盾构隧道下穿既有城市隧道施工力学分析

针对合肥地铁1号线盾构下穿南一环下穿隧道工程存在的安全风险,运用 FLAC3D实现了隧道盾构开挖的模拟,分析了盾构推进过程中下穿隧道结构以及在建隧道应力应变分布规律。研究表明：盾构机在监测断面前后20m范围内掘进对下穿结构竖向位移和拱顶沉降影响最大,处于盾构隧道上方及中心线上的监测点沉降变形较大;下穿隧道的底板南北侧出现拉应力,拉应力最大值达到1.088MPa。开挖结束,盾构隧洞周围土体最大隆起位移为6.22mm,最大沉降为4.96mm;最终两个隧洞周围土体位移分布规律基本一致。拱顶沉降随开挖的变化规律与监测点相似。根据模拟结果提出的施工防护措施有效,沉降实测值均在预警值以下,模拟结果与实测结果规律基本一致,模拟效果较好。     

高地应力地区围岩劈裂破坏现场监测和能量耗散模型及应用

随着计算机的发展,数值模拟等技术在岩土领域的应用也越来越广泛。在进行埋深较大的地下洞室施工时,由于岩体的脆性特征,在高地应力作用下,洞室围岩容易出现劈裂破坏。因此,在深部岩体开挖过程中,对于围岩的劈裂破坏区域的预测格外重要。但是目前在现有的计算模型中,尚没有能够很好描述劈裂破坏特性的有限差分本构模型。本文从能量耗散原理出发,结合了横观各向同性模型,采用劈裂破坏准则对模型单元应力状态进行判断,利用FLACE3D的二次开发功能,在C++的编译环境下对模型进行如下改进,在原有模型中导入能量耗散理论和加卸载判据,得到新的自定义横观各向同性计算模型。该模型可以判断岩体所处的加卸载状态,并根据岩石状态使用不同的力学参数进行计算,并且还能够描述高地应力地区围岩产生竖向劈裂裂纹后,不同方向上围岩的不同力学性质。在此基础上对大岗山水电站大型地下洞室群开挖过程中的稳定性进行了计算。另一方面,在大岗山水电站大型地下洞室群开挖工程现场开展了洞周围岩劈裂破坏区的监测,采用钻孔电视、滑动测微计以及形变电阻率三种观测方法,测得了主厂房在进行各个开挖步开挖时,主厂房与主变室之间岩桥中围岩的位移以及劈裂破坏的情况。之后,将现场监测结果与不同本构模型的稳定性分析的计算结果进行对比。并得到以下结论：根据监测结果,大岗山水电站地下洞室群在进行开挖时,主厂房下游边墙围岩的劈裂区平均深度约为13~15m,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型计算所得主厂房下游边墙劈裂区平均深度约为13.6m,二者十分接近;主厂房洞室在进行开挖施工后,随着与临空面的距离增加,围岩内部关键点的位移逐渐减小,在靠近主变室边墙附近,由于又形成了新的劈裂破坏区,因此围岩关键点位移又逐渐增加,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型可以较好的反应围岩位移变化趋势,与监测曲线吻合度较高,而使用摩尔库伦模型以及横观各向同性模型计算得到的曲线则与监测曲线有较大区别;根据稳定性分析结果,主厂房下游边墙吊车梁位置关键点和主厂房洞中关键点开挖后洞壁出现的位移较大,其最大水平位移为29.46mm。主厂房拱顶在开挖的初期位移较大,拱顶竖直位移最大值为10.58mm。主变室拱顶竖直位移为10.06mm。结果表明,对比其他现有的有限差分模型,考虑能量耗散的横观各向同性模型计算结果与实际监测值最接近,可以反应不同开挖步时,围岩内部关键点位移的变化趋势。因此在高地应力地区地下洞室开挖时,可以使用该模型对洞周围岩的劈裂区进行计算与预测,以及在洞室开挖完成后对洞室围岩的稳定性进行分析,并参考计算结果对关键区域加强监测与管理,从而减小围岩劈裂破坏对洞室稳定性的影响。     

大型地下洞室开挖数值模拟分析

以某水电站调压井大型地下洞室群施工为例,通过典型断面关键点位移、小主应力及安全系数随开挖步的变化,分析了开挖对大型地下洞室群围岩稳定造成的影响．数值计算表明,开挖过程中,围岩整体稳定性较好,但是围岩位移、小主应力随开挖步的不断递进而持续增大,关键点安全系数持续减小,最大位移与最大拉应力均位于调压井下部,分别为10．57mm及1．10MPa,局部关键点最小安全系数不满足规范要求,所以洞室开挖后需及时支护．计算表明,当二次衬砌高程大于关键点所处高程,该点安全系数明显增大,满足规范要求,且通过支护方案比选,调压井混凝土浇筑至625．5111高程是该工程最经济合理支护方案．     

大断面小净距公路隧道施工影响分析

以佛羊岭隧道工程为研究背景,采用上下台阶法进行施工,以FLAC3D有限元软件为计算平台,建立大断面小净距公路隧道有限元模型,对隧道模型进行数值模拟分析。研究地表沉降、围岩与衬砌结构应力,并提出相应的监控和加固对策。数值分析结果表明:先行隧洞上部地表沉降比后行隧洞大,后行隧洞的施工会增大先行隧洞竖向位移,使先行洞的最大主应力和最小主应力出现不同幅度的增加,隧道衬砌结构应力集中于拱腰至拱脚范围区域,先行洞支护结构对于后行洞开挖起到稳定岩体的作用,后行隧道的开挖会使中夹岩柱出现应力集中,在施工时应注意对隧道围岩采取加固措施。分析结果能够为大断面小净距公路隧道的设计和施工提供科学依据。     

动态开挖模拟技术在水电站地下厂房的应用

利用ANSYS单元生死的模拟功能,实现了对某水电站地下厂房的动态施工开挖模拟,取得了一些合理的数值分析结果.模拟过程中着重分析了在自重作用下围岩产生的地层构造应力,以及在地层应力作用下围岩的位移状况.开挖完毕后,计算得出地下厂房围岩在外荷载作用下理论最大变形量达到12.5 mm,位于山顶处,在母线洞附近的平均变形为11.1 mm.分析结果可为地下厂房的设计施工以及运行提供有效的指导.     

大断面小净距公路隧道施工影响分析

以佛羊岭隧道工程为研究背景,采用上下台阶法进行施工,以FLAC3D有限元软件为计算平台,建立大断面小净距公路隧道有限元模型,对隧道模型进行数值模拟分析。研究地表沉降、围岩与衬砌结构应力,并提出相应的监控和加固对策。数值分析结果表明:先行隧洞上部地表沉降比后行隧洞大,后行隧洞的施工会增大先行隧洞竖向位移,使先行洞的最大主应力和最小主应力出现不同幅度的增加,隧道衬砌结构应力集中于拱腰至拱脚范围区域,先行洞支护结构对于后行洞开挖起到稳定岩体的作用,后行隧道的开挖会使中夹岩柱出现应力集中,在施工时应注意对隧道围岩采取加固措施。分析结果能够为大断面小净距公路隧道的设计和施工提供科学依据。     

Simulation of the relationship between roadway dynamic destruction and hypocenter parameters

Many factors can induce rock burst. Shock energy and shock distance are two key factors affecting rock burst. The 32101 roadway of the Xingcun coal mine, which has a tendency for rock burst, was used as an example. The dynamic module of Itasca's FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) 2D explicit finite-difference software was used to simulate the roadway's destruction. The vibration velocity and displacements of the rock surrounding the roadway were modeled for different shock energies and hypo-center distances. The simulation results indicate that the vibration velocity and displacement of rock surrounding the roadway have a quadratic relationship to the shock energy and a power law relationship to the distance of the hypocenter from the roadway. A dynamic view of the process was obtained from a series of "snap-shots" collected at 100 different time steps. This shows an isolat-ing "river" is first formed at the hypocenter. The region above the "river" is a low stress zone while below the "river" a high stress zone exists. This high stress zone surrounds the ribs of the roadway in a "double ear" pattern. Continuous and repeated action of the high stress in the "double ear" shaped zone destroys the roadway.     

三导洞施工法对偏压连拱隧道周边围岩的影响

通过Abqus12.0建立二维有限元模型,对其一危险断面进行了三导洞施工法的动态数值模拟,并结合实际施工的病害进行分析。通过分析在三导洞法在不同施工步下对拱顶围岩、中隔墙顶部围岩、中隔墙以及隧道上部滑坡带的竖向位移以及大主应力变化,对三导洞法在不同施工步下对周边关键部位围岩的影响有了进一步认识,对类似隧道的实际施工有一定借鉴作用。     

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation. The model was constructed with a ratio of 1:15. By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting, the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored. The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting. The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established. The research results show that:① In the same geological environment, the number of delay initiation is larger, the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher, and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster. The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored; ② Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation, there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth, and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth; ③ When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same, the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations; ④ There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage (D) of surrounding rock and blasting times (n) under push-type cyclic blasting loading, and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models, respectively. The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source, the faster the cumulative damage extension. Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.     

Rock-breaking mechanism and experimental analysis of confined blasting of borehole surrounding rock

The rock-breaking mechanism and effect of confined blasting were analysed by blasting and impact dynamic mechanics, fluid dynamic mechanics, fracture mechanics as well as blasting experiment. The results showed that the fracturing of surrounding rock in confined blasting condition is the result of coaction of rock pre-cracking by shock wave and stress wave and the continuing expanding crackenhancement of confined medium, and the model of crack development of borehole surrounding rock in confined blasting condition was established. This study acquired the damage range of surrounding rock under the action of shock wave and stress wave, as well as the crack development characteristics of surrounding rock after the wedge-in confined medium into the crack space. Deep-hole confined blasting experiment on large rock showed that the high-efficient utilisation of in-hole explosive was achieved and the safety of rock blasting operation was ensured. Safe static rock-breaking under the action of high-efficient explosive blasting was achieved as well as the unification of super dynamic load of explosive blasting and static rock-breaking of water medium.     

隧洞支护效应的探讨

基于弹性理论,对隧洞开挖后和进行喷锚支护后的应力和塑性变形进行分析。运用FLAC 3D模拟了隧道开挖与支护过程中的力学行为,得到隧道在无支护和喷锚支护作用下围岩的塑性及应力变形情况。结果表明,在喷锚支护中,对锚杆施加预应力,其值为当隧道塑性区消失时所需支护力的大小。这种支护提高了围岩的自承能力,使围岩塑性区的扩展在隧道开挖不久就得到有效抑制,能有制止隧道围岩的进一步破坏。     

公路隧道应力释放率对软弱围岩稳定性影响

近年来,由于新奥法广泛地运用于地下工程的施工过程中,围岩与支护结构之间的相互作用以及支护时机受到越来越多的关注。中条山隧道洞口段软弱围岩开挖步序多、工序及应力变化复杂,尤其是核心土解除后和二衬施工前安全风险大。本文采用有限差分软件对该隧道洞口段施工过程进行三维数值模拟,研究了洞周位移及支护结构在不同应力释放率下的力学响应,重点分析了典型断面处洞周围岩及支护结构的位移和受力情况,以及洞周位移随施工过程的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：对于软弱围岩公路隧道,应力释放率越大,围岩的塑性区发展范围越大,洞周位移越大;开挖过程中,拱顶沉降受到的持续性扰动较大;待二次衬砌施作后,仰拱隆起和收敛位移趋于稳定。     

软岩巷道“三锚”支护过程对巷道围岩稳定性影响

通过数值模拟和正交试验确定锚索、锚注、复喷的相关参数和最佳的支护工艺过程即：开挖→初次喷射混凝土→锚杆→锚索→复喷→锚注;运用FLAC模拟了软岩巷道逐步开挖和支护的过程,分析了不同的支护工艺过程下巷道围岩应力和位移的变化,进一步论证了最佳的支护工艺过程能有效的控制围岩的变形。这些为软岩巷道的支护工艺过程设计提供了理论参考,同时对于复杂条件下巷道支护的技术实践,具有重要的指导作用。     

Deformation and failure characteristics of anchorage structure of surrounding rock in deep roadway

This paper investigated the stress evolution, displacement field, local deformation and its overall distribution, and failure characteristics of the anchorage structure of surrounding rock with different rockbolt spacing through the model experiments. The influences of the pre-tightening force and spacing of rockbolt on the support strength of the anchorage structure of surrounding rock were analyzed by the simulation using FLAC3D numerical software. The support scheme of the excavated roadway was then designed, and the effectiveness of this support scheme was further verified by the displacement measurement of the roadway. The results showed that the maximum displacement between the roof and floor of the west wing track roadway in Kouzidong coal mine, China is about 42 mm, and the maximum displacement between its both sides is about 72 mm, indicating that the support scheme proposed in this study can ensure the stability and safety of the excavated roadway.     

考虑爆破效应的隧道开挖损伤区及渗流场分析

针对爆破效应对围岩力学参数及渗透系数的劣化问题,根据岩石弹塑性力学、连续损伤力学、有效应力原理及渗透系数演化方程,提出了基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型,并给出了模型的有限元数值求解算法.以甄峰岭隧道为工程依托,对所选断面开挖损伤区进行数值分析,通过声波检测手段确定爆破扰动范围及损伤值,修正计算力学参数和渗透系数.结果表明,考虑爆破效应后的开挖损伤区,位移值和涌水量均大于不考虑爆破效应时的数值,进行工程稳定性评价时应充分考虑爆破因素的影响.     

基于三维损伤流变理论下某调压井群围岩时效稳定性研究

拟建的某水电站调压井区域围岩岩性为石英云母片岩,勘探及室内试验发现其岩体属于片理构造发育明显的软岩,具有较典型的横观各向同性流变特征。由于区域地应力水平较高,工程施工期及运行期围岩流变现象可能显著影响岩体稳定性及衬砌结构特性。本文在全面反映区域地质构造、调压井结构形式及地应力场的基础上,建立了三维数值计算模型,同时考虑施工时序及支护衬砌措施,应用根据室内试验及现场监测资料建立的横观各向同性岩体粘弹塑性损伤本构模型,采用FLAC3D软件研究了调压井群施工期和运行期围岩稳定性及衬砌结构安全性。结果表明：施工开挖过程中围岩在流变效应的显著影响下,其变形量随时间有所增加,及时喷锚支护对围岩变形的限制作用显著,开挖完成后500d后围岩位移趋于收敛;开挖完成后围岩整体处于受压状态,施作二次衬砌有利于围岩应力场均匀化重新分布;运行期调压井衬砌变形量值增长速率随时间逐渐减小,其中2年内变形量约占长期（50年）变形量的54%,调压井围岩及衬砌结构运行1年后应力水平基本趋于稳定,运行期内调压井围岩应力水平变化幅度很小。     

不同施工工法对断层隧道的力学响应分析

断层破碎带是隧道施工中常见的不良地质构造,在断层破碎带附近施工时常常会引发围岩失稳甚至塌方等问题。因此依托某高速公路隧道,利用FLAC3D建立三维分析模型,研究施工方法对隧道围岩稳定和支护结构的影响,计算结果表明：在3种施工工法下,断层破碎带位置围岩的拱顶沉降值和拱底隆起值显著大于围岩正常段的,同时初期支护结构在断层破碎带和围岩正常段交界处的受力最大。环形开挖预留核心土工法施工引起的拱顶沉降最大值为51.45 mm,拱底隆起最大值为121.25 mm,初期支护结构的主应力最大值为15.27 MPa,各项数据均优于其余两种工法的对应值,表明该工法对保持围岩稳定效果最佳。现场监测结果也表明断层破碎带附近的拱顶沉降值要大于围岩正常段的拱顶沉降值,在现场施工中要加强断层破碎带位置处的监测并做好安全措施。     

基于ABAQUS和正交试验的隧道围岩稳定性分析

在城市地铁施工过程中,为了保证围岩的稳定性,以某市地铁10号线某车站区间作为研究对象,采用CRD法进行施工,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立隧道三维模型,经过数值模拟计算得到在不同施工时步下围岩应力场、位移场和衬砌的受力情况.在数值模拟的基础上运用正交设计法分析影响围岩稳定性的因素.结果表明,随着隧道在不同施工时步下进行开挖,围岩的应力呈现逐渐降低的趋势,围岩的位移呈现逐渐增大的趋势.通过极差和方差分析,得到影响围岩稳定性因素的重要性排序依次为弹性模量、粘聚力、泊松比、内摩擦角和膨胀角.     

Stress and deformation analysis on deep surrounding rock at different time stages and its application

Based on the characteristics of the deep circular tunnel, the surrounding rock was divided into three regions: the cracked region, the plastic region and the viscoelastic region. The process of rock stress deformation and change was divided into three stages after the roadway excavation. By using the elastic–plastic mechanics theory, the analytical solutions of the surrounding stress and displacement at different stages and the radii of cracked and plastic regions were formulated. We additionally explained the surrounding rock stress and displacement which appeared in practical project. Simultaneously, based on the problem which emerged from a mine in Xuzhou during the excavating process of rock roadway’s transport, we got the theoretical solutions for the stress and displacement in the process of rock roadway’s excavation and considered that the broken area of rock roadway was largely loosing circle. The results indicate that according to the rheological characteristics of surrounding rock, in the primeval excavation of rock roadway, we should increase the length of anchor bolt and cooperate it with anchor nets cable-U steel supporting frame. In addition, when the deformation rate of the surrounding rock is descending after the 15 days’ excavation, we should use the “three anchor” supporting method (anchor bolt spray, anchor note and anchor rope) and set aside about 20 cm as the reserved deformation layer.     

浅埋大断面隧道核心土数值模拟与分析

针对浅埋大断面隧道采用双侧壁导坑法施工时核心土的预留问题,依托重庆轨道交通六号线二期北碚站工程,对浅埋大断面隧道采用双侧壁导坑法开挖时,核心土的留设进行数值模拟,比较分析了预留核心土前后围岩的变化情况。结果表明:合理的留设核心土可有效降低地层沉降速率;改善围岩受力情况;同时表明护拱法和临时回填对治理隧道塌方效果良好,对类似塌方处置有指导意义。