影响黄铜化学着色的因素

分别介绍了黄铜常温化学着色工艺流程以及黄铜着铁锈色(包括一次着铁锈色和二次着铁锈色)、黄铜着仿古绿色(包括着黑色和二次着古绿色)的工艺配方。说明了黄铜着色的基本原理。研究了膜层质量的影响因素。通过正交实验确定了黄铜着铁锈色、黄铜着仿古绿色的最佳主盐质量浓度,分别为:50 g/L硫酸铜,100 g/L氯化铁,50 g/L氯化亚铁;20 g/L硫酸铜,5 g/L氯化钙,4 g/L氯化镍。添加剂对着色工艺的影响研究表明,适宜的添加剂可以减少着色时间,并提高色膜质量。     

黄铜表面着色工艺

采用两种化学着色工艺,分别在黄铜表面得到了青绿色膜层和黑色膜层。采用电化学测试、点滴试验、耐磨性测试和扫描电镜对着色黄铜的耐蚀性、耐磨性和表面形貌进行了检测。黄铜表面着青绿色的最佳工艺条件为:硫代硫酸钠120g/L,硫酸镍40g/L,氯化铵60g/L,温度25℃,时间7min。黄铜表面着黑色的最佳工艺条件为:过硫酸钾12g/L,氢氧化钾50g/L,温度55℃,时间9min。黄铜着青绿色后,膜层暗淡,均匀性和耐磨性较差;而黄铜着黑色后,膜层致密,色泽光亮,并且其耐蚀性和耐磨性均比着青绿色膜层的强。黄铜着黑色工艺能同时起到装饰、防腐、耐磨的作用,具有较强的实用价值。     

黄铜拉链橄榄绿着色工艺的研究

黄铜拉链橄榄绿着色清幽淡雅,装饰效果好.采用改进的过硫酸盐体系着色液对黄铜拉链橄榄绿着色工艺进行研究,探讨了各因素对着色效果的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱成分分析(EDS)方法分析着色层厚度、表面形貌和成分.结果表明,该着色新工艺的最佳条件:25～30 g/L NaOH,30～40 g/L K2S2O8,40～...     

黄铜拉链香槟金着色工艺

对黄铜拉链进行香槟金着色。研究了着色液中各组分用量和工艺条件对着色液稳定性与膜层颜色的影响,得到较佳的配方和工艺条件为:CuSO4·5H2O 4~6 g/L,乙二胺四乙酸二钠10~15 g/L,甲醛6~9 mL/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.08~0.15 g/L,调色剂1.0~2.2 g/L,pH 12~13,温度50~55℃,时间1.5~3.0 min。在该工艺下可得到结合力良好的香槟金色膜,耐磨性、耐蚀性和耐热性都满足生产要求。     

超厚镀钯技术在光电经纬仪上的应用

以黄铜为基材,研究了吡啶添加剂-氨盐体系的电镀钯工艺,分析了钯盐、氯化铵、吡啶添加剂质量浓度,温度及pH对镀液和镀层质量的影响.在Pd(NH3)2Cl220 g/L,NH4Cl 15 g/L,NH3·H2O 35 mL/L,吡啶添加剂25 g/L,pH 7～8,温度25～35℃和电流密度0.4～0.5 A/dm2的条件下,获得了厚度达35 μm的光亮钯镀层.该镀层与基体结合力良好,能满足光电经纬仪的工作要求.     

常温锌系环保磷化液的研制

本研究配制锌系磷化液配方:磷酸100mL/L,磷酸二氢钠20g/L,氧化锌25g/L,硫酸铜1g/L,氯酸钾6g/L,钼酸钠1g/L,氟化钠1g/L,酒石酸1g/L。所得磷化膜经硫酸铜点滴测试,符合国家标准。磷化工艺简单,磷化液中不含Cr6+、NO2-离子,环境问题得到改善。     

黄铜拉链苯并三氮唑-硝酸镧-钼酸钠钝化工艺

开发了一种黄铜拉链高效钝化工艺,钝化液以苯并三氮唑(BTA)为主,添加了少量硝酸镧和钼酸钠.探讨了钝化液配方、钝化温度和时间对经不同氧化着色工艺处理的黄铜拉链钝化效果的影响.结果表明,最佳钝化温度为30℃,钝化时间为2 min.适用于红古铜色、仿金色及仿银色拉链的钝化液配方为:BTA3 ～4g/L,La(NO3)3·6H2O 0.3 ～ 0.4g/L,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.6～0.8g/L,聚乙二醇6000 1g/L.上述配方简单且安全无毒.经钝化及涂油处理后,黄铜拉链的耐蚀性和耐热性明显提高.     

化学镀镍故障一例

百分表轴齿轮零件,材料为T_8,硷性化学镀镍。配方及工艺条件如下: 氯化镍 25～35 g/L 氯化铵 40～45 g/L 氨水 100 ml/L 焦磷酸钠 60～70 g/L     

201、304不锈钢通用化学发黑工艺

介绍了一种 201、304 不锈钢通用发黑工艺。研究了着色液各组分和挂具的材质对黑色膜性能的影响。着色的最佳配方与工艺为:CrO₃165 g/L,H₂SO₄310 mL/L,H₃PO₄60 mL/L,添加剂 A（铵盐）60 g/L,添加剂 B（过渡金属元素的硫酸盐）143 g/L,着色温度 91 95℃,着色时间 20 25 min,以 304 不锈钢丝作挂具。在最佳配方与工艺条件下,201、304 不锈钢黑板的膜层均匀、黑亮,耐蚀性能均优于对应的基体,耐磨擦性能优越。     

低铬酸不锈钢着色技术

为了改善INCO法不锈钢着色工艺铬酸含量高、对环境污染重的现状,采用铬酸-硫酸-磷酸体系,加入过渡金属无机盐,成功研究了一种低铬酸不锈钢着色技术。探讨了主要成分、添加剂和操作务件对着色膜质量的影响,获得了如下较好的工艺条件:铬酸酐80~90g/L,浓硫酸200~220mL/L,磷酸40~60 mL/L,硫酸锰30~40 g/L,硫酸锌5~10 g/L,硝酸钠10~20 g/L,光亮剂HNX-A 5~10 g/L,温度80~90°C,时间8~25 min。在上述工艺下,随着着色时间的延长,所形成的着色膜颜色按茶色、金色、蓝绿、黑色、紫红、鲜绿而变化:控制一定的时间和温度,可获得色泽均匀、鲜艳的着色膜,其装饰效果可与INCO法媲美。该方法制备的着色膜具有良好的耐磨性和耐热性,且工艺操作简便,着色膜颜色重现性好,着色液中铬酸浓度低,只有通用INCO法的1/3,有利于保护环境,降低废水处理成本,具有较高的应用价值。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。