饱和液氮中临界热流密度和最小膜态沸腾热流密度的实验研究

用直径为５０ｍｍ、厚度分别为１２，２０，３０ｍｍ的铜平板在液氮中进行了不同热面方位角（热面水平向下为０°，热面垂直为９０°）的淬冷沸腾实验研究。方位角对临界热流密度、最小膜态沸腾热流密度及其壁面过热度的影响较大。在一定的方位角下，临界热流密度随平板厚度的增加而增加，但厚度达到一定大小时，其值与厚度无关。最小膜态沸腾热流密度与厚度呈离散关系。平板厚度对临界沸腾密度和最小膜态沸腾热流密度所对应的表面过热度的影响较小     

试样表面处理对激光法导热测量的影响

基于绝热条件下一维理想导热过程的原理,对激光法导热系数测量中试样状态导致的测试问题进行分析比较,提出试样表面处理方法的最优方案。针对试样的厚度、表面状态、反光度和透光度,确定导热测量中单层垂直、单层水平、双层垂直3种基本模式下试样表面处理的具体方法,对比每种方法的测试结果。实验表明,试样厚度是测试的关键影响因素,准确测量试样厚度以及预估试样临界最小厚度d_(min),是测试工作的重点环节;提出显著降低测试误差,实现单层垂直和单层水平测量模式的相互转换方法;根据材料的反光度和透光度采用不同的喷涂方法,保证测试结果的准确性。该文从原理和实际操作上系统阐述试样表面处理可行的方法,为激光法导热系数测试工作提供更多的解决方案。     

差示扫描量热法测定石英纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的导热系数

基于差示扫描量热(DSC)法，研究了石英纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的导热性能。通过将熔融物质铟放置于试样之上和未放置试样时的热流信号的差异，计算出试样的导热系数，并对试验条件进行优化，得到了满意的结果。结果表明：在试样接触面涂抹导热硅油，可有效降低空气热阻，增大导热系数，使用该试样进行DSC测试，得到的测试结果准确、可靠且重复性较好。     

平板在过冷液氮中的淬冷沸腾传热的实验研究

用直径为５０ ｍ ｍ 、厚度为２０ ｍ ｍ 的平板实验研究了倾斜平板在过冷液氮中的淬冷沸腾传热, 方位角为０°（热面水平向下） 到９０°（热面垂直）, 液氮过冷度为０～１３ Ｋ。由实验结果得到, 在所有方位角情况下, 随着液氮过冷度的提高, 在热流密度曲线图上的热流密度曲线向右上方移动; 从最小膜态沸腾点向过渡膜态沸腾转变时, 有一热流密度迅速提高的突变过程, 过冷度越大, 这种突变过程表现得越突出。     

磁性液体在均匀磁场中的瞬态双热线导热系数的测试

将封有聚α-烯烃合成油基磁性液体的两玻璃管放置于磁场中,为消除磁场力、重力所引起的磁性液体自然对流的影响,消除端部效应,研制了磁性液体在均匀磁场中瞬态双热线导热系数的实验测量系统,经与蒸馏水、乙醇标准样品的导热系数测量比较,实验装置有较高的测量精度。实验测量了不同方向的均匀磁场对不同体积浓度的磁性液体导热系数的影响。结果显示,当磁场方向与热通量方向一致时,磁场显著强化磁性液体的导热系数,其导热系数随磁场强度的增加而近似线性增加,且体积浓度越大增加量越大;当磁场方向与热通量方向垂直时,磁性液体的导热系数随磁场强度的变化不明显。     

深冷文献消息(国外部分)

<正>一、总类875001 氧、氮和氩在国民经济中的应用*1987 №2 95-98(俄)875002 氦低温学(Helium Cryogenics)-新书介绍该书 1986年出版,429页,主要内容如下:1)低温学原理及应用;2)低温材料特性(热容、导热及导电性能、机械性能、超导性);3)经典流体氦(相图、气态氦、液态氦Ⅰ、气态和液态氦Ⅰ的传递特性);4)量子流体氦(理想量子气体、液态氦Ⅱ特性、双流体模型、氦Ⅱ中的涡流和紊流);5)氦Ⅱ传热(稳态热传递、瞬态热传递、卡皮查传导系数,膜沸腾和复原);6)池沸腾氦Ⅰ传热(核沸腾传热、膜沸腾、瞬时传热);7)强制对流正常氦(内流、超临界氦、两相流     

低雷诺数下溴化锂溶液降膜吸收热质传递的数值研究

溴化锂溶液降膜吸收是吸收式空调系统中常见的热质传递形式之一。本文对溶液降膜吸收过程的热质耦合传递分析,建立了溴化锂溶液垂直降膜吸收热质传递的二维数学物理模型,采用CFD-Fluent对模型进行求解。计算得到不同Re下的液膜界面温度、液膜内浓度分布、传热传质通量及传热传质系数等。分析了Re对降膜吸收过程中热质传递的影响。结果表明:当液膜Re150时,液膜界面平均温度与平均传质系数随着Re的增大而增大,而平均传热系数随着Re的增大而减少;平均传热传质通量均是随着Re的增大而先增大后减小,存在一个最佳液膜Re使降膜吸收过程的传热传质通量达到最大,即Re=50时,平均传热和传质通量分别达到最大值7.2 k W/m~2与2.9×10~(-3)kg/(m~2·s)。     

氧化膜对耐热不锈钢试验喷管传热特性的影响

建立了耐热不锈钢试验喷管轴对称非稳态传热数值计算模型以及不锈钢在高水蒸气含量燃气中的氧 化动力学模型,研究了氧化膜对喷管传热特性的影响.考虑了燃气时壁面的辐射换热及材料热物性参数随温度的变化,分别计算了结构材料无氧化膜、氧化膜表面光滑、氧化膜表面粗糙情况下的内喷管温度分布,通过理论计算值验证了数值计算模型的合理性与可靠性.结果表明,耐热不锈钢表面氧化膜的低导热系数使喷管热阻增大,但较大的氧化膜表面粗糙度强化了传热,2种因素综合作用决定了氧化膜对喷管传热特性的影响,氧化膜起到了隔热作用,计算结果可为表面热应力腐蚀数值模拟提供数据支持.     

地下换热器传热过程分析

初次冻结前后的导热系数与比热采用等效导热系数和当量比热。相变热计算式中未冻水的质量分数根据土壤的液限、塑限和含水率等求解,计算结果为0.3183。借助有限元软件Autodesk Simulation进行仿真分析,得到结论:流速越大,对流传热膜系数的数值越大;在相同流速的情况下,盐水溶液的对流传热膜系数的数值是乙二醇溶液的2倍。     

地下换热器传热过程分析

初次冻结前后的导热系数与比热采用等效导热系数和当量比热。相变热计算式中未冻水的质量分数根据土壤的液限、塑限和含水率等求解,计算结果为0.3183。借助有限元软件Autodesk Simulation进行仿真分析,得到结论:流速越大,对流传热膜系数的数值越大;在相同流速的情况下,盐水溶液的对流传热膜系数的数值是乙二醇溶液的2倍。     

Heat transfer to helium-I during different boiling regimes at high centrifugal accelerations

Heat transfer during nucleate and film boiling of helium and also the boiling crises up to relative accelerations of (1 ÷ 2) × 10³ have been investigated. The heat transfer surface was a flat copper heater. The heat transfer during nucleate boiling proved to be independent of the relative accelerations. For film boiling, it was found that $\text{α ～ η}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}$. The dependence of the peak nucleate boiling heat flux and the minimum film boiling flux on the relative acceleration is non-monotonic.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop for boiling nitrogen flowing in a horizontal tube: 1. Saturated flow boiling

Forced convection boiling of liquid nitrogen in a smooth horizontal copper tube with 14 mm id has been studied experimentally. The measured local heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling depend on the heat flux as well as on the mass flow rate. Furthermore, the influence of the vapour quality cannot be neglected.Our own experimental heat transfer data were correlated by an empirical equation. Mass flow rate, pressure, and diameter dependence of para-hydrogen data of other authors can also be correlated with this equation. A relationship for the critical heat flux is also given.     

Influence of oil on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant on metal foam covers

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant/oil mixture on metal foam covers were experimentally investigated. The refrigerant is R113, and the oil is VG68. The copper foams, having ppi (pores per inch) of 10 and 20, porosity from 90% to 98%, and thickness of 5 mm, are selected in this study. Experimental conditions include a saturation pressure of 101 kPa, oil concentrations from 0 to 5%, and heat fluxes from 0 to 80 kW m⁻². The experimental results indicate that the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient on copper foam covers is larger than that on flat heated surface by a maximum of 160% under the present experimental conditions; the presence of oil deteriorates the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers by a maximum of 15% under the present experimental conditions, and the deterioration of oil on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers is lower than that on a flat heated surface. A correlation for predicting the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant/oil mixture on copper foam cover is developed, and it agrees with 95% of the experimental data within a deviation of ±20%.     

Effect of gravity on pool boiling heat transfer on thermal spray coating

This study deals with heat transfer enhancement surface manufactured by thermal spraying. Two thermal spraying methods using copper as a coating material, wire flame spraying (WFS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), were applied to the outside of copper cylinder with 20 mm OD. The surface structure by WFS was denser than that by VPS. The effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coeffcient and wall superheat at the onset of boiling were experimentally evaluated under micro- and hyper-gravity condition during a parabolic trajectory flight of an airplane. Pool boiling experiments in saturated liquid of HCFC123 were carried out for heat fluxes between 1.0 and 160 kW/m² and saturated temperature of 30 °C. As a result, the surface by VPS produced higher heat transfer coefficient and lower superheat at the onset of boiling under microgravity. For the smooth surface, the effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coefficient was a little. For the coating, a large difference in heat transfer coefficient to gravity was observed in the moderate heat flux range. The heat transfer coefficinet decreased as gravity changed from the normal to hypergravity, and was improved as gravity changed from the hyperto microgravity. The difference in heat transfer coefficient between the normal and microgravity was a little. Heat transfer enhancement factor was kept over the experimental range of heat flux. It can be said that boiling behavior on thermal spray coating might be influenced by flow convection velocity.     

Heat transfer to subcritical and supercritical helium in centrifugal acceleration fields 1. Free convection regime and boiling regime

Effect of centrifugal acceleration on heat transfer from the circular flat surface (6.1 mm diameter) of copper to helium was investigated by placing the test piece in a small cell which is revolving about a displaced axis. Free convection data were obtained in the temperature range 4.2–4.5 K, the pressure range 0.1–0.7 MPa (1–7 atm) by imposing centrifugal accelerations of 1-300 ‘g’ towards the surface. Data in the nucleate and film boiling regimes were also obtained at near atmospheric pressures.The new correlation is suggested for free convection heat transfer. However, the existing correlations for conventional fluids in the gravity field seem to be also useful for the design work of superconducting generators, once the gravity term in the Rayleigh number is replaced by a centrifugal acceleration. Nucleate boiling heat transfer is found to be little affected by rotation, although increase in the maximum and minimum heat flux were observed. Also, heat transfer in the film boiling regime was improved.     

Partial Nucleate Pool Boiling at Low Heat Flux: Preliminary Ground Test for SOBER-SJ10

Focusing on partial nucleate pool boiling at low heat flux, SOBER-SJ10, one of 27 experiments of the program SJ-10, has been proposed to study local convection and heat transfer around an isolated growing vapor bubble during nucleate pool boiling on a well characterized flat surface in microgravity. An integrated micro heater has been developed. By using a local pulse overheating method in the experimental mode of single bubble boiling, a bubble nucleus can be excited with accurate spatial and temporal positioning on the top-side of a quartz glass substrate with a thickness of 2 mm and an effective heating area of 4.5 mm in diameter, and then grows under an approximate constant heat input provided by the main heater on the back-side of the substrate. Ten thin film micro-RTDs are used for local temperature measurements on the heating surface underneath the growing bubble. Normal pool boiling experiments can also be carried out with step-by-step increase of heating voltage. A series of ground test of the flight module of SOBER-SJ10 have been conducted. Good agreement of the measured data of single phase natural convection with the common-used empirical correlation warrants reasonable confidence in the data. It is found that the values of the incipience superheat of pool boiling at different subcooling are consistent with each others, verifying that the influence of subcooling on boiling incipience can be neglected. Pool boiling curves are also obtained, which shows great influence of subcooling on heat transfer of partial nucleate pool boiling, particularly in lower heat flux.     

Steady state heat transfer of helium cooled cable bundles

In the present study nucleate and film boiling heat transfer characteristicsof horizontal conductor bundles are investigated at steady state conditions. The effect of gaps between wires, number of wires, wire position, wire size and bundle orientation on the departure from nucleate boling and transition to film boiling is studied. For gaps close to the bubble departure diameter, the critical heat flux can approach up to 90% of the single wire value. Consequently, the maximum stable current for a given bundle can be significantly increased above the single conductor value for the same cross-sectional area.     

竖直狭缝通道中液氮沸腾强化换热的实验研究

实验表明，狭缝间隙对液氮自然对流核态沸腾换热有明显的影响，在低热流密度下，间隙小的狭缝沸腾换热比间隙大的狭缝明显增强，当狭缝间隙小于实验压力下气泡的脱离直径时，对于同样的热流密度，传热温差减小一个数量级以上，沸腾换热系数提高十几倍到二十倍以上，当热流密度增加一定程度（＞4W/cm^2)时，间隙小的狭缝沸腾换热比间隙大的狭缝有所减弱。     

Experimental Study of Nucleate Pool Boiling of FC-72 on Smooth Surface under Microgravity

Experiments of highly subcooled nucleate pool boiling of FC-72 with dissolved air were studied both in short-term microgravity condition utilizing the drop tower Beijing and in normal gravity conditions. The bubble behavior and heat transfer of air-dissolved FC-72 on a small scale silicon chip (10 × 10 × 0.5 mm³) were obtained at the bulk liquid subcooling of 41 K and nominal pressure of 102 kPa. The boiling heat transfer performance in low heat flux region in microgravity is similar to that in normal gravity condition, while vapor bubbles increase in size but little coalescence occurs among bubbles, and then forms a large bubble remains attached to the heater surface during the whole microgravity period. Thermocapillary convection may be an important mechanism of boiling heat transfer in this case. With further increasing in heat flux to the fully developed nucleate boiling region, the vapor bubbles number as well as their size significantly increase in microgravity. Rapid coalescence occurs among adjacent bubbles and then the coalesced large bubble can depart from the heating surface during the microgravity period. The reason of the large bubble departure is mainly attributed to the momentum effects caused by the coalescence of small bubbles with the large one. Hence, the steady-state pool boiling can still be obtained in microgravity. In the high heat flux regime near the critical heat flux, significant deterioration of heat transfer was observed, and a large coalesced bubble forms quickly and almost covers the whole heater surface, leading to the occurrence of the critical heat flux in microgravity condition.     

Refrigerant R134a vaporisation heat transfer and pressure drop inside a small brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop measured during refrigerant R134a vaporisation inside a small brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE): the effects of heat flux, refrigerant mass flux, saturation temperature and outlet conditions are investigated. The BPHE tested consists of 10 plates, 72 mm in width and 310 mm in length, which present a macro-scale herringbone corrugation with an inclination angle of 65° and corrugation amplitude of 2 mm.The experimental results are reported in terms of refrigerant side heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficients show great sensitivity both to heat flux and outlet conditions and weak sensitivity to saturation temperature. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the kinetic energy per unit volume of the refrigerant flow.The experimental heat transfer coefficients are also compared with two well-known correlations for nucleate pool boiling and a correlation for frictional pressure drop is proposed.