舰船真空海水淡化装置热力分析

针对目前舰船上广泛使用的真空式海水淡化装置进行热力分析，建立起海水淡化装置的数学模型，以50t／d真空式海水淡化装置为例，通过对不同蒸发温度和不同工作蒸汽压力进行模拟计算，得到海水淡化装置的产水量、工作蒸汽耗量及冷却水流量随蒸发温度和工作蒸汽压力的变化规律，所得结论与装置的实验及实际运行情况有很好的一致性，证明所建立的数学模型是合适的，所得结论可以指导装置的使用管理及海水淡化装置的设计。     

日东电工开发出海水淡化用“反渗透膜滤芯”新产品

日东电工公司5月22日宣布，已开发出一种名叫“反渗透膜滤芯”的新型水处理设备，可用于海水淡化或将污水处理为工业用水．该装置将在日本滋贺县草津市工厂竣工的新车间内批量生产．用于海水淡化的新产品是“SWC5 Max”．它增大了水处理膜的面积，滤水量提高了约10％，降低了制成等量淡水的成本．     

热力蒸汽压缩式海水淡化系统热力分析

通过对热力蒸汽压缩式海水淡化装置的分析，建立起其数学模型，模拟计算结果表明，与一般蒸汽直接加热式真空海水淡化系统比较，采用热力蒸汽压缩式海水淡化系统，其能耗明显降低．此外，对不同的蒸发温度下的工作蒸汽耗量进行了模拟计算，所得结论对热力蒸汽压缩式海水淡化系统的设计与使用管理有指导意义。     

反渗透海水淡化阀控能量回收装置放大试验研究

能量回收装置是反渗透海水淡化系统的关键设备之一,对降低系统运行能耗和造水成本至关重要.等压正位移式能量回收装置具有工程放大性好和高效率等优点,成为国内外研究和推广的重点.针对自主开发的反渗透海水淡化阀控能量回收装置进行了中试放大研究,结合能量回收装置在反渗透海水淡化工程中的应用工艺,建立了相应的装置运行试验平台.对装置在处理量为40 m3/h、工作压力为6.4 MPa条件下的流体力学特性和效率特性进行了测试和分析,结果表明,阀控能量回收装置运行稳定性良好,装置能量回收效率达到95.96％.     

海水淡化的成本

简要介绍几种主要海水淡化方法－多级蒸,多效蒸馏和反渗透的投资费,能耗及其淡化水的总成本,在市场竞争中,海水反渗透淡化法近来的市场占有发过其他的方法,海水反渗透的能耗进一步下降到3kW.h/m^3左右,淡化水的成本也几乎下降了一半,即0．55$/m^2以下,预计21世纪的海水淡化市场会有很大发展。     

海水淡化技术与太阳能利用

海水淡化是解决水源危机的根本措施，但海水淡化绝不能以牺牲能源为代价；现有的几种海水淡化技术各有优劣，应配套使用；河海大学和南京玻纤院等研制的太阳能加热装置，可以作为海水淡化装置中清洁、无污染的能源。     

低温多效海水淡化装置防腐研究

本文介绍了低温多效海水淡化蒸发装置的选材情况,对蒸发装置产生的腐蚀原因进行分析,提出了改进措施。并根据海水中易引起腐蚀的因素,建议对进料海水进行有效针对性地预处理。     

40年、40个国家、400个水厂 参观天津北疆海水淡化厂＆访IDE公司执行副总裁布鲁诺

2013国际脱盐协会世界大会上，IDE公司与来自世界范围内的海水淡化同行进行了充分的交流。本刊记者也随参观团走访了IDE为天津北疆海水淡化厂设计的10万t／dMED海水淡化装置，并采访了IDE公司执行副总裁布鲁诺，本文可使您对目前中国最大的海水淡化项目有一个更深入的了解，并使您对IDE公司为中国带来的水解决方案有一个全新的认识。     

采用纳滤预处理的海水淡化集成技术

海水淡化是解决淡水危机的主要方法之一，但由于海水的硬度、浊度和总固溶物含量均非常高，因而导致淡化水的能耗量和成本较高．采用纳滤膜技术可以降低海水的硬度和总固溶物及有机物的含量，减少结垢与污染，提高水回收率，有望实现海水淡化成本的进一步降低．详细介绍了纳滤与常规蒸馏法、膜法海水淡化相结合而构成的新型纳滤预处理海水淡化集成技术：NF—MSF、NF—SWRO、NF—SWROrej-MSF等的国外研究与应用进展情况．     

低温多效海水淡化真空系统抽气量的研究北大核心CSCD

低温多效海水淡化装置的蒸发温度不高于70℃,设备需在真空环境下运行,因此,真空度的保持是整个系统稳定运行的重要保障。本文对海水淡化系统中不凝气体析出量、空气泄漏量以及携带蒸汽量等参数的传统计算方法,进行了分析并提出了修订及改进。结合低温多效海水真空系统抽气量的具体案例给出了详细计算过程和结果,为低温多效海水淡化装置的真空系统的计算机辅助设计和选型提供理论支持。     

浅析大连港区海水源热泵的应用

介绍在我国北方沿海港口回填区内,通过打井取水发展海水源热泵,实现节能环保的目标。由于海水温度低,经试验确立海水+地温耦合式海水源热泵系统。针对工程实例在初投资和运行费用方面与集中供暖电制冷空调方案进行对比,说明海水源热泵系统具有明显节能环保的优点及在沿海地区广阔的应用前景。     

电轧AZ31镁合金在模拟海水中腐蚀行为研究

为对比研究高能电脉冲轧制工艺和冷轧工艺对AZ31镁合金腐蚀性能的影响,采用腐蚀形貌观察、动电位极化测试、电化学阻抗谱与腐蚀速度测试等方法系统地研究了高能电脉冲轧制和冷轧AZ31镁合金带材在模拟海水(3.5%NaCl)中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:在同样变形量下,与冷轧AZ31镁合金相比,电轧AZ31镁合金的耐腐蚀性略有提高.这与电轧AZ31镁合金再结晶比例大,位错密度小,具有较低能态的位错组态及能形成较稳定的腐蚀产物膜有关.     

耐海水腐蚀铸铁保护膜的形成

研究表明，对普通灰铸铁加少量合金元素及变质剂，可使使其耐海水腐蚀率提高４倍；这是由于在腐蚀过程中，铸铁表面形成了一层复合保护膜，对该膜的形成过程进行了探讨，发现了一些有意义的新现象。     

Fiber-optic interferometric refractometer for deep-water studies of sea water

A fiber-optic interferometric refractometer is proposed for precise monitoring of the refractive index of sea water at depths of 30–100 m by means of a measuring probe controlled automatically from onboard by underwater equipment. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 26–32, December, 2006.     

海水介质中碳钢"绿色"缓蚀剂缓蚀过程的研究

采用电化学方法研究了自制的高效、绿色复合缓蚀剂（葡萄糖酸钙、硫酸锌和具有多个配位基团的酯类物质——OCTA）在海水介质中对碳钢的缓蚀作用过程．结果表明,单一的硫酸锌是阴极型缓蚀剂,葡萄糖酸钙和OCTA是阳极型缓蚀剂,复配的缓蚀剂是混合型缓蚀剂．复合缓蚀剂在碳钢表面的成膜过程初步认为是OCTA与葡萄糖酸根离子协同与溶液中金属阳离子发生络合反应,生成三维吸附膜,锌离子在阴极形成氢氧化锌沉淀膜,使得两种缓蚀剂膜优势互补,提高了膜的保护性能．     

Synergism of several carbon series additions on the microstructures and tribological behaviors of polyimide-based composites under sea water lubrication

The effects of several carbon series additions including graphite (Gr), carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) on the microstructures and tribological behaviors of polyimide-based (PI-based) composites under sea water lubrication were investigated systematically. Results showed that the incorporation of any filler improved the wear resistance of polyimide (PI) under sea water lubrication, but did not decrease the friction coefficient. Especially the combined incorporation of 10%Gr, 10%CF and 5%CNT (in volume) was the most effective in improving the anti-wear properties of PI. This suggested that there existed a synergetic effect among the three carbon series additions on improving the wear resistance of PI. During the friction and wear process, the carbon additions played different roles in improving the wear resistance of PI-based composites. CF with high compressive strength can carry the main load applied on the sliding surfaces to inhibit the wear of PI matrix. CNT can decrease the stress concentration around CF and further protect CF from being broken. Gr in the form of much thinner layer can not only improve the loading capacity, but also play the same role of CNT to avoid CF carrying too much load. More importantly, Gr, CF and CNT worked synergistically to condense the microstructure of PI-based composite and ameliorate the interfacial combination between all fillers and PI matrix, which well explained why the PI–10%Gr–10%CF–5%CNT composite had excellent tribological properties, even under heavy load or high sliding speed.     

Oil spill cleanup from sea water by carbon nanotube sponges

Oil spills in the sea have caused many serious environmental problems worldwide. In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges were used to cleanup oil slicks on sea waters. This method was compared with two traditional representative sorbents, including polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt. The CNT sponges had a larger oil sorption capacity than the other two sorbents. The maximum oil sorption capacity (Q_m) of the CNT sponge was 92.30 g/g, which was 12 to 13.5 times larger than the Q_m of the other two sorbents (the Q_m of the polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt were 7.45 and 6.74 g/g, respectively). In addition, unlike the other two sorbents, the CNT sponge was super-hydrophobic and did not adsorb any water during oil spill cleanup. CNT sponges are potentially very useful for cleaning up oil spills from sea water.     

以简正波解为初始场的抛物方程算法应用于深海声传播预报

在深海中,环境参数不仅在深度上起伏变化,在水平方向上也会因内波、涡旋、锋面、洋流等现象而发生变化。对于深海声传播的预报,仍是一个值得进一步探讨的问题。简正波方法具有物理意义明确、但仅适用于水平方向环境参数不变的波导的特点,而抛物方程方法能够便捷地处理与深度、距离有关的声速、地形等环境,但其解缺乏清晰的物理意义。采用简正波解为抛物方程法的初始场,利用Ram随距离逐步递推的数值方法计算整个海域的声能量,计算存在涡旋等复杂海洋环境下的声传播特点。结果表明,该方法不仅可以计算各种环境条件下的各阶简正波的传播特点以及能量变化,而且便于深入地分析深海环境中各阶简正波的耦合特点与能量变化,计算效率大大提高且具有很高的准确性。可以作为浅海和深海中高、低频传播的通用模型。     

Remote sensing of sea surface temperature through infrared radiometry — a review

A review on the estimation of sea surface temperature (SST) from space using infrared radiometry is presented. The principle of the remote sensing technique, the infrared radiometers and the theory of SST measurement have been explained briefly. The absorption of infrared radiation from earth by the atmospheric constituents has been a major problem in the retrieval of SST from space-borne sensors. The effect of clouds and other atmospheric constituents, especially moisture content/water vapour, has been discussed and the various techniques used for evaluating the atmospheric correction and their limitations are summarised. Development of separate algorithms for each oceanic area coupled with validation by realistic sea truth measurements has been suggested for improving the accuracy of SST measurements from space. The first author was supported by a CSIR fellowship.