膜生物反应器(MBR)中膜污染控制的中试研究

对以中空纤维微滤膜作为核心膜组件的膜生物反应器(MBR)深度处理城市生活污水中,进行了规模为30m3/d的中试研究。研究了膜组件构造、膜曝气、反冲洗和化学清洗对膜污染的影响。总结出了中空纤维微滤膜的最佳设计和操作参数,并通过优化膜组件的运行和维护,达到减少微滤膜污染、降低清洗频率、延长膜使用寿命并降低运行处理成本的目的。     

浸没式膜工艺处理滦河水的膜污染清洗技术研究

对浸没式膜工艺处理滦河原水过程中采用的三种膜污染清洗技术进行了中试研究.试验结果表明,对膜定期进行反冲洗是防治膜污染的必要手段.EFM操作是防治膜污染的有效措施.EFM执行时间和清洗剂浓度对清洗效果有一定影响,在该试验工况下,EFM执行时间在45～60 min较为合适,清洗剂选择0.41%NaOH和800 mg/L NaClO为宜.化学清洗可使膜性能得到极大恢复,对于高温高藻期滦河水,碱洗效果要比酸洗效果好.操作优化试验表明,化学清洗前进行3次物理清洗可最大发挥物理清洗的强化作用;化学清洗后进行4次物理清洗可避免清洗残留液对正常过滤的出水水质造成影响.     

MBR工程长期运行中的膜清洗效果和膜性能变化

为了探究膜生物反应器（MBR）工程长期运行中不同使用年限和清洗方案对膜性能的影响,对3个MBR工程中膜现有清洗效果进行评价,并对膜丝进行机械强度、接触角、红外光谱等方面的测试分析。结果表明,3个MBR工程中的膜经恢复性清洗后,膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物仍有部分残留,其中运行时间最长（5年）的洋里四期MBR中膜的有机污染清洗效果较差,膜表面絮体纤维残留较多;无机污染元素主要是Ca、Fe,柠檬酸对含Fe元素的无机污染物具有较好的去除效果。膜使用时间增加和膜老化可能造成膜的机械强度下降;膜清洗频率对膜机械性能有一定影响,清洗剂会破坏膜表面的亲水性改性剂,导致膜亲水性能下降。     

MBR处理印染废水的膜污染及清洗研究

膜生物反应器（MBR）是一种新型反应器，处理印染废水时除污效果很显著，但长时间的运行会造成膜的严重污染，为此对A／OMBR（厌氧—膜生物反应器）处理印染废水时的膜污染情况和清洗效果做了研究。结果表明，膜污染主要是由膜表面凝胶层造成的；化学清洗的效果优于物理清洗（化学清洗能恢复膜通量约90％以上，而物理清洗仅能恢复膜通量约70％）；NaOH的清洗效果优于NaOCl。     

一体化改性膜生物反应器处理城市污水的效果

利用亲水性的纳米TiO2对强疏水性的聚偏氟乙烯膜进行改性以减缓膜污染,并应用于膜生物反应器(MBR)。原水来自常州市某城市污水厂,经加装改性和未改性膜组件的MBR处理后出水水质均能达到GB 18918—2002中的一级A标准。尽管进水COD浓度不稳定,但两套膜组件对COD的去除率均保持在85%以上,改性膜组件对COD的平均去除率更高,可达94%;对SS的去除率几乎能达到100%;在对TN和TP的去除上,改性膜组件略有优势,但不明显,这是因为N、P的去除主要依靠微生物的降解作用,膜的分离作用不大。在运行一段时间后,两套膜组件的膜通量均有所下降,经在线反冲洗及化学清洗后,通量均有所恢复,分别为73%和78%。对比处理出水水质及抗污染能力,改性膜组件均优于未改性膜组件。     

超滤处理东江水过程中反冲洗和化学清洗优化研究

采用超滤工艺处理东江水源水,通过炭泥回流超滤和直接超滤中试研究发现,尽管炭泥回流预处理可以减缓膜污染,但效果并不显著。反冲洗为缓解膜可逆污染的主要方法,通过对反冲洗的优化,可以有效缓解膜污染。通过正交实验对气洗强度,水洗强度,水反洗时间,气洗时间进行优化,确定最佳的气洗强度为48 m~3/(m~2·h)、水洗强度为80L/(m~2·h)、水反洗时间为5min、气洗时间为5min。对于不可逆污染,可以通过化学清洗来恢复超滤膜性能。采用NaOH和NaClO相结合的化学清洗方式对浸没式超滤膜的清洗效果最好,跨膜压差恢复率为94%。     

SMBR在次临界通量下的运行特性

利用“通量阶式递增法”测定了两种膜组件的临界通量,在此基础上考察了次临界通量下的运行特性。试验发现,次临界通量操作下的膜污染过程具有明显的两阶段特征,与第一阶段跨膜压差(TMP)平缓直线上升相对应的膜污染机制主要是膜孔堵塞和凝胶层污染,与第二阶段TMP剧烈直线上升相对应的膜污染机制则是颗粒沉积层污染;先清水冲洗再化学清洗的方式能有效恢复膜的过滤能力,其中清水冲洗能有效去除颗粒沉积层污染,而化学清洗则能有效去除膜孔堵塞和凝胶层污染。     

抽停比和膜组件放置方式对MBR膜污染的影响

采用PVC新型材料MBR反应器处理模拟生活污水,控制其MLSS在4 500~6 500mg/L之间,探讨了出水抽停比和膜组件的放置方式对膜污染的影响。结果表明,当以12 min为一周期时,其最佳抽停比为9 min/3 min,这一模式是该新型材料MBR反应器的经济出水模式;当进行在线清洗时,膜组件水平放置的MBR反应器的膜污染速率为2.26 kPa/d,膜组件竖直放置的MBR反应器的膜污染速率为1.28 kPa/d;进行在线水洗和0.02%的次氯酸钠清洗,可有效降低膜污染速率,延缓膜污染,降低运行成本。     

超声波控制膜生物反应器膜污染研究

近年来,膜生物反应器在污水处理领域中得到了广泛的应用,它具有占地面积小,剩余污泥量少和出水水质好,可以达到回用的标准的特点.然而膜污染控制问题一直是此种方法在应用中的一个难题.本文介绍了采用低强度超声波控制污水回用中膜生物反应器的膜污染的研究及得到的初步成果.通过小试,确定超声波辐照可以使膜清洗周期延长,对膜污染有一定...     

北小河污水厂MBR工艺运行与膜清洗方案分析

通过对北小河污水处理厂MBR工艺全年的运行情况进行分析,发现虽然进水的污染物浓度有较大的波动,但其出水水质稳定,各项指标的全年达标天数355 d,基本满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)的要求;进水有机物浓度是影响总氮去除的主要因素,而较高的污泥浓度可以减小低温对处理系统的影响;膜过滤单元长时间运行后,仅通过化学清洗并不能很好地恢复其透水性能,需进行离线清洗。     

中空纤维膜无泡曝气氧传质性能试验研究

为探究中空纤维膜无泡曝气技术水体充氧性能,使用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和聚丙烯(PP)两种材质的中空纤维膜组件,分别在曝气压强为2、4、6 kPa,曝气流量为18、36、54 L/h条件下进行清水曝气测试,并对两种中空纤维膜的氧传质系数、氧传质速率以及曝气效率等进行分析。结果表明,PTFE和PP两种中空纤维膜组件均能实现无泡曝气,且PP中空纤维膜组件的充氧效果相比PTFE组件要好;当曝气压强为4 kPa、曝气流量为36 L/h时,PTFE和PP膜组件的氧传质速率分别为0.326、0.550 g/(m^2·h)。中空纤维膜无泡曝气技术具有操作压力小、氧传质速率高等特点,充氧效果优于传统曝气。     

混凝/PAC/超滤工艺去除水中天然有机物的研究

在饮用水处理过程中如何去除天然有机物是一个亟待解决的问题。混凝能降低水中污染物的浓度,避免这些物质进入膜孔内部,改善沉积在膜表面滤饼层的过滤性能和水中颗粒、胶体的迁移性能,提高膜通量。投加粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附溶解性有机物,利用超滤(UF)膜截留粉末炭,可达到提高出水水质的目的,还能防止膜污染。试验结果表明,混凝/PAC/UF组合工艺对水中UV254、UV410、TOC有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为92%、95%、84%,同时能改善膜透水通量、降低膜的吸附阻力、延长过滤周期、有效减少膜污染。     

超滤膜处理净水厂沉淀池出水的中试研究

采用中试规模的内压式超滤膜系统处理水厂沉淀池出水,考察超滤膜系统长期运行的出水水质情况。结果表明,超滤膜系统在处理不同水质期沉淀池出水时具有较高的除浊率,平均除浊率达到93.4%,且99.4%的出水浊度<0.1 NTU,去除效果明显优于同期传统的滤池工艺。超滤膜系统对沉淀池出水中有机物的去除效果有限,对CODMn和UV254的平均去除率分别为17.2%和8.2%,出水CODMn≤2.0 mg/L的保证率在98%以上,膜出水CODMn浓度受进水水质和运行条件的影响不大。膜进水中以小分子质量有机物为主,在MW<1 ku区间内的DOC和UV254占到整体有机物含量的57.3%和53.5%。超滤膜系统对微生物的去除效果良好,膜出水水质大部分时间无需经过消毒就能保证卫生要求,可降低后续消毒的加氯量,从而减少消毒副产物的生成量。     

Analysis of filtration characteristics in submerged microfiltration for drinking water treatment

Hollow fiber membranes have been widely employed for water and wastewater treatments. Nevertheless, understanding the filtration characteristics of hollow fiber membranes is complicated by the axial distributions of transmembrane pressure (TMP) and flux, which are key factors for both fouling control and module design. In this study, model equations to account for different fouling mechanisms were derived to analyze the performance of submerged hollow fiber systems with different conditions in terms of feed water characteristics and membrane material. A series of experiments with synthetic feed and raw water were carried out using hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane modules. The model successfully fits the experimental results for synthetic feed as well as raw water. The major fouling mechanisms for filtration of raw water using hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes are identified as cake formation and standard blocking, respectively. The model calculations indicate that the distributions of flux and cake (fouling) resistance are sensitive to the fiber length of the membrane.     

Removal of mono-valent oxyanions from water in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor: influence of membrane permselectivity

The ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB) proved to be an effective technology for the removal of nitrate and perchlorate from polluted drinking water when using a mono-anion permselective membrane such as Neosepta ACS. Aiming at reducing the cost of the system, this study evaluates the use of a lower-cost anion exchange membrane, which exhibits no preferential mono-anion permselective properties. With this purpose an Excellion I-200 membrane was tested, for the removal of anionic micropollutants, such as nitrate and perchlorate from drinking water supplies. The impact of the lower anion permselectivity of this membrane on the quality of the treated water was determined. It was demonstrated that differences between the membrane properties are responsible for the different permselectivities observed towards multi-valent and mono-valent anions. The use of Excellion I-200 resulted in a less selective removal of perchlorate and nitrate, allowing anions such as sulphate and phosphate species to be transported. When treating 3.1l/m(2)h of water contaminated with 100microg/l of perchlorate and 60mg/l of nitrate, lower removal degrees were obtained (85% of perchlorate and 88% of nitrate), compared with 96% of perchlorate and 99% of nitrate achieved with the Neosepta ACS membrane, operating under the same conditions. However, the Excellion I-200 membrane shows no target anion flux decline during a relatively long period of operation (1 month) and no secondary contamination of the treated water by the carbon source used. These characteristics are essential for a membrane to be successfully used in the IEMB system. Additionally, the selection of the membrane depends on the latter characteristics and on the water quality requirements.     

Development Of An Air Cleaner Based On Gas Absorption Membranes

The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the membrane absorber as an air cleaner with small-scale modules. Six small-scale membrane modules with different fibre lengths and fibre diameters have been investigated. Each module has been tested as a membrane absorber treating air with 4 different chemicals, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and acetone, with tap water. The pressure drop and the filtration efficiency has been measured at different flow rates. From these results the optimal membrane module has been selected for the following reasons: low pressure drop, small required membrane surface area and high filtration efficiency. The experiments were continued with the selected module for ETS in a test room. Water soluble compounds were removed with an efficiency of at least 95%. The efficiency was inconsistent for NO, (not expected) and low for hydrocarbons (as expected). The sensory filtration efficiency was also measured with two different methods, the threshold method and the decipol method. Both efficiencies were about 50%. Recommendations for future research are given.     

中空纤维超滤膜处理滦河水中试研究

采用混凝-超滤工艺对滦河原水进行了中试研究,重点考察了PVC中空纤维超滤膜对不同水质期的滦河水中污染物的去除情况。结果表明：水温降低使膜性能下降。膜污染较严重;在高藻期进行预氯化有助于减缓膜污染;针对不同的水质期要采用不同的预处理方法。在低温期适当增加铁盐投量,高藻期进行预氯化都有助于系统稳定运行;膜出水在3个水质期（低温、常温、高藻期）均很稳定,与常规工艺相比,膜工艺具有一定的优越性,在去除浊度和颗粒物方面尤为突出。     

纳米TiO_2改性膜生物反应器处理污水的研究

采用啧涂纳米TiO2的方法对聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）微滤膜进行改性,用改性膜生物反应器（MBR）和非改性MBR处理污水,对比了两者的出水水质、膜通量和膜过滤阻力。结果表明,两套MBR的出水水质均可达到《生活杂用水水质标准》（CJ25．1—89）的要求;纳米TiO2改善了膜表面的亲水性和粗糙度,从而使改性MBR的清水膜过滤阻力和不同抽吸压力下的膜过滤阻力均低于非改性MBR的,而其在不同抽吸压力下的稳定膜通量则高于非改性MBR的。     

Impact of polymer flocculants on coagulation-microfiltration of surface water

Organic polymers are widely used as flocculants in pretreatment for microfiltration. However, their impact on microfiltration system performance was not well understood. In this study, the effects of three types of polymer flocculants on microfiltration permeate water quality and membrane fouling were evaluated using a hollow fiber membrane under two different operation modes, coagulation/flocculation-sedimentation-microfiltration (CFSM) and coagulation/flocculation-microfiltration (CFM). Interestingly, the effect of polymers on membrane fouling did not appear to reflect their impact on dissolved organic matter content or floc particle properties in the membrane feed water. The addition of polymer flocculants resulted in floc particles of larger size and smaller fractal dimension and slightly enhanced the removal of dissolved organic matter, both of which were expected to reduce membrane fouling. However, it significantly aggravated membrane fouling in all cases except when the positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride was used in the CFSM process. In particular, all polymers greatly increased hydraulically irreversible fouling in the CFM mode. The increased fouling in the CFSM mode is attributed to the residual polymer, while that in the CFM mode is attributed to the enhanced irreversible floc particle attachment on the membrane surface. Considering the potential severe membrane fouling and the small improvement in treated water quality when polymers are used, the application of polymers in microfiltration pretreatment needs to be carefully evaluated.