace the standard PET block detector. The expected spatial resolution of the module for the photon hit position is below 1 mm, and it will perform at the same time, the Depth Of Interaction (DOI) calculation and the Time Of Flight (TOF) measurement. The use of large area multi-pixel Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors requires the development of a multichannel Digital Acquisition system (DAQ) as well as of a dedicated front-end in order not to degrade the intrinsic detector performances. We have developed a flexible and modular DAQ system for the read-out of two modules in time coincidence for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) applications. The DAQ system is based on a previously developed custom front-end ASIC chip (BASIC) which allows to read-out SiPM matrices preserving their spectroscopy and timing capabilities. Here we describe the acquisition system architecture and its characterization measurements. 相似文献
17.
Jochem Baselmans 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(3-4):292-304
Microwave kinetic Inductance Detectors, MKIDs, combine device simplicity, intrinsic multiplexing capability and a good sensitivity for radiation detection from the X-ray to the sub-mm part of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a consequence MKIDs are now being developed in several varieties and for many different applications. The paper will shortly address the fundamentals of the physics of MKIDs and will elaborate on the various applications of MKID arrays currently under development. 相似文献
18.
Alessandro Traini Andrea Tartari Guillaume Bordier Faouzi Boussaha Christine Chaumont Samir Beldi Florent Reix Michel Piat 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2018,193(3-4):170-175
We present an antenna-coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector for millimeter wave astronomy. Next-generation telescopes for observing the cosmic microwave background are demanding in terms of number of detectors and focal plane area filling efficiency. Moreover, foreground reduction in B-Mode polarimetry requires sky observation with multiple frequency bands. In this context, KIDs are a promising technology because of their large multiplexing rate, while antenna coupling can provide multi-band and dual-polarization solutions in compact design. We have developed polarization-sensitive dual-band pixel at 140 and 160 GHz with a bandwidth of almost 8% for each sub-band. The design involves a microstrip-excited slot antenna and two open-stub band-pass filters to direct the signal toward two resonators. These are lumped elements capacitively coupled to the antenna and include an aluminum strip as absorber. The architecture proposed is particularly simple to fabricate, via-less and only involves two metallization levels. The transition does not require any dielectric deposition above the resonator, thus preventing limitations from any source of noise due to a non-monocrystalline substrate. Furthermore, the same coupling technique can be applied to many types of microstrip-excited antennas, which allow to accommodate band-pass filters. 相似文献
19.
Photon-Noise Limited Performance in Aluminum LEKIDs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. D. Mauskopf S. Doyle P. Barry S. Rowe A. Bidead P. A. R. Ade C. Tucker E. Castillo A. Monfardini J. Goupy M. Calvo 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2014,176(3-4):545-552
We have measured noise in aluminum lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) in dark conditions at different base temperatures and with optical illumination from a variable temperature blackbody source. LEKIDs are photon-sensitive superconducting resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. We convert variations in the raw in-phase ( \(e_I\) ) and quadrature ( \(e_Q\) ) signals from a fixed frequency source transmitted through a transmission line coupled to the LEKID into a measure of the fluctuation in the resonant frequency of the LEKID ( \(e_f\) ) using the measured electrical response of the resonator to a swept frequency source. We find that the noise of the LEKID in the dark has a constant frequency fluctuation level, \(e_f^0\) which is rolled off at a base temperature-dependent frequency corresponding to the quasiparticle lifetime in the device. Above this frequency, the noise is dominated by amplifier noise at a level a factor of 2–10 times lower than the low frequency white noise level depending on the quality factor of the resonator. The amplitude of this noise and the frequency cutoff agree well with the expected frequency flucution level from generation and recombination of thermal quasiparticles from a simple Mattis–Bardeen model. When we illuminate the device with a variable temperature blackbody source through a bandpass filter centered at a frequency of 150 GHz, we observe a reduction in the quasiparticle lifetime and an increase in the level of frequency fluctuation noise as the blackbody temperature is increased. This indicates that the quasiparticle number is dominated by optically generated quasiparticles and that the noise in the device is dominated by photon noise. 相似文献
20.
A pixel detector-based single photon-counting system as fast spectrometer for diagnostic X-ray beams
Carpentieri C Bisogni MG Del Guerra A Delogu P Fantacci ME Fogli J Marchi A Marzulli V Rosso V Stefanini A Tofani A 《Radiation protection dosimetry》2008,129(1-3):119-122
Recent advances in semiconductor pixel detectors and read-out electronics allowed to build the first prototypes of single photon-counting imaging systems that represent the last frontier of digital radiography. Among the advantages with respect to commercially available digital imaging systems, there are direct conversion of photon energy into electrical charge and the effective rejection of electronic noise by means of a thresholding process. These features allow the photon-counting systems to achieve high imaging performances in terms of spatial and contrast resolution. Moreover, the now available deep integration techniques allow the reduction of the pixel size and the improvement of the functionality of the single cell and the read-out speed so as to cope with the high fluxes found in diagnostic radiology. In particular, the single photon-counting system presented in this paper is based on a 300-microm thick silicon pixel detector bump-bonded to the Medipix2 read-out chip to form an assembly of 256 x 256 square pixels at a pitch of 55 microm. Each cell comprises a low-noise preamplifier, two pulse height discriminators and a 14-bit counter. The maximum counting rate per pixel is 1 MHz. The chip can operate in two modalities: it records the events with energy above a threshold (single mode) or between two energy thresholds (window mode). Exploiting this latter feature, a possible application of such a system as a fast spectrometer is presented to study the energy spectrum of diagnostic beams produced by X-ray tubes. 相似文献