线性调频信号激励超声换能器的方法研究

针对超声换能器的特性,研究等幅及包络调制线性调频波的换能器激励响应。通过对比激励前后脉冲压缩的主瓣峰值、?3d B主瓣带宽和峰值旁瓣水平,探讨通过换能器后其信噪比和分辨率的性能。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,两种调频信号通过换能器后信噪比和分辨率都减少,峰值旁瓣有所提高。包络调制线性调频信号激励换能器脉冲压缩的信噪比和分辨率高于等幅线性调频信号,但能量损失比等幅线性调频信号大。     

一种低旁瓣圆形活塞高频换能器研究

文章主要研究了一种低旁瓣圆形活塞高频换能器,采用去环非均匀分布方法实现低旁瓣,推导了去环非均匀圆形活塞换能器的指向性函数表达式,建立了指向性仿真模型,并采用Matlab软件进行仿真优化,对不同去环位置和不同去环宽度的圆形活塞换能器旁瓣级变化规律进行了分析,并通过添加匹配层拓展带宽。制作了一款低旁瓣圆形活塞宽带高频换能器,并进行测量。实测结果与仿真基本一致,换能器实测最大旁瓣级为-22.4 dB,较均匀圆形活塞换能器旁瓣级降低了4.8 dB,中心频率为325 kHz,-3 dB带宽为150 kHz。     

二维阵列换能器声辐射力分布的计算分析

利用角谱理论得到了圆形活塞换能器阵元组阵后作用在平面悬浮物体上的声辐射力分布公式。通过数值仿真,分析了换能器频率、阵元间距以及阵元数目对声辐射力分布的影响。计算结果表明,换能器组阵使得声辐射力分布的指向性变窄,强度增强;随着换能器频率的提高、阵元间距的增大以及阵元数目的增多,声辐射力分布的主瓣更尖锐,但阵元间距的增大会使声辐射力分布的旁瓣增高。为了改善声辐射力的空间分布,采用伪逆矩阵算法,以能量增益为目标函数,通过调节换能器阵元表面振动速度的幅值和相位来形成多焦点的声辐射力分布,为阵列换能器声辐射力分布的调控和声悬浮稳定性的研究提供帮助。     

不等间距球面相控阵列次声波聚焦特性研究

在声场计算理论与伪逆矩阵算法的基础上,设计了一种新型的圆周间距和不同圆周阵元间距呈等差数列的不等间距排列的球面相控阵列,用于次声波聚焦。仿真结果表明：与球面等间距阵列相比,在保持基本相等的主瓣宽度下,具有较高的声强增益、较低的旁瓣和较好的聚焦性能。     

波束形成三维传声器阵列声源识别的改进方法

采用具有倾角的轮型阵列能消除平面阵列对其后方背景声源无抑制能力的缺点,降低对测试环境的要求。通过仿真计算获得了三维轮型传声器阵列波束形成指向图及典型最大旁瓣水平随阵列倾角的变化曲线,分析了阵列倾角对其声源识别性能的影响。在此基础上,提出了阵列多倾角测量声级平均的声源识别改进方法,三种类型声场声源识别的模拟计算结果表明：该方法在准确计算目标声源位置和幅值的同时,相比于一定倾角阵列的单次测量结果可以更有效地同时衰减阵列前方声波和背后背景噪声在聚焦方向上产生的旁瓣干扰,显著地提高了声源识别精度。     

不等间距线列阵波束形成

介绍了不等间距波束形成的基本原理和分析方法,分别计算了10元、16元和32元线列阵阵元不等间距分布时的波束图。采用z变换的方法,将等间距幅度加权的波束形成的幅值分布转化为不等间距波束形成的距离分布。仿真结果表明该方法对于第一、第二旁瓣的抑制较好,并且主瓣并未明显展宽。     

Lamb波电磁超声换能器三维仿真研究

为提高电磁超声Lamb波换能器的换能效率,该文以铁磁性材料钢板为检测对象,对换能器进行建模并进行一系列的仿真研究。首先,使用Comsol仿真软件建立电磁超声Lamb波换能器仿真模型,对于换能器中的蛇形线圈激励电流参数、蛇形线圈几何及结构参数、方形永磁体几何参数对换能效率的影响进行仿真研究。结果表明,采用蛇形线圈和方形磁铁组成电磁超声Lamb换能器时,在所选参数范围内:对于线圈,增大激励电流幅值、线圈间距及线圈回折次数,减小线圈截面积、提离距离以及脉冲个数可以提高换能效率;对于永磁体,增大宽度和高度可以提高换能器效率,但是最终会趋于饱和状态。     

周期性管结构信道的声传输方法分析

摘 要：构建了钻柱内一维低频纵波传输的有限差分模型,时域和频域仿真分析了换能器位置和载波信号对周期性管结构信道内声传输信号的影响规律,设计了时延脉冲OOK信号调制方法。采用窄脉冲调制信号激励方式,沿管轴方向对有限长模拟钻柱施加纵向激励,进行了测试信号的声传输实验。结果表明,在1W激振功率、77bit/s传输速率和长6.44m模拟钻柱信道的传输条件下,该方法可实现实验室内测试信号的低频声波传输与信号检测,为井下参数的钻柱声遥测系统设计提供理论与试验基础。     

高静水压下换能器阻抗特性的测量方法研究

针对在小腔体中阻抗分析仪发射连续波无法准确测得换能器阻抗的问题,提出一种在高静水压下使用脉冲正弦信号激励换能器测量阻抗的方法。以采样电阻法为基础,根据腔体尺寸确定发射脉冲个数以及可测频率范围来有效避免腔体边界反射对测量造成的影响。通过设置不同的发射频率,分别采集换能器两端及采样电阻两端的电压波形信号,利用已知频率的三参数正弦曲线拟合法分别得到波形信号的幅值和初始相位角,计算得到换能器的导纳值。改变静水压力,利用脉冲法测得0~10 MPa静水压下换能器导纳特性。实验结果表明,采用脉冲正弦信号激励的方法可在有限空间内准确测量换能器的阻抗特性;且随着静水压力的升高换能器的谐振频率发生偏移,导纳圆直径减小。     

可相控声波高压激励系统设计

针对随钻声波具有方位性的可相控声系结构研究的迫切需求,提出了一种可相控激励声波高压激励系统设计方案。系统采用CPLD作为逻辑控制器,可以实现多通道单独激励,产生高达千伏以上的高压激励脉冲,并且对通道间激励延迟时间和脉冲宽度可以精确控制,可调节范围达200μs。可以根据换能器主频和声束偏转角度来合理选择高压激励信号工作参数,本文研究能很好地满足科研及实际应用需求。     

水下等离子体声源放电特性和声特性实测与分析

在小型消声水池中,同步测量水下等离子体脉冲声源的放电特性和声特性,实验分析研究了其在单电极和多电极下负载注入峰值功率和放电能量对声特性的影响。结果表明,在相同的电极数和间距下,直达波脉冲声源级仅与负载注入峰值功率有关,气泡脉冲声源级和气泡周期则主要受放电能量影响,多电极放电通过减小单根电极放的电能量来减小气泡脉冲声源级和气泡周期。此外,在相同的充电电压下,减小充电电容对电极数的比,可以增大直达波脉冲声源级并压制气泡脉冲;负载注入峰值功率对放电能量的比对声特性的影响也呈现出类似规律。实测及其分析结果可为进一步优化水下等离子体脉冲声源的声特性提供参考。     

均匀活塞阵辐射声场研究

主要研究了均匀活塞阵的近-远场的辐射声场。首先利用点源声波干涉原理建立均匀点源活塞阵的辐射声场理论,进而推导均匀活塞阵的近-远场的辐射声场函数表达式,并采用Matlab软件仿真了近-远场的辐射声场,分析了近-远场的声场变化规律、声轴方向声压的变化规律和旁瓣级的变化规律。通过与实测的80 kHz均匀活塞阵换能器近-远场的辐射声场对比,表明了实测结果与仿真结果基本一致,验证了理论与测量方法的可行性,能够为实际测量工作提供指导。     

A circularly focused and scanned acoustic scanner

This paper describes a new type of electronically scanned and focused acoustic imaging device called the cylindrical grating acoustic scanner. With this device, a new transducer called the circular-edge-bonded transducer (CEBT) is devised that is bonded on one end of a cylindrical substrate and can generate a surface acoustic wave propagating along the cylindrical surface of the substrate. An array of grooves is fabricated on the cylindrical surface of the substrate to serve as a scattering grating. The periodical grooves scatter a chirped surface-wave pulse coherently into a focused bulk-wave "ring" that scans at the surface-wave velocity. The focal length and resolution can be adjusted by changing the chirp rate and time-bandwidth product of the chirp, respectively. A 2.3-MHz circular scanner with 25-cm field of view and 2.6-mm resolution has been constructed and studied. Acoustic image of an artificial defect in an aluminum pipe is obtained.     

A concentric-ring equivalent phased array method to model fields of large axisymmetric ultrasound transducers

An equivalent concentric-ring ultrasound phased array method was developed to estimate ultrasonic continuous wave fields generated by axisymmetric single-source transducers. The method models a given source as a concentric-ring phased array by mathematically segmenting it into many rings and subsequently finding the amplitude and phase for each ring that produces an acoustic field similar to the field of the single-source transducer. The excitation source of each ring was calculated using an inverse technique based on complex pressure measurements along a radial line close to the source. The predicting abilities of the method are evaluated by comparing measured and estimated ultrasound fields for six different transducers. The results show that the concentric-ring equivalent phased array method (CREPAM) is able to estimate quantitatively the ultrasound fields generated by large axisymmetric planar and focused transducers.     

Parametric study of the peak negative acoustic pressure distribution within the image plane of a phased array transducer

A study is presented in which the influence of pulse and transducer characteristics on the distribution of the peak negative acoustic pressure within the image plane of a phased array transducer is shown. First, the influence of the center frequency, the bandwidth of the transmitted pulse, the position of the focus point, and the properties of the phased array are investigated by computer simulation. These simulations show that both the maximal amplitude and the homogeneity of the distribution of the peak negative pressure within a sector image depend on these parameters. Most remarkably, they show that the maximal peak pressure does not necessarily occur on the geometrical symmetry axis of the array transducer but can occur at the outermost lateral lines of a sector image. Second, this effect is demonstrated experimentally by hydrophone measurements of the sound field produced by a standard, clinically used, 2.5-MHz phased array transducer. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model. The relevance of this study for contrast echography and the safety measurements of ultrasound is discussed.     

基于近场声全息的高频换能器阵列声场测量方法

在二维平面声压构建技术理论基础上,结合空间傅里叶变换的近场声全息技术,提出一种高测量效率的声场测量方法。以由4个压电元件所构成的矩形活塞换能器阵列为测量对象,进行声场仿真和实验测量,验证该测量方法的测量精度与效率。结果表明,该方法相比面扫描法测量效率提高了560倍,相比积分法计算速度提高两倍,可有效应用于高频换能器阵列的声场测量。     

提高阿基米德螺旋相控阵换能器焦点声压的仿真研究

针对阿基米德螺旋相控阵换能器焦点声压不足的问题,通过有限元仿真,分别讨论了换能器阵元形状和频率改变与声场的变化关系,从焦点声压、偏转范围、栅瓣水平、焦域大小等方面进行了研究。结果表明,相同频率下,扇形阵元阿基米德螺旋相控阵换能器的焦点声压比圆形阵元时的焦点声压提高了32.28%,偏转范围为20 mm×20 mm×40 mm;在扇形阵元形状的情况下,频率选择0.9~1.0 MHz,不仅能获得较高的焦点声压,同时还能保证改善聚焦性能。文章的仿真结果为阿基米德螺旋相控阵换能器提高焦点声压,满足深部组织消融治疗需要的高功率要求提供了有用的设计参考。     

脉冲波声场的数值计算与测试研究

针对超声检测中影响缺陷定量准确性的声场问题进行了深入讨论,研究了脉冲波声场的计算方法,设计了相应的计算软件并绘制出实用换能器声轴线上的声压分布曲线,分析了不同材料和厚度的采样回波对频谱的影响,比较了连续波声场和脉冲波声场的分布特性及异同点。对脉冲波声场的测试结果表明,数值计算和实测结果有较好的一致性。本研究结果为提高超声检测中缺陷定量的准确性和科学性提供了依据。     

Grating lobe elimination in steerable parametric loudspeaker

In the past two decades, the majority of research on the parametric loudspeaker has concentrated on the nonlinear modeling of acoustic propagation and pre-processing techniques to reduce nonlinear distortion in sound reproduction. There are, however, very few studies on directivity control of the parametric loudspeaker. In this paper, we propose an equivalent circular Gaussian source array that approximates the directivity characteristics of the linear ultrasonic transducer array. By using this approximation, the directivity of the sound beam from the parametric loudspeaker can be predicted by the product directivity principle. New theoretical results, which are verified through measurements, are presented to show the effectiveness of the delay-and-sum beamsteering structure for the parametric loudspeaker. Unlike the conventional loudspeaker array, where the spacing between array elements must be less than half the wavelength to avoid spatial aliasing, the parametric loudspeaker can take advantage of grating lobe elimination to extend the spacing of ultrasonic transducer array to more than 1.5 wavelengths in a typical application.     

A Simulation Study of the Beam Steering Characteristics for Linear Phased Arrays

Ultrasonic beam steering characteristics for linear phased array transducers are simulated numerically by visualizing the full-field acoustic pressure field of the waves radiated from a linear phased array transducer. The influences of various transducer parameters on the beam steering properties are studied, including number of elements, inter-element spacing, element size, frequency of the transducer and the steering angle. In addition, the effects of these parameters on the near field characteristics are investigated by analyzing the acoustic pressure profile in the steering direction. The simulation results agree well with the analytical solutions which are valid only in the far field. A suggested scheme for optimal transducer design is presented.