Simple and efficient shear flexible two-node arch/beam and four-node cylindrical shell/plate finite elements

Several simple and accurate C° two-node arch/beam and four-node cylindrical shell/plate finite elements are presented in this paper. The formulation used here is based on the refined theory of thick cylindrical shells and the quasi-conforming element technique. Unlike most C° elements, the element stiffness matrix presented here is given explicitly. In spite of their simplicity, these C° finite elements posseses linear bending strains and are free from the deficiencies existing in curved C° elements such as shear and membrane locking, spurious kinematic modes and numerical ill-conditioning. These finite elements are valid not only for thick/thin beams and plates, but also for arches/straight beams and cylindrical shells/plates. Furthermore, these C° elements can automatically reduce to the corresponding C¹ beam and plate elements and give the C° beam element obtained by the reduced integration as a special case. Several numerical examples indicate that the simple two-node arch/beam and four-node cylindrical shell/plate elements given in this paper are superior to the existing C° elements with the same element degrees of freedom. Only the formulation of the rectangular cylindrical shell and plate element is presented in this paper. The formulation of an arbitrarily quadrilateral plate element will be presented in a follow-up paper³².     

Mixed finite element method for axisymmetric shells

A mixed variational formulation is used as basis for developing a mixed finite element method for axisymmetric shell. The independent unknowns of the method are the axial and radial displacement components, the rotation of the normal to the middle surface and the meridional bending stress couple. The basic element is a frustrum of curved meridian. General advantages of the mixed method are presented, one of which is the possibility of using piece-wise linear functions of the meridional arclength to represent the basic unknowns. Test results are presented for plate bending, transverse shear deformation, membrane behaviour, edge-zone bending, bending near the junction of two shells, convergence of the method and accuracy of middle surface curvature interpolation. Shell geometries considered are cylindrical, conical, spherical and ellipsoidal. Good results are obtained which should increase interest in the relatively less known and less tested mixed method as compared to the stiffness method.     

A new discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin element based on Mindlin-Reissner plate theory and assumed shear strain fields—part I: An extended DKT element for thick-plate bending analysis

This is the first of a two-part paper on plate bending elements with shear effects included. This paper presents a new three-node, nine-d.o.f. triangular plate bending element valid for the analysis of thick to thin plates. The element, called DKMT, has a proper rank (contains no spurious zero-energy modes), passes the patch test for thin and thick plates in an arbitrary mesh and is free of shear locking. Very good results have been obtained for thin and thick plates' by the element. An extended DKQ element for thick-plate bending analysis is evaluated in Part II.²⁴     

基于平面弹性-板弯曲比拟理论的Wilson型平板壳单元

平面弹性—板弯曲比拟关系为充分利用现有的平面弹性单元构造新型板弯曲单元提供了有效的途径。按膜、板两部分平行列式的观点,新方法还可以利用平面弹性单元构造性能良好的新型平板壳单元。按此观点根据著名的平面弹性Wilson元(QM6)的列式方式构造出一个新的十六自由度平板壳单元。单元构造简单,无虚假自由度,数值结果表明具有很好的收敛性和精度。     

一个基于膜板比拟理论的四边形双线性薄板单元

平面弹性与板弯曲的相似性理论为构造薄板单元提供了一条有效的新途径。根据这一理论,现有的平面弹性单元原则上可以转化为板弯曲单元。从平面弹性四节点双线性等参元Q4出发,根据相似性理论构造出一个新的四边形八自由度双线性薄板单元。该单元构造简单,节点自由度少,可以视为最简单的四边形薄板单元。数值结果表明,该单元能通过分片试验,满足坐标不变性,具有良好的收敛性和精度。是一个良好的低阶薄板单元。     

A new discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin element based on Mindlin–Reissner plate theory and assumed shear strain fields—part II: An extended DKQ element for thick-plate bending analysis

This is the second part of a two-part paper on plate bending elements with shear effects included. This paper presents a new four-node, 12-d.o.f. quadrilateral plate bending element valid for the analysis of thick to thin plates. The element called DKMQ, has a proper rank (contains no spurious zero-energy modes), passes the patch test for thin and thick plates in an arbitrary mesh and is free of shear locking. Very good results have been obtained for thin and thick plates by the element. An extended DKT element for thick-plate bending analysis is evaluated in Part I.¹⁹     

Bending of simply-supported,antisymmetrically laminated rectangular plate under transverse loading

The deformation of antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plate under transverse loading is analysed using the bending theory of laminated plate presented by Ren.^1,2 By expanding the load in a double Fourier series, a closed-form solution is obtained for special types of simply-supported boundary condition. The results are compared with similar results from the classical laminated plate theory and Mindlin theory. This shows that the theory presented by Ren is suitable not only for cylindrical bending but also for general bending problems.     

基于平面弹性-板弯曲比拟理论的Wilson型板弯曲单元

应用平面弹性板弯曲比拟关系,可以避开1c连续性的困难,为板单元的构造提供了一种新的途径。这一新方法已成功地将一些平面弹性协调单元转化为新型板弯曲单元。根据比拟理论将著名的平面弹性Wilson元QM6转化为板弯曲单元,从而将新方法应用到平面弹性非协调元。单元构造简单,数值结果表明具有很好的收敛性和精度。     

Buckling analysis of shear deformable shallow shells by the boundary element method

In this work a boundary element (BE) formulation for buckling problem of shear deformable shallow shells is presented. A set of five boundary integral equations are obtained by coupling two-dimensional plane stress elasticity with shear deformable plate bending (Reissner). The domain integrals appearing in the formulation (due to the curvature and due to the domain load) are transferred into equivalent boundary integrals. The BE formulation is presented as an eigenvalue problem, to provide direct evaluation of critical load factors and buckling modes. Several examples are presented. The BE results for a cylindrical shallow shell with different curvatures are compared with other numerical solutions and good agreements are obtained.     

Corotational non‐linear analysis of thin plates and shells using a new shell element

A new three‐node triangular shell element is developed by combining the optimal membrane element and discrete Kirchhoff triangle (DKT) plate bending element, and is modified for laminated composite plates and shells so as to include the membrane‐bending coupling effect. Using appropriate shape functions for the bending and membrane modes of the element, the ‘inconsistent’ stress stiffness matrix is formulated and the tangent stiffness matrix is determined. Non‐linear analysis of thin‐walled structures with geometric non‐linearity is conducted using the corotational method. The new element is thoroughly tested by solving few popular benchmark problems. The results of the analysis are compared with those obtained using existing membrane elements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of laminated composite beams using layerwise displacement theories

Within the displacement field of a layerwise theory, two laminated beam theories for beams with general lamination are developed. In the first theory, an existing layerwise laminated plate theory is adapted to laminated beams. The procedure used in the second theory is simple and straightforward and similar to the one used in the development of plate and shell theories. These theories can also be used in developing simpler theories such as classical, first, and higher-order shear deformation laminated beam theories. Equations of motions are obtained by using Hamilton’s principle. For the assessment of the accuracy of these theories, analytical solutions for static bending and free vibration are developed and compared with those of an existing three-dimensional elasticity solution of cross-ply laminates in cylindrical bending and with the three-dimensional finite element analysis for angle-ply laminates.     

复合材料斜交层板柱状弯曲的翘曲修正模型

研究复合材料斜交层板的柱状弯曲问题,建立新的数值计算方法。在厚度方向,利用翘曲修正理论,推导出了层板面内位移的两个序列分布规律;在长度方向,采用升阶谱位移函数,应用最小势能原理,给出了层板柱状弯曲的特殊有限元模型。通过典型例题的计算表明:应力、位移在厚度方向的分布计算结果与精确弹性解符合很好。本文方法的自由度少,方法简单,优于一阶剪切理论、高阶理论,适用于解决层板弯曲问题。     

Refined triangular discrete Kirchhoff plate element for thin plate bending,vibration and buckling analysis

A refined triangular discrete Kirchhoff thin plate bending element RDKT which can be used to improve the original triangular discrete Kirchhoff thin plate bending element DKT is presented. In order to improve the accuracy of the analysis a simple explicit expression of a refined constant strain matrix with an adjustable constant can be introduced into its formulation. The new element displacement function can be used to formulate a mass matrix called combined mass matrix for calculation of the natural frequency and in the same way a combined geometric stiffness matrix can be obtained for buckling analysis. Numerical examples are presented to show that the present methods indeed, can improve the accuracy of thin plate bending, vibration and buckling analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DEFORMATION OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER PROCESSING CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

An analytic microstructural model based on the principle of virtual work is developed to describe the effect of interlaminar slip on the deformation of thermoplastic composite laminates subjected to processing conditions. The model assumes a non-linear viscous interlaminar interface. Each of the layers in the laminate is individually treated as a Kirchhoff plate. The model defines a new parameter called ‘global rotation’ of the laminate which accounts for interlaminar slip in the laminate. A relationship is obtained between the applied displacement history and the resultant load history. Cylindrical bending of a laminated plate with linearly viscous interfaces is solved numerically to illustrate the response of laminated plate under processing environment. An approximate but exclusive relationship is established between the load and the deformation rate for constant rate moulding.     

Generalized mixed variational methods for Reissner plate and its applications

 Based on the mechanism of shear locking phenomenon and potential functional of Reissner plate bending problem, the generalized mixed variational principle for Reissner plate analysis is presented by parameterized Lagrange multiplier method. The proposed variational functional contains splitting factors which are able to adjust the shear potential energy and shear complementary energy components in it. The generalized mixed finite element formulation of bilinear quardrilateral element for Reissner plate bending analysis is established in terms of the new variational principle. The stiffness of the finite element model can be changed by the alteration of the splitting factors. Thus both the free of shear locking and higher accuracy are obtained by the choice of appropriate splitting factors. The most important is that this paper gives one self-adaptative way to choose the splitting factors for thin and moderately thick plates. This results in the comparative order of magnitude between the bending stiffness and shear stiffness for the arbitrary thickness. In the application of two-by-two exact Gaussian integration scheme to the proposed mixed element model, numerical examples show that free of locking is obtained even in the thin plate limit and high accuracy is given for moderately thick plate. Received: 15 January 2002 / Accepted: 10 September 2002 This work is partially supported by the National Nature Science Fund in China under Award No. 53978376     

Behaviour of a two-layered beam under impact loading

A dynamic model for multilayered beams under impact loading is proposed. The model is based on Timoshenko beam theory but accommodates interlayer slip. Different impact loads as well as different interfacial situations are investigated. The transient behaviour of a two-layered beam is determined by the characteristic method solution of the dynamic governing equations. The results are found to be in close agreement with the finite element analysis code ABAQUS.     

A new four-node quadrilateral plate bending element for highly sparse and banded flexibility matrices

In this paper, an efficient method is developed for the formation of null bases of four-node quadrilateral plate bending finite element models, corresponding to highly sparse and banded flexibility matrices. This is achieved by introducing a new four-node quadrilateral plate bending element, and using special graphs associated with the finite element models. The results are compared to those of the previously developed graph theoretical and algebraic force methods, and also the displacement approach.     

Three-dimensional static and dynamic analyses of the functionally graded cylinder bonded to the laminated plate under general loading

A graded finite element method code based on Rayleigh–Ritz energy formulation is developed and implemented to study the elastic behavior of a layered plate loaded by a solid isotropic cylinder and a functionally graded interlayer. The applied nonaxisymmetric loading to the inner cylinder induces a stress concentration in the flexible part of the joint. The effects of different thicknesses and power law exponents of functionally graded interlayer on the distribution of displacements and stresses are investigated, which verifies the ability of functionally graded material to control the stress and displacement waves. The time-dependent response of the structure is also obtained based on Newmark's time integration method.     

Hybrid stress finite element analysis of bending of a plate with a through flaw

A hybrid stress finite element procedure for the solution of bending stress intensity factors of a plate with a through-the-thickness crack is presented. Reissner's sixth-order plate theory including the effects of transverse shear deformation is used. The dominant singular crack tip stress field is embedded in the crack tip singular elements and only regular polynomial functions are assumed in the far field elements. The stress intensity factors can be calculated directly from the crack tip singular stress solution functions. The effects of the plate thickness, the ratio between the crack size and the inplane dimension of the plate, and the singular element size on the stress intensity factor solution are investigated. The effects of the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces, which are the natural boundary conditions in the present hybrid stress finite element model, are also investigated. The numerical results of bending of a plate with a straight central crack compare favourably with analytical solutions. It is also found that the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces is mandatory to obtain meaningful results for the Mode I type of bending stress intensity factor.     

铅酸蓄电池三维网络碳化硅板栅和极板内电流的分布

用有限元方法分析了铅酸蓄电池用三维网络碳化硅板栅和极板内电流的分布.结果表明,与常规板栅相比,三维网络碳化硅板栅与极板内电流分布比较均匀.极耳的形状和位置对板栅和极板内电流分布的影响很大,当极耳具有夹心结构时,电流分布的均匀性有非常明显的改善,尤其是在厚度方向具有类似三明治的极耳夹心结构时,板栅和极板内的电流分布极为均匀,且电流的数值比较小.