炭素专利

高纯超细石墨微粒子黑底涂料生产工艺;一种评价石墨和／或石墨化炭材料电化学性能的方法;颗疲柑瓣的石墨涂层;方石墨电极;硅片生产中使用的石墨舟     

黑底石墨浆料的稳定性研究

稳定的黑底石墨浆料有利于彩色显象管的荧光屏内表面的涂屏工艺过程 ,能提高涂层的光滑性、均匀性以及应用实验中造孔过程的圆整性。讨论了石墨粒子的大小、形貌、三种不同的分散剂和石墨浆料的 p H值及粘度对石墨浆料稳定性的影响。结果表明各种因素都不同程度的影响体系的稳定性     

非金属基体的导电化处理

为了在非金属上获得金属镀层,非金属上必须先获得导电层.开发出了经过添加树脂得到的改性石墨乳涂料以及在其上的电镀铜工艺,用以取代胶体钯法.研究结果证明,改性石墨乳使得其与非金属之间的结合力得到了充分的保证,具有一定的强度,并且改性石墨乳具有可操作性,成本低廉,来源广泛等优点,将会在非金属表面导电化处理中有广泛的应用.     

黑底蓝晶天目釉的研制

本文简单阐述了黑底蓝晶天目釉形成机理,并分析了影响黑底蓝晶天目釉结晶的因素。实验表明:釉料的化学组成、生产工艺、烧成制度对黑底蓝晶天目釉结晶有一定的影响。通过分析,找到影响黑底蓝晶天目釉结晶的最佳条件,可获得光滑黑色的釉面布满3~6mm的蓝色晶体,非常美观,具有一定的艺术价值。     

单面防印苯胺黑底工艺的由来与生产体会

单面防印印花深色花布在国内各兄弟厂已推广多年,深受国内外市场的欢迎。其中黑底各厂选用方法各异,有的选用不同色酚打底,然后用色基或B蓝盐显色成黑底。有的为了增加黑度并用橙色基,也有用乙烯砜型活性染料做黑底,还有的厂染成色基黑底做拔染等。从六十年代开始,深色花布已采用单面直接印花方法,不再选用深色防拔染工艺,因此,单面轧染机旧设备早已折除或改造。但是,近年来根据国内外市场的需要,防拔染这类花型     

解决瓷器彩烧“黑底”缺陷试验小结

一、引言“黑底”是日用瓷在彩烧过程中无釉的底足部位呈现灰色或黑色的一种缺陷。产品有黑底就不能作为一级品出口,严重的只能降等内销。以唐山第一瓷厂为例,有些品种黑底缺陷占15～24％,最严重时高达60％。虽然重烧可以消除大部分,但势必加大破损,提高成本。     

非金属基体直接镀铜技术

在非金属上涂覆改性石墨乳,其导电性与金属仍存在较大的差别,使用传统的恒流工艺难以在其上面实施电镀铜.为了探究石墨导电层上的镀铜工艺,发现恒压电镀能在石墨导电层上电镀铜.为了提高镀铜层的外观性能,对恒压镀铜工艺的参数进行了优选.结果证明,在非金属上采用优化电压以及多点卡具,能获得厚度均匀、光亮的镀铜层.     

原子吸收法测石墨乳中铁含量

将石墨乳加盐酸煮沸使石墨微粒凝析,铁溶解,采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定滤液中铁的含量。建立了优化的仪器测定条件,并对可能存在的元素进行了干扰实验。该方法的回收率为98.0%～100.5%,相对标准偏差为1.7%～2.5%。方法简便、灵敏、准确,有实用价值。     

综合信息

政策法规　矿业相关行业近期发展导向　　非金属矿及其深加工鼓励高起点建设大型矿物加工基地 ,开发高质量非金属矿深加工产品 ,参与国际市场竞争 ;开发超细粉碎、精细提纯、表面改性技术 ,发展石墨的高纯微粉、低硫可膨胀石墨、石墨乳、石墨吸附材料 ,以及滑石、碳酸钙、高岭土等矿物功能填料产品、粘土矿物环保材料制品和非金属矿物纳米材料。新型墙体材料发展单班年产 5万m3 以上规模的混凝土砌块生产线 ,推广固定成型、室式养护工艺 ;发展年产 10～ 2 0万m3规模加气混凝土砌块生产线 ,推广发泡成型技术和大型机械化切割机 ;采用隧道窑 ,…     

石墨乳泵中搅动磁环的胶接

一、搅动磁环胶接问题的提出石墨乳泵的设计很新颖,对输送石墨乳液特别有效。但磁环的制造是一个关键问题,它是由隔磁材料、铝、不锈钢、聚四氟乙烯和磁钢组成的闭合性环状物,其精度要求很高,磁钢和不锈钢等材料又属难加工材料,用机械连接方法不可能解决磁环组合的问题,只能利用胶接方法。但在充磁以后胶粘组合,     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

熟料岩相试样制作方法及典型岩相特征的形成原因

熟料的岩相分析有助于熟料质量的判断及生产过程控制调整。根据多年实践经验,总结了手工和机械磨制岩相试样的方法及注意事项,并对几种熟料岩相特征(孔洞、游离氧化钙、A矿包裹B矿和f-Ca O、晶体尺寸不均和矿巢)进行了举例和形成原因分析。     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.     

Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications

The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.     

Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis)

The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.     

COMBINED INNOVATIVE HEAT PUMP DRYING TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COLD EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FOODS

There is an increased demand for convenient foods including ready-to-eat and instant products. These products are desired with minimum concentration of synthetic chemicals. This creates challenges for the food industry and dryers manufactures to develop new technologies to process difficult-sensitive materials and to supply final products with high quality and improved properties. Fruits and vegetables are mainly composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Due to modification of chemical and physical bonds the compounds the material becomes viscous and sticky during processing. Conventional dryers have limitations in handling such sensitive materials. Heat pump dryers have been applied in the production of a diversity of ready-to-eat foods and dried instant products for the last five years at SINTEF-NTNU. Besides being energetically efficient and environmentally friendly, the heat pump drying technology provides a wide range of drying conditions as required to produce powders with improved characteristics. This work describes the new technologies and processing line for the production of instant foods as well as the measurements on the properties and quality attributes for raw, intermediate and final instant products.     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

毒死蜱、联苯菊酯在室内和室外土壤中的消解动态及土壤化学屏障研究

[目的]探讨毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在室内外土壤中的消解动态,并预测2种农药作为土壤化学屏障防治白蚁的有效期。[方法]采用气相色谱法测定不同时期土壤中毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的残留量并采用土壤穿透法测定2种农药在土壤中的生物活性。[结果]毒死蜱在室内和室外的半衰期分别为51.3、39.5 d,联苯菊酯在室内和室外的半衰期分别为31.3、44.5 d。毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗白蚁穿透的最低有效质量分数分别为6.15、5.78 mg/kg,并结合消解动态方程预测出毒死蜱和联苯菊酯作为土壤化学屏障中有效成分的有效期在室内分别为195、29.1 d,在室外则分别为158.4、56.1 d。[结论]得到的白蚁防治有效期结果较好,为白蚁的化学防治提供理论依据。     

工业纯锆产品的性能和应用

1前言锆(Zirconium)的元素符号为Zr,位于元素周期表中第IV-B族元素,银白色金属。它具有熔点高、密度适中、良好的强度和塑性匹配,而且热中子吸收