A Heat Transfer Model for Firefighters' Protective Clothing

An accurate and flexible model of heat transfer through firefighter protective clothing has many uses, including investigating the degree of protection, in terms of burn injury and heat stress, of a particular fabric assembly and analyzing cheaply and quickly the expected performance of new or candidate fabric designs or fabric combinations.This paper presents the first stage in developing a heat transfer model for firefighters' protective clothing. The protective fabrics are assumed to be dry, which means no moisture from perspiration, and the fabric temperatures considered are below the point of thermal degradation, such as melting or charring. Many firefighter burns occur even when there is no thermal degradation of their protective gear. A planar geometry of the fabric layers is assumed with one-dimensional heat transfer. The forward-reverse model is used for radiative heat transfer. The accuracy of the model is tested by comparing time-dependent temperatures from both within and on the surface of a typical fabric assembly to those obtained experimentally. Overall, the model performed well, especially inside the garment where the temperature difference between the experiment and the stimulation was within 5°C. The predicted temperature on the outer shell of the garment differed most from experimental values, by much as 24°C. This was probably due to the absence of fabric-specific optical properties, such as transmissivity and reflectivity, used for model input.     

Heat Transfer Model of Flame Resistant Fabrics During Cooling After Exposure to Fire

Protective clothing is used in many industries to protect firefighters and other workers from fire and other hazards. While skin burns can occur during a fire, protective fabric temperatures remain high for some time even after a fire ends. Therefore, skin burn injuries can occur during the time in which a fabric is cooling. A heat transfer model has been developed that can predict inherently flame resistant fabric temperatures and skin burn injuries during this cooling phase. This paper describes the heat transfer model, including methods used to calculate the apparent heat capacity and the convection heat transfer coefficient as the fabric cools. The new model has been validated using data from bench top tests of Kevlar®/PBI fabric specimens. Parametric studies using the model demonstrate the importance of selected thermal properties and boundary conditions on fabric temperatures and bench top test results.     

Heat loss characteristics for a typical solar domestic hot water storage

It is common practice to predict the performance of solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems by computer simulation. This process relies on the accurate specification of the system's physical and thermal characteristics, and is often based on a number of simplifying assumptions. An important aspect of system performance is storage heat loss characteristics; however, these are often represented by an average heat loss coefficient or U-value that does not account for the complex geometry of the thermal storage or the interaction of the various inlet and outlet ports that may act as thermal conduits. In addition, most solar storage models assume that the tank temperature profile is one-dimensional and that conduction within the tank wall is negligible. To investigate these effects, tests were conducted on a typical thermal storage used in SDHW applications and included a cool-down test and a heat diffusion test sequence. The values derived from these test sequences were then compared to computer predictions based on estimated thermal properties. In addition, the basic assumptions typically used in the computer modelling of solar storage heat losses (e.g., one-dimensional temperature profiles, minimal tank wall conduction, uniform wall heat loss) were investigated, particularly in the context of a thermally stratified thermal storage.     

地源热泵桩基与钻孔埋管换热器换热性能比较

相对于钻孔埋管换热器,桩基埋管换热器在换热性能和经济性方面均具有较大优势,目前越来越广泛的应用于地源热泵工程中。围绕钻孔与桩基埋管换热器的结构特点和换热机理进行对比分析,针对南京某项目桩基埋管换热器开展了换热性能实测及数值模拟分析,并采用数值模拟手段对比分析了钻孔与桩基埋管换热器的换热性能差异。研究结果进一步证明了桩基埋管换热器具有良好的换热性能。提出的传热性能数值模拟方法可较准确地计算出桩基和钻孔埋管换热器的传热效率。     

Convective heat transfer prediction in large rectangular cross-sectional area Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers

An Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (ETAHE) uses the ground's thermal storage capacity to dampen ambient air temperature oscillations by delivering the outdoor air to the indoors through a horizontally buried duct. With their lower airflow resistance, large cross-sectional area ETAHEs have been found to be more energy efficient than the conventional small ones, especially when integrated in hybrid ventilation systems. However, the lack of available methods for determining the heat convection at the duct surfaces has made accurate energy simulation and proper system design overly difficult. In this study, numerical experiments using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were conducted to investigate the airflow and thermal behavior in the large ducts. A two-layer turbulence model was used to ensure accuracy in resolving the flow information in the near-wall region, which is critical for predicting accurate heat convection. The modeling method was verified by comparing its results with measurements from literature. Parametric studies were conducted to identify the influential design and operation variables for the heat convection. Thirty numerical experimental setups designed with the Latin Hypercube Sampling method were simulated to prepare a database with six design parameters as the simulation inputs and average Nusselt numbers over the duct ceiling, wall, and floor as the outputs. Based on the database an artificial neural network (ANN) model was trained to build a mathematical relation between the design variables and the Nusselt numbers. The developed ANN model showed very accurate prediction when compared with test data.     

地源热泵地埋管换热量与岩土热物性的测试

介绍两种地源热泵用岩土热物性测试仪(电加热式热物性测试仪、风冷热泵式热物性测试仪)的原理,分析了测试仪在实际工程中的应用及测试结果,指出流量、地埋管进水温度等因素对单位孔深换热量有明显影响.     

回填料对地埋管换热器性能的影响

采用了地埋管换热器三维非稳态耦合传热的物理数学模型,针对实际的地埋管结构和热响应测试工况进行了相应的数值模拟.将模拟计算结果与TRT热响应测试结果进行了比较,验证了所建模型的正确性.在此基础上,考察了地埋管换热器回填料导热系数及比热等物性参数对地埋管换热器性能的影响关系,为热响应测试以及工程设计提供有益的理论指导.     

双U形地埋管换热器冬季周围土壤温度变化

建立了计算地埋管换热器周围土壤温度的数学模型。结合天津地区某实际工程,采用跟踪测试方法研究了冬季双U形地埋管换热器周围土壤温度的变化。深度为10m以下的土壤温度基本不受环境温度的影响。随着深度的增加,土壤原始温度逐渐升高,在深度为10～120m范围内,土壤原始平均温度为15．9℃。地埋管换热器冬季的热作用半径为1．5～2．5m。     

土壤热物性与地埋管换热器换热性能研究

本文采用恒热流法对某地源热泵系统工程进行土壤热响应测试,数据处理采用线热源模型,线性关系推导法得到测试结果。现场钻孔埋设单U型、双U型地埋管换热器,钻井深度有80m、100m,比较不同埋管形式下测试出的单位井深换热量、土壤导热系数、钻孔热阻及土壤热扩散率之间的关系,并分析结果差异的原因,为实际设计提供可靠依据。     

热传导CPT探头的研发与应用

土体热导率是能源地下工程、高压电线埋设、冻土路基等工程设计中的重要参数,是评估土体换热性能及地下温度场计算的关键,但目前缺乏有效的原位测试手段。基于瞬时线热源温度消散理论,研发了可测试原位土体热导率的静力触探(CPT)探头。根据理论假设与现有CPT系统尺寸,确定了探头具体长度、直径、内部构造、温度采集点位,并提出相应测试步骤与热导率计算方法。利用COMSOL有限元分析软件对测试过程进行模拟验证,结果表明探头实际传热符合线热源假定,且计算方法适用于一般热导率土体。对于热导率较小(小于0.6 W/(m?K))土体,需适当延长测试时间。现场应用表明,土体原位热导率略高于取样土室内测试结果,表明取样扰动可能降低土体导热性能,最后对取样测试及工程设计提出改进建议。     

A simple method for estimating transient heat transfer in slab-on-ground floors

The problem of calculating transient heat transfer in concrete floor slabs is complicated due to ground coupling, which can require the numerical solution of two or three-dimensional transient conduction equations. This paper presents a simplified method for calculating transient slab-on-ground heat transfer that can be incorporated within hourly simulation programs. The method assumes that there are two primary one-dimensional paths for heat transfer from a ground-coupled floor slab: (1) one-dimensional heat transfer from the perimeter of the slab to the ambient and (2) one-dimensional heat transfer between the slab interior surface and a portion of the soil beneath the slab. The perimeter heat transfer is assumed to occur at quasi-steady state and is characterized in terms of a perimeter heat loss factor (F_p). Transient heat transfer within the slab and ground are modeled using a simple thermal circuit employing three nodes with an adiabatic boundary condition at a specified depth within the soil underneath the slab. Although some simulation models consider this type of two-path model, there appears to be no validation of this approach and there is no guidance for specifying perimeter heat loss factors and underfloor soil depths and node locations for the thermal circuit. In the current paper, results from detailed two-dimensional finite-element models for typical floor constructions and soil properties were used to identify (1) locations for nodes within the slab and soil, (2) correlations for soil depth as a function of soil properties associated with the underfloor adiabatic boundary condition, and (3) correlations for perimeter heat loss factor as a function of soil properties and edge insulation levels for different constructions. Transient heat transfer results from the simple model compared well with results from the finite-element program for different floor constructions, edge insulation, soil properties, locations, and times of year.     

单一保温墙体中典型热桥柱的传热影响区域及其节点优化

热桥柱是热桥的重要组成部分,有必要就其传热影响区域展开专题研究。以重庆地区为例,通过有限体积法数值求解得出:热桥柱传热影响区域为其边缘两侧300mm范围,尤以150mm范围为甚;热桥柱边缘两侧300mm范围内做局部加强外保温时,能有效避免外侧保温层热桥柱连接处断裂导致的热损,且能基本消除室内侧热桥柱的漏热问题。     

桩基螺旋地埋管换热器模型与换热性能研究

以线热源理论为基础,结合格林函数法中的持续热源法,建立了桩基螺旋地埋管换热器准三维模型,采用Matlab程序对模型进行编程计算。在设定条件下,分析了土壤热导率、土壤初始温度、螺旋地埋管螺距、桩基半径、管内流体流速对桩基螺旋地埋管换热器换热性能的影响。     

A dynamic thermal network approach to the modelling of Foundation Heat Exchangers

Foundation Heat Exchangers (FHX) are a novel form of ground heat exchanger for residential applications. The recently developed dynamic thermal network approach has been applied to formulate a model of the FHX that includes the basement, pipes and adjacent ground. This response factor approach allows complex three-dimensional geometries, such as this, to be represented and simulated efficiently. The formulation of the method and its application to the FHX is described along with a numerical procedure to calculate the required weighting factor series. An improved method of calculating these data and reducing it to a compact form is presented. Some modification of the original method has also been necessary to implement the boundary conditions associated with the heat exchanger pipes and ground surface. Data from an installation at an experimental house have been used to validate the model.     

热源循环泵流量对热电联供系统优化运行影响

建立利用热网蓄热以促进风电消纳的热电联合优化运行模型,分析热源循环泵流量对热电联供系统运行经济性的影响。案例分析结果表明,循环泵日电费随相对流量减小而降低。相对流量87%~100%范围内,目标函数(热电机组的日运行费用、日市电费、日弃风罚款之和最小)不变。当相对流量降至86%后,目标函数不降反升,且增大幅度大于循环泵日电费降低幅度。受供水温度及供回水温差的限制,随着相对流量减小,日间热电机组制热功率受到限制。为了满足热电联合优化运行模型热平衡条件(总供热量等于总耗热量),夜间热电机组制热功率无法降低,热电机组发电功率居高不下,导致风电消纳受限,弃风电量增大。日弃风罚款随之增加,最终导致目标函数升高。相对流量为87%时,热电联供系统的日运行费用最低。     

污水源热泵污水侧流化除垢与强化换热性能

由小尺度污物引起的污垢等问题成为污水源热泵推广应用的瓶颈,该文首先探讨污水取水换热过程中污垢的形成机理;进而将液固循环流化床技术引入污水源热泵污水侧的防、除垢应用中,考虑碰撞应力以接触面中心呈对称分布的特点,对已有碰撞应力模型进行修正,并以垢层所受到的剥离力(液固两相流对垢层的剪应力与固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力)来探讨液固循环流化床的防、除垢机理;最后进行液固循环流化床换热器防、除垢特性的实验研究。研究结果表明循环流化床换热技术可有效解决污水中小尺度污物所引起的污垢等问题。     

徐州地区U型地埋管换热器热响应测试

利用热响应测试原理,对徐州市某地源热泵工程的两个实验井进行了测试,获得了该区域土壤热物性及其取放热特性参数,并采用线热源理论对测试数据进行分析和计算,确认该区域土壤的导热系数较高,地层热传导条件优,保证了地下埋管的换热能力,适宜采用地源热泵,为类似工程提供应用借鉴。     

再生水板式换热器微生物污垢热阻的预测

基于细胞自动机模型,多孔介质导热模型,计算再生水在不同温度,时间条件下,流速为0.4 m/s时微生物污垢的厚度及热导率,进而计算微生物污垢热阻(称为计算值)。针对再生水放热工况,采用ANSYS FLUENT建立宽流道板式换热器模型,模拟换热器冷热流体出口温度及再生水侧压力降。将微生物污垢热阻计算值,模拟结果作为微生物污垢热阻预测模型(采用最小二乘支持向量机建立)的训练样本,验证样本,采用平均绝对百分比误差评价预测模型的准确性。预测值与计算值的平均绝对百分比误差为1.48%,说明预测模型的准确性比较高,可用于工程应用。     

空气源热泵相变蓄能除霜系统蓄热模式及除霜特性的研究

本文阐述了基于相变蓄热的空气源热泵蓄能除霜系统及其相变蓄热器的设计,提出了3种蓄热模式并搭建了空气源热泵蓄能除霜试验台.通过对实验数据进行分析,认为串联蓄热模式时,系统可有效完成蓄热且相变蓄热器的蓄热速度较快;单独蓄热模式和并联蓄热模式时系统不能有效运行,压缩机的吸、排气温度偏高,而吸、排气压力偏低,功率偏低,相变材料...