移动机器人未知环境避障研究

针对移动机器人的避障问题,以AS-R移动机器人为实验平台,提出了一种改进人工势场和模糊逻辑相结合的路径规划方法.对于未知障碍物环境采用人工势场法进行实时路径规划,对于动态近距离动态障碍物采用模糊逻辑方法引导机器人做出避障行为.为了有效将2种方法结合,根据传感器信息对于人工势场方法引入转角的信任度,机器人运行方向由上述2...     

基于多行为的移动机器人路径规划

机器人由当前点向目标点运动的过程中,所处环境经常为动态变化且未知的,这使得传统的路径规划算法对于移动机器人避障过程很难建立精确的数学模型.为此,针对环境信息完全未知的情况,为移动机器人设计一种基于模糊控制思想的多行为局部路径规划方法.该方法通过对各种行为之间进行适时合理的切换,以保证机器人安全迅速地躲避静态和动态障碍物,并利用改进的人工势场法实现对变速目标点的追踪.对于模糊避障中常见的U型陷阱问题,提出一种边界追踪的陷阱逃脱策略,使得机器人成功解除死锁状态.另外,设计一个速度模糊控制器,实现了机器人的智能行驶.最后,基于Matlab平台的仿真结果验证了所提出算法的有效性和实时性,与A*势场法的对比结果更突出了该算法的可行性.     

基于模糊势场法的移动机器人局部路径规划

针对采用传统人工势场法进行移动机器人局部路径规划时存在的局部极小点和规划路径过长等问题,提出了一种基于虚拟目标点和有限状态机的模糊势场法。构造基于人工势场的虚拟目标点法来解决局部极小点问题,在合适的位置设置虚拟目标点使机器人逃离局部极小点区域。将虚拟目标点法与模糊控制相结合,对障碍物环境进行预测,及时避障,解决机器人在复杂环境中采用虚拟目标点法规划路径时存在的路径过长问题。设计一个有限状态机来判断障碍物环境,执行算法转换策略,使改进算法适用于多种复杂环境。所设计算法在MATLAB平台上进行了仿真验证。结果表明,该算法能够使机器人逃出局部极小点、缩短规划路径。算法不仅适用于简单、离散环境,在传统算法运行困难的、复杂的环境中,例如墙型、U型和多U型障碍物环境,也能规划出可行的优化路径。     

基于全向移动平台的多机器人编队控制研究

针对多机器人编队控制中的队形控制和协同避障问题,提出了基于麦克纳姆轮的全向移动多机器人编队的基于领航-跟随型编队控制算法.首先建立多机器人运动学模型,得到车体运动控制参数,并针对传统领航跟随法进行改进,设计一种虚拟结构领航-跟随法,并将改进的人工势场法引入领航机器人的在线局部路径规划中,通过添加虚拟斥力旋转势场,解决了局部极小值问题,实现了多机器人编队在静态障碍环境中无碰撞路径规划.最后通过Python仿真验证了该算法结合的有效性.     

基于混合势场法的移动机器人路径规划

针对目前移动机器人在路径规划中出现的问题,提出一种自主移动机器人路径规划的新方法——混合势场法。分析了人工势场法的不足,找出局部极小值点的形成原因;针对人工势场法中障碍物附近目标不可达问题,采用了在斥力场函数中加入斥力因子,使得机器人顺利到达目标点;针对陷入局部极小值和振荡的问题,提出了混合势场法,通过将势场法和可视图法结合起来,使得机器人走出局部极小值和振荡区域。最后,将混合势场法应用于室内移动机器人的路径规划中,仿真实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于人工势场在机械臂避障路径规划中的研究综述

机械臂路径规划避障是目前机器人领域研究的热点,人工势场因算法简单、高效被越来越多地应用到机械臂路径规划避障中。本文首先介绍了人工势场的原理,分析了传统人工势场存在的目标不可达和局部极小值等问题,并对人工势场在机械臂避障规划中已有的算法进行分类综述,最后对人工势场在机械臂避障方面的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于人工势场一遗传算法的机械避障方法研究

人工势场法是机器人避障规划中常用的方法,具有简单、实时性强的特点,但其存在目标不可达和局部极小值问题;文中针对机械臂的避障问题,首先利用人工势场法确定机械臂末端的避障轨迹,使用改进的斥力场克服势场法的目标不可达问题,利用随机逃离和沿等势线逃离相结合的方法解决局部极小值问题;其次针对机械臂末端避障轨迹中的每个点,采用遗传算法计算其对应的机械臂逆运动学解,在确保杆件不发生碰撞的情况下,充分保持关节角变化的柔顺性;仿真结果表明算法能够有效地实现机械臂的避障规划.     

基于改进人工势场法的移动机器人路径规划

基于传统人工势场法的机器人路径规划存在障碍物附近目标不可达和局部极小点的问题。在研究该问题产生原因的基础上,提出了一种基于改进人工势场法的移动机器人路径规划算法。该算法在斥力函数中引入了机器人和目标点之间的距离,在极小点附近自主建立虚拟目标牵引点并隔离原有目标点,解决了传统人工势场法的局部极小点问题,使机器人到达了目标点。仿真结果说明了改进后算法的有效性。     

基于势场栅格法的移动机器人避障路径规划

针对传统人工势场法应用于移动机器人避障路径规划存在的缺陷,建立了改进的人工势场模型,通过在障碍物的斥力势场函数中增加最小安全距离,同时考虑机器人与目标点的相对距离,成功地解决了障碍物附近目标不可达(Good Nonreachable with Obstacles Nearby GNRON)的问题。此外,针对传统人工势场法的局部极小点和障碍物附近目标不可达同时存在的问题,提出了以改进人工势场法为主,栅格法为辅的方案来实施避障,使得机器人能够尽快地脱离局部极小并成功地绕过障碍物到达目标点。采用栅格法对改进人工势场法做辅助决策,弥补了改进人工势场法的不足,使机器人能够顺利到达势场的全局最小点,提高了避障路径规划的安全性和可达性。论文利用Matlab进行了算法仿真,结果证明了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于改进人工势场法的移动机器人导航控制

传统人工势场法在移动机器人导航过程中存在局部极小值,障碍物周围震荡等问题。针对采用传统人工势场法实现移动机器人导航过程中存在的问题,本文引入旋转力改进人工势场法,同时运用细菌觅食混合粒子群算法（BF-PSO）对移动机器人导航过程中的控制器参数及势场函数增益系数进行离线优化。运用优化参数进行基于改进人工势场法的移动机器人导航的仿真,仿真结果表明BF-PSO算法对移动机器人导航具有较好的优化效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.