聚合酶链式反应分析仪温度校准系统

针对聚合酶链式反应(PCR)仪温度校准的需求,提出一种热敏电阻的封装方法,研制出基于热敏电阻传感阵列的PCR仪温度在线校准系统,并进行了实验验证。结果表明:研制的PCR仪温度校准系统的均匀度不大于0.15℃,示值误差绝对值不大于0.06℃,示值误差的扩展不确定度优于0.07℃ (k=2)。利用研制的温度校准系统对PCR仪进行了温度校准,获得了校准PCR仪的示值误差、均匀度和升、降温速率等参数。     

(0～300)℃低温热电偶校准结果的不确定度评定

按照JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》要求,对用标准铂电阻温度计做标准器校准测量范围(0～300)℃的低温热电偶的校准结果的不确定度进行评定。包括电测设备引入的标准不确定度分量、标准铂电阻温度计在各校准温度点的标准不确定度分量,并最终计算合成标准不确定度。     

工业铂电阻温度计校准结果的测量不确定度传播律

利用工业铂电阻温度计的内插方程和标准铂电阻温度计的参考方程推导出测量不确定度传播律方程式,给校准过程中的不确定度实时计算提供了便捷的方法,该方法对采用比较法进行温度校准的测量具有普遍的适用性。     

超长型玻璃液体温度计的计量方法及不确定度评定

超长型玻璃液体温度计受测量条件限制导致测量结果误差较大,需要对露出液柱部分进行修正。为保证量值传递的准确性,通过搭建包含标准铂电阻温度计、标准水银温度计和辅助温度计的测量系统,对长度为2 m、分度值为1.0、量程为0~150℃的超长型玻璃液体温度计进行测量,并对露出液柱所造成的温度误差进行了准确修正,并在此基础上,完成测量结果的不确定度分析。最后测试结果显示,系统测量的合成标准不确定度达到U=0.18℃,k=2,测量系统对超长型玻璃液体温度计的计量结果最大相对误差为0.53%,满足计量检定规程JJG 130-2011所要求的最大允许误差1.5%。     

提高铂电阻温度计测量精度的方法研究

分析了检定规程对铂电阻温度计的要求,通过研究铂电阻温度计的测温特性,提出了提高铂电阻温度计测量精度的方法,并给出了在温度校准点的测量不确定度.     

高温表面温度计校验仪研制及性能验证

介绍了一种高温表面温度计校验仪,适应于50~700℃较高温度范围内的表面温度计校准。对校验仪的温度均匀度和稳定性进行了测试。该校验仪表面热板具有ф50mm的均匀温度场,在最高使用温度时表面温度均匀度小于2℃,温场稳定性小于1℃/10min。对高温状态下表面温度校验仪的不确定度进行了评估,校准数据表明该校验仪可用于高温表面温度计的校准。     

检定热量表配对温度传感器的温度标准实验研究

介绍了检定热量表配对温度传感器的温度标准.选择了2支B级的工业铂电阻温度计进行试验,实验结果表明,其在(0～90)℃的年稳定性优于3 mK.在此基础上,采用电阻比值W值方法计算温度值,能消除温度计长期漂移的影响,减小测量不确定度,由此可确定该温度计可作为检定热量表配对温度传感器的温度标准.     

工作基准铂电阻温度计在0℃—419.527℃范围内的不确定度的分析

本文给出了0℃-419.527℃分温区内工作基准铂电阻温度计的检定装置的不确定度的评定，本文的分析结果可用于该温区内使用工作基准铂电阻温度计测温结果的不确定度分析。     

恒温槽的校准及不确定度的评定

以具体实例分别介绍了以二等标准水银温度计和二等标准铂电阻为标准器校准标准恒温槽的方法,对两种方法进行了比较,并对不同的方法作了不确定度评定:以二等标准水银温度计为标准器在100℃时的扩展不确定度为0.08℃,以二等标准铂电阻温度计为标准器在100℃是的扩展不确定度为0.026℃。     

工作基准铂电阻温度计在0℃～41 9.527℃范围内的不确定度的分析

本文给出了 0℃～ 4 19 5 2 7℃分温区内工作基准铂电阻温度计的检定装置的不确定度的评定。本文的分析结果可用于该温区内使用工作基准铂电阻温度计测温结果的不确定度分析。     

一种高精度薄膜铂电阻温度计测量迟滞性的研究

为了研究热迟滞性对工业铂电阻温度计测量不确定度的影响,选取了8支高精度铂电阻温度计进行实验。在-50～150℃内,选择3个温度区间,采用两种标准方法(IEC 60751,ASTM E644)测量水三相点(0.01℃)和所选温度范围内的中间点的迟滞性变化。实验结果表明:4支薄膜铂电阻温度计在两种标准方法测量下,随着温度区间跨度增大,热迟滞性影响增大,IEC 60751标准方法测量的热迟滞性最大值为14.2mK,ASTM E644标准方法测量的热迟滞性最大值为20.5mK;选取4支铂丝铂电阻温度计在温度范围为-50～150℃测量时,IEC 60751和ASTM E644标准方法测量的热迟滞性数据最大值分别为1.1mK和0.9mK;铂丝铂电阻温度计热迟滞性明显小于薄膜铂电阻温度计。     

红外辐射温度计专用数字表的研制及评价

日本CHINO公司生产的IR-RST系列标准辐射温度计由于没有设计温度显示装置,无法实时显示温度,针对此类型温度计设计了一款专用的电压测量和温度显示,同时可提供24V直流电压的电测显示仪表。利用高等级的电压源和数字电压表,修正了本专用数字表的误差系数,并考核了稳定性,得到其最大相对误差不超过0.03%。与一款名义波长为0.65 μm的IR-RST辐射温度计配合使用,通过TG HT-9500型高温炉对其组合进行内插分度,实验结果证实分度后校准准确度优于0.03%,1 300 ℃时系统测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.62 ℃。     

The Immersion Characteristics of Industrial PRTs

Immersion effects are one of the most significant sources of error in the use of industrial platinum resistance thermometers (IPRTs). This article combines the development of a mathematical model of immersion error and experimental measurements of the immersion characteristics of a range of IPRTs immersed in different fluids at different temperatures. The mathematical model relates the relative temperature error in the thermometer indication to two exponential terms, with one of the 1/e decay lengths three times the other. The experimental results show that both of the exponential terms are important for shallow immersion, but one is sufficient for long immersion. The decay length for the thermometers depends on the diameter of the probe and on the thermal environment into which it is immersed. For the thermometers evaluated here in mineral oil, silicon oil, and molten salt, the 1/e decay length is about three to four times the diameter of the thermometers. A simple rule of thumb for ensuring adequate immersion in calibration baths is developed.     

Development of a System for Temperature Profile Characterization of Baths

Liquid baths are the main calibration equipment to directly affect the measurement uncertainty in temperature calibrations. Therefore, the characteristics of baths need to be well investigated and understood. The temperature profile and stability of liquid baths are one of the most important contributions to the calibration uncertainty of platinum resistance thermometers, digital thermometers, liquid-in-glass thermometers, and thermocouples. Commercial baths only present stability and uniformity data in two dimensions in general; however, thermometers and thermocouples are immersed into the body of the bath, so the depth or z-axis is also very important. In this study, a measurement system has been designed using three-stepper motors and a data acquisition system (DAS). The DAS is developed using object-oriented algorithms to form a three-dimensional (3-D) scanning system. The 3-D scanning system is home-made and used in conjunction with a reference platinum thermometer. The temperature profiles and stability of several types of baths: water, oil, and salt were obtained in the temperature range from 30???C to 450???C. Therefore, this contributed toward a more accurate uncertainty budget evaluation.     

-38.8344~156.5985℃温区温标偏差方程外推和内插研究

根据90国际温标定义,对0~29.7646℃和-38.8344~29.7646℃两个子温区偏差方程使用范围的外推进行研究,给出了-38.8344~156.5985℃温区的新偏差方程,采用15支和23支标准铂电阻温度计的标定数据对偏差方程的外推和新方程进行验证。结果表明:在0~29.7646℃与-38.8344~29.7646℃温区内的偏差方程分别外推到100℃与-80℃时,外推结果与温标偏差方程计算结果的最大差值为1.1 mK与2.6 mK,新的偏差方程在1.5 mK内与温标定义偏差方程等效,两个子温区偏差方程使用范围外推及新偏差方程在一定程度具备可行性。     

改进型封装固定点黑体在辐射测温中的应用

为了延长固定点黑体容器使用寿命和简化使用流程,依据热管黑体和传统石墨坩埚黑体的设计使用经验,研制了改进型封装固定点黑体。针对所研制的锡固定点黑体分别用二等标准铂电阻和传递辐射温度计开展复现测试。改进型封装固定点黑体在经历20余次熔凝循环后,没有出现破裂和金属泄露现象。用标准铂电阻复现多次的平均值为231.909℃,扩展不确定度为0.015℃(k=2);而用固定点黑体校准传递辐射温度计的多次平均值为231.85℃,扩展不确定度为0.096℃(k=2)。     

The uncertainty of the measurement of temperature and temperature difference taking correlation into account

A method of estimating the uncertainty of the measurement of temperature in the working range of a platinum resistance thermometer, taking into account the correlation of the uncertainties of a check of the thermometer at fixed points, is considered. It is shown that, in the case when the overall correlation uncertainties exceed the uncorrelated uncertainties, one can use linear interpolation to calculate the measurement uncertainty. A method of reducing the uncertainty of the measurement of temperature difference using two thermometers, calibrated using the same apparatus, taking the correlation of the input quantities in account, is proposed.     

Calibration of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers up to 700\,^{\circ }\mathrm{C}

Industrial grade platinum resistance thermometers were calibrated in the temperature range from \(200\,^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\) to \(700\,^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\) . Both wire-wound and thin-film sensor-based thermometers were investigated. The purpose of the study was to investigate thermometers which could be used in future coal power plants. The calibrations were performed in a vertical cesium heat-pipe furnace and in a horizontal and vertical sodium heat-pipe furnace. The reference thermometer was a standard platinum resistance thermometer calibrated at fixed points up to the aluminum point. In addition to calibration, various thermal tests including immersion measurements and thermal-cycling tests were performed. The stability of the sensors was determined by monitoring the ice-point resistance. Possible contamination of the sensors was determined by measuring the resistance ratio \(R(30\,^{\circ }\mathrm{C})/R(10\,^{\circ }\mathrm{C})\) several times during the measurement period. The calibration curves were compared with the ICE 60751 standard and International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90) reference functions. Considerable changes were found in all tested thermometers. The wire-wound sensors were more stable than the thin-film sensors.     

微型双温度固定点容器研制

基准固定点传递技术应用于现场温度校准已成为提高工业温度测量水平的一种重要途径。采用多孔石墨坩埚半包围结构,内部对称填充了高纯铟(In)和锡(Sn)2种金属,研制了一种应用于现场校准的微型双温度固定点容器。实验结果表明,In点熔化温坪持续时间约为2 h,Sn点熔化温坪持续时间约为3 h,In和Sn的温坪复现的扩展不确定度分别为4.0 mK 和4.4 mK(k=2),可满足工业现场对精密铂电阻温度计的校准需求。     

退火对标准铂电阻温度计性能影响的研究

退火是消除铂电阻温度计内部由于机械振动等因素带来应力的最有效手段,同时也可能改变铂电阻温度计内部铂丝的氧化状态。选用不同国家生产的4支标准铂电阻温度计,分别在600 ℃、500 ℃、450 ℃、420 ℃、350 ℃进行退火,研究铂电阻温度计退火后在室温下随时间的变化规律。结果表明,不同的退火温度对铂电阻温度计阻值产生不同影响,对应温度变化量可达1 mK,退火后在室温下0~6 h内变化显著,保持同一个热状态可有效提高铂电阻温度计的测量水平。