汽车SCR系统用不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为研究

运用600 ℃废气氧化与80 ℃冷凝液浸泡方法研究了柴油机SCR系统用441和304两种不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为。结果表明：经有/无尿素的废气氧化后,441不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀均处于钝化状态,而304不锈钢的腐蚀均处于活化状态;阳极极化曲线测量后,441不锈钢表面形成了点蚀坑,304不锈钢部分表面区域有明显的晶间腐蚀特征,氧化环境中引入尿素对两种不锈钢的前述局部腐蚀都具有增强作用。     

铁素体不锈钢在排气系统冷凝液中的腐蚀特性研究

通过分析国五排放法规下某自主品牌和某合资品牌汽车排气系统冷凝液的成分,设计了用于加速腐蚀实验的冷凝液配方,该配方中各组分的浓度均低于日本的JFE冷凝液。利用循环腐蚀方法,模拟排气系统腐蚀环境,研究了排气系统常用铁素体不锈钢SUH409L和439在这两种冷凝液中的腐蚀特性。结果表明:两种不锈钢材料在国五冷凝液中的腐蚀速度均小于在JFE冷凝液中的,30个实验周期后,SUH409L和439不锈钢在国五冷凝液中的质量损失是JFE冷凝液中的27%和45%;439不锈钢在两种冷凝液中的耐腐蚀性均优于SUH409L不锈钢的,439不锈钢在JFE冷凝液和国五冷凝液中的质量损失是SUH409L不锈钢的42.8%和72.4%。     

409不锈钢在消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为

运用氧化-冷凝液蒸发循环方法模拟汽车消声器内腐蚀环境,研究了409不锈钢在两种冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,并分析了Cl-对冷凝液腐蚀的作用.结果表明,经250℃氧化后409不锈钢在冷凝液中表现出良好的钝态腐蚀性能,但无论冷凝液中是否存在Cl-,钝化膜在氧化和腐蚀的循环作用下均会被破坏而形成局部腐蚀坑.Cl-存在时,蚀坑内不易形成保护性氧化膜,形成的蚀坑更深.     

两种不锈钢在模拟消声器环境中的电偶腐蚀行为

采用氧化/冷凝液浸泡循环实验方法模拟汽车消声器内部环境,研究了409和304两种不锈钢在冷凝液中的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明,无氧化作用时两种不锈钢间电偶腐蚀效应较弱,304钢对409钢的加速腐蚀作用很小。循环实验过程中,偶合电位较低时偶合电流密度往往较大。热氧化将明显增大两种不锈钢发生电偶腐蚀的倾向性,但氧化温度为250℃时稳定偶合电流密度较小、电偶腐蚀效应不显著,而氧化温度为400℃时409钢在循环过程中将发生局部腐蚀,呈现出较大的偶合电流密度,电偶腐蚀效应较强。     

汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢的服役性能

汽车排气系统零件在高温和腐蚀性环境中工作,并受到冲击振动。排气系统零件通常用铁素体不锈钢制作,在设计、选材时应注意使零件能经受冷凝液腐蚀、晶间腐蚀、高温腐蚀、高温氧化和高温疲劳。对409、439和436三种常用于汽车排气系统零件的铁素体不锈钢的上述服役性能进行了分析比较。     

蒸汽环境对消声器用439不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

运用氧化-浸泡循环实验和氧化-浸泡-蒸发循环实验,结合电化学测试以及SEM和XRD分析,研究了蒸汽环境对消声器用439不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:有/无蒸汽作用条件下,试样表面形成的腐蚀产物相似,循环实验后试样表面均生成了较浅的点蚀坑。与冷凝液环境相比,试样在蒸汽环境中的腐蚀阻力较小、局部腐蚀坑更深。蒸汽环境更有利于试样表面产物膜和蚀坑的生长。     

中/低铬铁素体不锈钢在消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为

采用氧化-浸泡-蒸发循环试验方法模拟汽车消声器内部环境,对比研究了409M、425NT、439M三种中/低铬铁素体不锈钢在汽车消声器冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,讨论了合金元素铬的含量对不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:三种不锈钢经50次循环试验后均呈现点腐蚀特征,表面的氧化/腐蚀产物主要是(Fe,Cr)2O3;随着铬含量的升高,铁素体不锈钢的腐蚀电位上升,腐蚀阻力增加,腐蚀坑数量减少且深度下降,腐蚀质量损失降低,耐冷凝液腐蚀性能得到明显提高。     

消声器用不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为研究

采用氧化-冷凝液浸泡循环方法模拟了汽车长距离行驶条件下消声器的内部服役环境,并对比研究了409,429,436,439和441等5种不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为。结果表明:5种不锈钢表面氧化/腐蚀产物膜均主要由Cr2O3和Fe2O3组成。合金元素Cr与Mo对不锈钢表面产物膜电阻及电荷转移电阻的影响最为显著。腐蚀坑深度从大到小依次为409,439,441,429和436不锈钢,但439与441不锈钢以及429与436不锈钢的腐蚀深度相差很小,并且5种不锈钢在汽车长距离行驶条件下均表现出良好的耐蚀性。     

冷凝液pH对消声器用409不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了消声器用409不锈钢在不同pH冷凝液中的腐蚀行为,并用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了pH对409不锈钢钝化膜化学组成的影响。结果表明,试样在冷凝液pH为2时处于活化腐蚀状态,而冷凝液pH不低于3时处于钝化状态;在酸性条件下钝化膜富含铬的化合物、缺陷较多,试样腐蚀阻力相对较小,而在中/碱性条件下钝化膜富含铁的化合物、缺陷较少,试样腐蚀阻力较大。     

汽车用不锈钢耐蚀差异与耐蚀因素研究

分析汽车用不锈钢各牌号的耐蚀性差异与影响耐蚀性的因素。采用GB/T 20854-2007中的试验条件进行不锈钢循环腐蚀试验,试验共进行180个循环(1440h),试验结束后观察试片的表面状态。经过180个循环盐雾试验后,不锈钢的耐蚀性由高到低依次为:316-BA304-8K304-BA436L-2D441-2D439-2D430-BA409L-2D。奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性普遍高于铁素体不锈钢;表面状态等级越高则耐蚀性越高;防腐蚀作用的元素含量与种类越多则耐蚀性越高,以上结论可为不锈钢在整车排气系统和内外饰系统的选材提供依据。     

A novel accelerated corrosion test for exhaust systems by means of power ultrasound

Cycling corrosion tests have been performed to simulate corrosion conditions in the cold end of an automotive exhaust system. A middle range 1.4512 (AISI 409) stainless steel is submitted to a conventional dip dry test (DDT) parallel to a similar test but including an additional external stress thanks to an ultrasonic transducer. This new ultrasonic test (so called UST) is expected to reduce the diagnostic time of the corrosion test by the combined action of the chemical corrosion process and of mechanical degradations. Both corrosion tests are performed in two different media in order to simulate internal corrosion due to exhaust gas condensate and external cosmetic corrosion, greatly enhanced by road salt during winter. It respectively concerns a synthetic gas condensate, the composition of which is derived from what is obtained from motor gasoline combustion, and NaCl solution. In both electrolytes the stainless steel suffers from pitting corrosion. Samples are examined by optical micrography and surface profilometry. The degradation state is quantified according to three parameters: maximum pit depth, average pit diameter and porosity rate. The efficiency of each test is then related to the time of immersion. As expected, use of ultrasound allows pits growth to be achieved from the beginning of the exposure time, so that the maximum pit depth recorded after 180 h of immersion is twice than with the classical dip dry test. It seems that it does not modify the pit initiation mechanism but only increases growth kinetics.     

Formation of Si diffusion layer on stainless steels and their high temperature corrosion resistance in molten salt

The surface alloying of Si into SUS430 and SUS304 stainless steels was achieved by a pack-cementation method. A high-temperature corrosion test was undertaken under a corrosive ash in a high-temperature gas, which simulated the environment of a waste incinerator. The effect of the surface alloying of Si on the high temperature corrosion resistance of these stainless steels was examined. The result of the corrosion test showed that the corrosion mass loss of the siliconized stainless steel was lower than that of non-treated stainless steel. It was thought that the high temperature corrosion resistance in the corrosive ash containing large amounts of molten salt was improved by the surface alloying of Si. The change in corrosion loss with test time in the corrosive ash was also examined. The corrosion loss of the non-treated stainless steels rapidly increased. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of the siliconized stainless steels was small.It was found from the observation and EPMA analysis of a cross-section of the specimen after the corrosion test that, for the non-treated stainless steels, the metallic elements were dissolved into the molten salt. On the other hand, for the siliconized stainless steels, a scale consisting of silicon oxide was formed on the steels. As a result, the dissolved metallic elements were small.The electrochemical studies indicated that there was an effect of the surface alloying of Si on the hot corrosion resistance of the stainless steels. Hence, the corrosion potentials of the siliconized steels were higher than those of the non-treated steels. The increase in the anodic current densities for the siliconized steels was smaller than that for the non-treated steels. It was thought that the electrochemical corrosion reaction was difficult to occur due to the surface alloying of Si into the stainless steels.     

A test method for dewpoint corrosion of stainless steels in dilute hydrochloric acid

When acid-containing gases condense on a steel surface a phenomenon called dewpoint corrosion can occur. In this case severe attack can appear and the attack cannot be predicted from traditional immersion test data. Dewpoint corrosion can for instance be found in refinery overhead condensers and in waste incineration plants. An experimental set-up consisting of a closed glass loop has been constructed in which stainless steel samples are exposed to condensing conditions simulating a formed condensate of about 1% HCl. In the loop three stainless steels have been tested. For all three materials higher corrosion rates were found in the loop than obtained in immersion tests but in the same range as can be predicted from service experience.     

445铁素体不锈钢内胆水箱的加工性能和耐蚀性

将445铁素体不锈钢的主要化学成分、力学性能、成型性能和焊接性能等基本性能与304奥氏体不锈钢进行对比,结果表明,445不锈钢具有较好的机加工性能。采用盐雾试验及10%的NaCl溶液加速腐蚀试验等方法,对比445水箱、304水箱及两者混合搭配的内胆水箱的太阳能热水器的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,445不锈钢耐腐蚀性稍逊于304不锈钢,在80～120℃时,445与304不锈钢均发生蒸汽腐蚀、水线腐蚀,且445不锈钢出现较为严重的点蚀现象。     

Effect of Host Media on Microbial Influenced Corrosion due to Desulfotomaculum nigrificans

This article reports about the tests carried to investigate microbial-induced corrosion on stainless steels due to sulfate-reducing bacteria sp. Desulfotomaculum nigrificans in different host media. Stainless steel 304L, 316L, and 2205 were selected for the test. Modified Baar’s media (BM), sodium chloride solution, and artificial sea water (SW) were used as test solutions in anaerobic conditions. Electrochemical polarization and immersion test were performed to estimate the extent of corrosion rate and pitting on stainless steels. SEM/EDS were used to study the details inside/outside pits formed on the corroded samples. Biofilm formed on corroded coupons was analyzed for its components by UV/Visible spectroscopy. Corrosion attack on the test samples was observed maximum in case of exposure to SW followed by NaCl solution, both having sulfide and chloride whereas stainless steel exposed to BM, having sulfide, showed minimum attack. Tendency of extracellular polymeric substances to bind metal ions is observed to be responsible for governing the extent of corrosion attack.     

Corrosion Testing of some Austenitic Stainless Steels and of Inconel Alloy at 25°c in Acidic Chloride Solutions

Abstract

The corrosion of austenitic stainless steels types AISI 304, 310 and 316, and of Inconel alloy, was studied at 25°c, in 5% NaCl solution at an initial pH value of 2·5, and in 5% FeCl³ at pH 1·2. The resistance of the alloys in both corrosive environments was in the order: 310 > 316 > 304 > Inconel. Pre-treatment of the specimens with bubbling chlorine gas increased the subsequent corrosion rates of the alloys. Intermittent bubbling of gas mixtures such as Cl₂, N₂, and/or H₂S, increased the corrosion rate of Inconel alloy when Cl₂ was present, but decreased the corrosion rate when H₂ was present. Heat treatment of austenitic stainless steels increased the subsequent corrosion rates, whereas 16% pre-straining of annealed specimens slightly reduced the rates. Addition of trisodium phosphate to the corrosive solution reduced the corrosion rates and pitting tendency for all three types of austenitic stainless steel.     

Corrosion behavior of TiC particle-reinforced 304 stainless steel

TiC particle-reinforced 304 stainless steels were prepared using a new developed in situ technology and their corrosion behavior was compared with that of 304SS in 5 wt.% HCl solution. As compared to 304SS, E_corr, E_pit and E_rp values had shifted to a more negative region in 304SS containing TiC, indicating faster corrosion rate by TiC addition. The addition of TiC particles to 304SS resulted in no rapid pit propagation but maintained a high corrosion rate in the whole immersion time investigated.     

ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF 304AND 316 STAINLESS STEELS

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Corrosion at the urea injection in SCR‐system during component test

The corrosion behaviour of the austenitic stainless steels 304L and 904L was investigated after component testing in diesel exhaust urea environment. Cross‐sectional analyses and depth profiling of corrosion products were performed with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The samples of both materials displayed high amounts of silicon oxide on their surfaces, though this did not appear to have an active role in the corrosion. The higher alloyed 904L exhibited only small signs of corrosion and the inner oxide below the silicon oxide was chromium rich. Substantial nitrogen uptake was detected, presumably due to the presence of NH₃, cyanates and similar species. The lower alloyed 304L showed more severe corrosion. The oxide on the 304L samples mainly consisted of iron oxide apart from the silicon oxide present. The nitrogen uptake was less pronounced and possibly connected to presence of nitride precipitates. The most pronounced corrosion was detected at sites where deposits frequently form and decompose. Those deposits are a probable nitrogen source and may also form compounds enabling the breakdown of the oxide.