The Impact of Levittown on Local Government

Blueprints cannot be used successfully to plan entities as complex as cities or national economies. The attempt to plan such units deductively leads either to a systematic distortion of reality through monistic theories, or to an escape from reality altogether through Utopian thinking. Inductive planning, the coordination of overlapping and, in part, conflicting goals through some system of rationalizing choice among them, is almost the opposite of what planning means etymologically; but in this type of “muddling through” lies the future of our attempts to structure our world through rational planning.     

地方政府债务管理的国际经验及启示

从1994年财政体制改革开始,地方政府在事权扩大时财力却不断收紧,地方政府通过借款或发行债券筹集的资金,为地方政府履行政治职能、经济职能等奠定物质基础,保证地方经济增长和完成地方事务。各级地方政府通过各种不规范的渠道广泛举债,尤其是金融危机后地方政府债务规模剧增,成为焦点问题。在借鉴美国、德国、日本等发达国家和巴西等主要发展中国家,以及转型期国家地方政府管理债务的有益经验之后,提出了改善政府间财政关系,实现制度化管理,建立地方财政风险预警机制以防范地方债务风险。     

Intellectuals and the Local State: The Australian Local Government Literature

Literature on the local state in Australia is reviewed and several characteristic features are identified. These include the absence of fundamental questions about the place of local government within the overall state; the lack of effort to explain change; and the prevalence of ideological conservatism. It is concluded that alternative futures for local government require a more critical and open literature.     

The Use of External Statistical Data in Local Government

This paper is part of an ongoing study into the use of statistical data from external sources such as ABS, government departments and so on. It describes a study of how one local council makes use of this type of data for planning and decision making. The study confirms the importance of such data and reveals a number of significant problems that may affect other local councils in their use of external statistical data.     

State and Local Government Roles in Industrial Innovation

A healthy downtown is an essential element of the prosperity of most non-suburban small cities (25,000 to 50,000 population). Unfortunately, the professional and scholarly literature has focused primarily on downtown development in large cities. Based on a national survey of 57 small American cities and case studies of Auburn, New York; Bangor, Maine; Carson City, Nevada; Texarkana, Texas/Arkansas; and Wausau, Wisconsin, this article explores the key problems confronting small-city downtowns and the revitalization strategies employed to try to overcome them. Significant differences between downtown development in small and large cities are presented throughout the article, as well as the importance of a sense of place.     

New Zealand Local Government at the Crossroads? Reflections on the Recent Local Government Reforms

The first new local government statute to be brought before the New Zealand parliament in almost 30 years has brought significant changes which are informed by a participatory democracy paradigm. Notwithstanding the significance of these innovations, we question the extent to which these changes can be construed as a reinvention of local government in New Zealand. It is argued that the Act expresses a model of collaboration between central and local government and communities embodied in the ideology of the 'Third Way', a political programme which aims to renew social democracy by including civil society as a partner in managing the economy. However, as strong as these new attributes are, the drive behind the Act must be considered an example of the centre-left being pragmatic, not of fundamental reform.     

The Politics of Enacting State Legislation to Enable Local Impact Fees: The Pennsylvania Story

Although Lillydahl et al. advocate the passage of state enabling legislation to clearly establish municipal authority to collect impact fees, the literature does not provide guidance for achieving this goal. The evolution of Pennsylvania's statute suggests that the following factors affect a bill's content and success: (1) the proportion of legislative districts confronting the problems of rapid growth; (2) the ability of interest groups to conduct effective grass roots campaigns; (3) the use of floor amendments to “catch the opposition off guard;” (4) effective communication between a bill's negotiators and its supporters; and (5) the appearance of flexibility on the part of the bill's supporters.     

APA立法指南：州级政府实施土地利用规划管理

1994年,美国规划协会(APA)启动了《美国规划制度改革研究》,其中提出了州级政府土地利用规划管理运作机制和改革方向,这十分值得我们重视和学习参考。本文从珠江三角洲乃至全国其他大都市区普遍存在的实际问题出发,对区域政府如何实施土地利用规划管理进行了引介和探讨。     

APA立法指南:州级政府实施土地利用规划管理

1994年,美国规划协会(APA)启动了《美国规划制度改革研究》,其中提出了州级政府土地利用规划管理运作机制和改革方向,这十分值得我们重视和学习参考.本文从珠江三角洲乃至全国其他大都市区普遍存在的实际问题出发,对区域政府如何实施土地利用规划管理进行了引介和探讨.     

Government Policy,the Local State,and Gentrification: The Case of Prenzlauer Berg (Berlin), Germany

Abstract: Since reunification, Berlin planners have sought to find a niche for a post‐industrial New Berlin integrated into Europe. While great scholarly attention has focused on the grand projects that have dominated the reconstruction of the city's government and downtown commercial districts, only lesser attention has been paid to the city's housing and social policies. This article seeks to identify the extent to which Berlin planners have permitted unabated market‐led redevelopment to proceed and to what extent local policy has sought more balanced redevelopment and the “European city” ideal. The article looks at gentrifying Prenzlauer Berg, in eastern Berlin, to assess the extent to which public policy measures can be expected to constrain and temper, and not just promote, gentrification. The role played by community development organizations in mediating development is observed. The impact of the city's fiscal crisis and slack housing market are also noted.     

控规局部调整辨析

针对当前控制性详细规划实施管理过程中频繁发生的控规局部调整现象,采取实证研究及比较研究的方法,讨论了控规局部调整的概念,从城市规划的工作构成及行政行为的分类两个方面分析了控规局部调整工作与控规编制、控规修编、控规整合等工作的区别,提出控规局部调整工作的改革应坚持区别对待、整体控制、政务公开、责任追究等的指导思想。     

The Impact of Mine Downscaling on the Free State Goldfields

Mine downscaling is a common international phenomenon; and the deindustrialisation related to mining that occurred in the global north between 1960 and 1990 has been the focus of numerous studies. Mine downscaling in Africa, and more specifically in South Africa, has only risen to prominence in the last two decades. This paper examines the consequences of mine downscaling in the Free State Goldfields of South Africa, against the background of similar impacts in the international arena. Although many of the experiences recorded in the case study mirror the international experience, it is argued that it is probably unrealistic to expect local attempts alone to address mine downscaling, since the magnitude of such downscaling, as described in the paper, is too vast. Subsequently, the paper argues in favour of local partnerships, but with a national strategy for locations that have been affected by the impact of mine downscaling.     

土地使用对交通出行的影响

世界范围内关于土地使用对出行影响的研究越来越多,但是由于土地使用和出行关系的复杂性,以及研究者采用的方法、数据等的差异,土地使用是否影响出行、土地使用要素如何影响出行目前没有明确的结论.现对近年来土地使用对出行影响研究的分类、关键要素、分析框架、理论分析模型等进行梳理和归纳,旨在明确各种方法的优势和不足;进而提出了目前研究中存在的问题和面临的挑战,为今后的研究提供借鉴.     

政府投资项目的监管体系建设探析

构建政府投资项目监管体系是提高政府投资项目效益的客观要求,是推动经济社会发展的迫切要求,是从源头上预防和解决腐败问题的重要举措,但在监管上存在纰漏,为此,从政府投资项目监管体系的内涵入手,分析政府投资项目监管体系建设的必要性,提出了强化政府投资项目监管体系的对策与建议。     

The Changing Route to Owner Occupation: The Impact of Student Debt

The 1990s saw a considerable fall in young adult homeownership rates in Britain. There is a concern that the future might hold further falls as a result of reforms to financing higher education. Using estimates from a housing tenure choice model, this paper conducts micro-simulation analyses to assess how this change could affect young adult homeownership transitions. The simulations reveal that increased student debt levels and the new repayment profile and their interaction with lender-imposed borrowing restrictions delay a first-time homeownership transition. The extent of the delay primarily depends upon the expected earnings profile, but lender criteria and general rises/falls in real house prices are also important. The analysis suggests that there will be much greater variation in the timing of house purchase between different groups of future graduates, brought about by increased graduate earnings heterogeneity, homeownership affordability schemes targeted toward specific types of households, and parental financial assistance.     

当前地方政府融资平台存在的问题及对策探讨

20世纪90年代以来,地方政府融资平台的产生加快了城市化进程。2009年3月,为应对国际金融危机而支持地方融资平台加快发展,导致融资平台债务总量猛增。2010年6月,国务院要求对地方融资平台进行清理规范,加上2011年银根持续收紧,融资平台遭遇前所未有的困境,所有问题都暴露出来。如地方政府融资平台管理不够规范,地方财政负有较多债务连带责任,平台债务存在逾期风险,平台存在资金链断裂的风险,平台负债规模增长过快过猛等问题。这些问题的产生,既有地方政府本身的投资冲动而偿债机制并不完善的原因,也有融资平台公司体制和运作的原因,还有商业银行信贷审查不严的原因。在深入分析这些原因的基础上,提出改善平台公司的政策建议,一是地方政府要从根本上建立投资的理性控制机制,二是中央政府要调整分税制给地方政府更多的财权,三是规范平台公司自身的运行机制,四是商业银行对地方政府投资项目进行严格审查,五是社会公众对政府投资项目应加强监督。     

地方政府法制办的政策功能研究

地方政府法制工作机构是地方法治的重要推动着,发挥着内外政策功能,在处理府民关系时,法制办的功能主要为立法参与和处理行政案件,在处理府际关系时,法制办发挥的职能为法制保障与法制参谋。     

The Place of Planning in Local Government: Discussion

Redevelopment and relocation procedures in large American cities frequently benefit the redevel-oper and his tenants more than the site residents. In the project analyzed here, the neighborhood chosen for clearance is a low-rent area, rather than a slum, since the majority of the structures and facilities cannot be proved to be harmful to their inhabitants or to the city. In addition to losing their neighborhood, the 2,800 households on the site are subsidizing the redevelopment by the involuntary payment of a number of economic, social, and psychological costs because of inadequate relocation planning. Recommendations to correct serious inequities in all phases of renewal procedures are suggested.     

The Economic Impact of a University on Its Local Community

Though major universities exert considerable influence on their communities, the specific dimensions of their economic impact are rarely appreciated. This study of the University of Colorado uses an input-output frameivork to estimate the effects of University operation on the local economy. Estimates are also furnished of University economic influence on the Denver metropolitan area and the state.