复吹提钒转炉熔池形状与底枪布置方式

 根据相似原理采用修正Froude准数相等,对承德150t提钒转炉进行物理模拟,选取相似比为1∶6。通过研究确定了纯顶吹状态下熔池冲击面积和穿透深度的变化规律,并得出冲击直径与穿透深度比值为3.1时混匀效果最佳。对底枪布置研究确立了底枪支数和布置方式对熔池混匀的影响,此试验中8支底枪非对称布置熔池混匀时间最短,平均混匀时间为38.6s。     

RH-PTB真空精炼装置内粉剂混合特性的水模型研究

根据相似理论,用1∶9水模型钢包(直径0.43m,水面高度0.45m)模拟RH-PTB真空精炼水冷顶枪喷粉技术,研究顶枪气量、上升管提升气量、顶枪枪位高度对粉剂混均时间的影响。结果表明,随顶枪气量增加,粉剂在液体中均混时间增加,并具有最大值;随提升气量增加,均混时间迅速减少,但当提升气量≥15L/min时,均混时间不再继续减少;顶枪枪位对均混时间有一定影响,实际操作中,应根据具体情况,调整顶枪枪位,以减少粉剂均混时间。     

Simulations of Dye Releases off the Coast of New Jersey: Development and Validation of an Ocean Outfall Mixing Model

A kinematic mixing model has been developed to predict far field effluent distributions for ocean discharges. The model allows for complex outfall configurations and time varying discharge rates to be simulated. The model can use field observations or the output from a proven near field mixing model as input to this far field mixing model. The model uses observed or simulated horizontal currents at one location to advect the effluent plume and a scale-dependent “diffusion velocity” submodel to account for horizontal diffusive processes. To collect data to calibrate and verify the model, long-term continuous dye release experiments were conducted at two New Jersey ocean outfalls. Based upon the results of the dye release experiments, appropriate values for the diffusion velocity were determined for each outfall. Simulations using these diffusion velocities provided reasonable predictions of plume width and of average dye concentration at each transect for each outfall. This work demonstrates that an Eulerian velocity observed at one location in the coastal ocean off New Jersey may be used to predict Lagrangian transport over a distance of several kilometers.     

Physical and mathematical models of gas‐liquid fluid dynamics in LD converters

Fluid dynamics of gas‐liquid interactions in a LD converter to refine steel was physically and mathematically simulated. Using a water model three cases of gas supply were considered, top blowing, bottom injection and combined process top blowing‐bottom injection. Mixing time in top blowing increases with bath height and the distance between the lance of the gaseous jet and the bath surface. The jet penetration was found to be dependent on the modified Froude number. The unstable and unsteady behaviour of the bath topography, as affected by the gaseous jet, was well simulated through a multiphase momentum transfer model. In top blowing, three zones of liquid splashing were found, penetration with low splash, heavy splash and dimpling with low splash intensity. These zones depend on the gas flow rate and the distance from the lance to the bath surface. During bottom injection mixing times decrease with the number of tuyères, increases of bath height and gas flow rate. In a combined process mixing time decreases considerably due to the recirculating flow formed by the action of the top jet and the submerged jets. When a submerged jet is located just below the top jet the mixing time does not decrease as compared with the separated processes either top blowing or bottom stirring.     

鱼雷罐喷粉铁水预处理脱磷动力学模型

在分析了铁水喷粉脱磷预处理过程机理的基础上，同时考虑熔池的均混时间、粉剂穿透比和停留时间，开发了鱼雷罐喷粉铁水预处理脱磷动力学模型，应用模型计算分析了改变不同工艺条件对脱磷速率的影响，并对实际生产过程进行了模型分析，取得了较好的效果。     

异钢种连浇过程中钢液流动与混合的数值模拟

研究了换钢种操作时，中间包及结晶器内钢液非稳态湍流流动及混合的计算过程。使用CFX5．6商业软件建立三维模型模拟了中间包及结晶器内钢液的流动和混合过程；绘制了中间包及结晶器出口处浓度分布曲线和中间包内钢液停留时间分布曲线（RTD）；确定了包内各区域的体积分数；并分析了不同中间包构形对钢液在包内的混合与流动的影响。它对研究异钢种连浇的混合过程具有一定的指导意义。     

钢包底吹氩过程数学物理模拟研究

以130t钢包为研究对象建立水力学模型,以电导法测定了底吹氩钢包内钢液的混匀时间,讨论钢包底吹氩工艺中透气元件不同布置方式以及不同吹气量对钢液混匀时间的影响。同时用数值模拟的方法,对钢包内流场进行计算,探讨各种情况下钢包内流场变化,提出最佳底吹气搅拌位置及吹氩制度。     

Jet Integral–Particle Tracking Hybrid Model for Single Buoyant Jets

The mixing processes of a buoyant jet discharged from a submerged single port were analyzed using a three-dimensional hybrid model. In the proposed hybrid model, the initial mixing was simulated by a jet integral method, and the advection-diffusion process was simulated using a particle tracking method. Laboratory experiments were conducted for various flow conditions in order to verify the proposed model. The simulated horizontal concentration distributions and minimum dilutions at the water surface were generally in agreement with the observations. The vertical concentration distributions for coflowing jets were well simulated by both the jet integral and the particle tracking methods of the hybrid model. Trajectories simulated by the jet integral module of the hybrid model were in agreement with the measured trajectories when the velocity ratio was low. For cases where the velocity ratio was high, the hybrid model in which the vortex-pair distribution was used gave better results than the hybrid model with only Gaussian velocity distribution.     

单嘴精炼炉真空处理过程气泡行为及冶金效果研究

根据相似理论,以钢厂80 t单嘴精炼炉1:4的水模型模拟了单嘴精炼炉内气泡行为,分析了吹气流量(2～10 L/min)、吹气塞直径(15～30 mm)对气泡行为、混匀时间的影响。水模拟结果表明,随吹气流量增加,混匀时间减少,但吹气流量≥6 L/min,混匀时间没有显著变化;在相同吹气量下,吹气塞直径增加,混匀时间减少。实验研究基础上,在80 t单嘴精炼炉上进行了超低碳钢的生产试验,结果表明单嘴精炼炉在18 min脱碳时间内,钢中碳含量可降到10×10^-6;脱硫剂消耗4 kg/t的情况下,成品钢中S含量为(20～30)×10^-6,脱硫率平均达49%;吹氩强度平均为4 L/(t·min),是相同吨位RH的25%。     

单嘴精炼炉合金料加入方式及混匀特性水模型研究

根据相似理论,以80 t单嘴精炼炉1:4的水模型模拟,研究了单嘴精炼炉加合金料位置、吹气流量(2～10 L/min)、单嘴内液面高度(18.5～67.0 cm)、浸入深度(75～150 mm)、吹气位置等对混匀时间的影响。结果表明,在单嘴气体上升区对面加料混匀时间较短;吹气流量为6 L/min、浸入深度100～125 mm、单嘴内液面高度≥52 cm、在钢包底r/R=0.5位置吹气有利于混匀时间的缩短。     

180t钢包底吹氩过程钢液流场特性数值模拟

为增强钢厂180 t钢包底吹氩过程搅拌效果,根据模型设计参数建立了底吹氩数学模型,运用CFD软件fluent对钢包底吹氩过程流场进行数值模拟.基于流体力学理论,计算并分析了底吹氩过程中心间距1/3R,1/2R和2/3R和底吹氩气流量300～1000 L/min对钢包内流场、"死区"比例及混匀时间等的影响规律.结果 表明...     

Modeling Soluble Phosphorus Desorption Kinetics in Tile Drainage

This paper describes a simple model for the desorption and transport of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) to subsurface drains. The model assumes first-order kinetically rate-limited desorption in a soil surface mixing layer over a soil profile layer that rests on an underlying, shallow restricting layer. Input data include precipitation, soil hydraulic properties, drain outflow, free water surface fluctuation, sorbed P concentrations for the mixing layer and profile, desorption rate and equilibrium soil-SRP partitioning. Model results are compared to data on flow and SRP concentrations in drain outflow collected during natural rainfall events under field conditions. The concentration time series simulated follow the sharp rise, peak, and gradual recession of the observed field data. Predicted event mass loads resulting from observed and simulated tile discharges differ from the observed load by +8.2% and ?9.7%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicate that equilibrium assumptions would not provide satisfactory results and that mass transfer limits SRP release to the tile drain.     

The preparation process of nitrogenous ferrovanadium with bottom-blowing nitriding in electrical arc furnace

The flow field characteristics and stirring abilities of five kinds of bottom-blowing arrangements on the molten bath were researched in a 3t electrical arc furnace (EAF) with regular shape. The mixing time was measured by water experiment under different flow rates. Flow field characteristics of three-phase flow were simulated by numerical simulation. The average mixing time decreased with the flow rate and the radius of circle coincide increasing for the EAF with regular shape. Moreover, weakening counteracting force of counter-swirls could efficiently reduce mixing time than weakening impeding forces of sidewall with concentric circle arrangements at the tested conditions. Compared with 6R bottom-blowing arrangement at industrial application research, the 7R bottom-blowing arrangement, which was determined by the water model experiments and the simulations, could stir molten better in nitriding process, which agreed well with the experimental results of the water experiment and the numerical simulation.     

Model experiments of mixing in steel ladles with continuous addition of the substance to be mixed

The process of alloying steel melts in ladles consists of the three partial steps alloy addition, alloy solution, and alloy mixing. Addition and dissolution together can be simulated approximately by continuous addition of a dissolved substance to be mixed. In this way, the mixing process during alloying can be captured separately. The process was studied in model experiments with continuous addition of NaCl solution to water in a 0.18 m³ cylindrical acrylic glass vessel. The water was stirred by air injection through an eccentrically positioned nozzle in the bottom. The added amount of NaCl was 40 cm³ of a 20% aqueous solution. The addition time was varied. The NaCI concentration in the water vessel was continuously measured with electrical conductivity probes at 12 different positions. From the thus obtained concentration-vs.-time curves, the mixing times were determined. They were studied for stirring gas rates between 100 and 700 cm³/min(STP) and for various addition times of the indicator. The measured mixing times depended on the gas stirring rate. They were also functions of the indicator addition time and decreased with increasing addition time until they became zero or negative. Trials where NaCI was added in form of a melting, NaCI containing ice sphere, yielded negative mixing times, which means that melting is slower than mixing. A theoretical model to describe mixing with continuous addition is presented. Besides the measurement of the mixing process, the three main flow directions of the indicator solution when it leaves the injection nozzle were documented by a video camera. They were associated to the concentration curves measured at the conductivity probes to which the flow was directed. It was found that concentration maxima occurred on the curves when the flow was directed to the respective measuring probe. The duration of the maxima coincided almost always with the duration of the flow directions.     

Wind Mixing in Temperature Simulations for Lakes and Reservoirs

A one-dimensional mathematical formulation for simulating the wind mixing of the surface layers in reservoirs and lakes is developed. Emphasis is placed on the estimation of the net available wind-supplied energy for mixing by taking into consideration the variability of the wind in time. The formulation of the dynamics of the wind-mixed layer presented in this paper is implemented in a modified version of the one-dimensional Massachusetts Institute of Technology reservoir model. The model was used to predict the annual cycle of the thermal structure of Spada Lake in northwestern Washington State. A complete record of inflow and outflow water temperatures, temperature profiles in the reservoir, and meteorological data at the site over a 16-month period provided the basis for verifying the model. Special effort was made to screen and analyze these data to assure their quality. The application of the temperature model in Spada Lake produced good agreement between simulated and observed temperature profiles. Noticeable features of this application are the accurate simulation of the growth of the wind-mixed layer in the fall and the prediction of the exact time of formation and melting of the ice cover in the winter. These features could not have been predicted accurately without accounting for the variability of the wind pattern and its effect on the net available energy for mixing, as it was found in earlier simulations with simpler formulations of the wind-mixing effect.     

LF精炼炉混合特性及夹杂物去除的水模型研究

针对某钢厂130 t精炼钢包炉熔池进行水模型实验,在研究混匀时间的同时,选择乳状液作为模拟夹杂物,研究了底吹氩钢包内夹杂物的上浮行为。实验考察指标为混匀时间和夹杂物的去除率。结果表明,底吹气量对混匀时间和夹杂物去除率影响均很显著,综合考虑混匀时间和夹杂物去除率及吹气量对钢液的影响,混匀时间较短,夹杂物去除效果较好,并且对钢液温度及污染影响较小的工艺参数为:双孔吹气,原型吹气量为250 L/min。     

Evaluation of Mixing and Performance of Lab-Scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater

The effects of varying hydraulic retention time (HRT) and associated upflow velocity on mixing and reactor performance were evaluated in five lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors treating real domestic wastewater. The mixing and transport studies were carried out with the help of tracer experiments at various HRTs using a pulse tracer input. A number of existing models were assessed for the analysis of the time series of observed tracer concentrations. The plug-flow reactor (PFR) model with two-zone dispersion better simulated the time series of tracer concentrations at all HRTs than other models, such as single compartment dispersion, completely mixed flow reactors (CMFRs) in series, and a combination of CMFR and PFR. The dispersion coefficients obtained from the two-zone dispersion model correlated well with the dispersion analysis expression for flow in a circular cylinder, and the correlation can be used for the prediction of dispersion in a UASB reactor. The analysis of reactor performance data indicated that reduction of dispersion owing to decrease in the upflow velocity resulted in increased sulfidogenic activity in the reactor. This was attributed to the inability of the sulfate reducers to colonize in the reactor at high upflow velocity and mixing condition.     

转炉双联法炼钢的水模试验

 通过水模试验的方法测量了转炉双联法在不同喷吹条件下熔池运动的基本参数。试验结果表明,脱磷炉底吹供气强度超过0.30m3/（t·min）时,增加供气量对缩短混匀时间作用不明显。熔池中有10%（质量分数）废钢时,混匀时间平均延长63%。用高供氧强度吹炼(5m3/（t·min）),脱碳的喷溅率比正常供氧量有很大提高。采用喷孔交错布置喷头和适当加大炉容比可以降低喷溅率。     

A two-phase flow model of the stirring of Al-SiC composite melt

A two-phase flow, three-dimensional, steady-state model is developed to study the flow field and volume fraction distribution in a stirred tank used in the processing of silicon carbide-reinforced aluminum composites in the melt state. The aim is to optimize the stirring to obtain a good mixing of SiC particles. The model is based on the general-purpose code PHOENICS. In addition to the liquid-aluminum phase, the SiC particles are treated as a nonviscous second phase. Interphase momentum transfer occurs through a drag force. Sedimentation is simulated by assigning a high viscosity to the second phase and removing the gravity force when particle concentration reaches a critical value. The stirrers' blades impart a momentum on both phases, proportional to their respective volume fractions. A water model is simulated first, followed by the real Al-SiC melt. The study reveals the importance of particle size that affects the drag force applied on the particles and hence their motion and distribution. The model can be used to study the effect on mixing of tank geometry and the stirrers' operation.     

唐钢RH钢包混匀时间及流场模拟计算与分析

研究了真空度、提升气体量和吹气孔位置对RH钢水混匀时间的影响,模拟了钢包流场情况。试验结果表明:提高RH系统真空度、增加RH提升气体量或增大气体的吹入深度均可减小混匀时间;唐钢RH精炼过程中无死区存在,在相应的混匀时间内可以实现整包钢水成分和温度的均匀;合理控制真空度、提升气体量和浸渍管插入深度有利于稳定出站钢水碳含量,提高Al2O3夹杂物的去除率。