Oligomers in prepolymers prepared by the polyesterification of terephthalic acid (T) with excess 1,2-propylene glycol (P) have been separated by gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.). The assignment of chromatogram peaks to oligomers according to the structure P (TP)n where n is the number of 1,2-propylene terephthalate repeating units has been confirmed by a g.p.c. examination of bis(2-hyroxypropyl) terephthalate and by a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopic study of fractions isolated from a preparative separation. The infrared g.p.c. detector response has been interpreted quantitatively in order to deduce the concentration of each oligomer from the area of its chromatogram peak. Mol fraction distributions as a function of n have been determined for the prepolymer samples. Number average molecular weights have been calculated for the terephthalate-based components of the prepolymer and for all components including excess propylene glycol. These g.p.c. molecular weights are in excellent agreement with values previously reported in a study of prepolymers by 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy. G.p.c. studies on prepolymers after reactions with a carbodiimide and diazomethane suggest a very minor quantity of carboxyl terminated species in the prepolymer samples. 相似文献
Diallyl brassylate (DAB), a new monomer, and diallyl azelate (DAA) were converted to new prepolymers for comparison with analogous commercial products from diallyl o-and m-phthalate (DAMP). Respective prepolymers from DAB and DAA had M?n 28,000 and 40,000 and contained approximately 0.8 free allyl moiety per repeating unit. Only the DAB prepolymer exhibited crystallinity at low temperatures as detected by differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction. Aliphatic prepolymers have greater heat stability than aromatic ones and evolve fewer calories per double bond during curing than reported for DAMP prepolymer. Low shrinkage (<1%) on curing and clear, hard end products indicate the potential of aliphatic prepolymers as thermosetting plastics. Their liquid state at room temperature should be advantageous in many applications. 相似文献
Just how far reactions can go after gelation during the cure of telechelic prepolymers has been a debatable point for some time. Utilizing a recently devised method,7 the curing reactions of some telechelic prepolymers were followed after the gel point. Extents of reaction above 90% occurred only in systems of average functionality close to two, functionality being the average number of reactive groups per molecule. Among systems of higher functionality, maximum extents of reaction of about 70% were most common. The final extent of reaction was only a few per cent above the extent of reaction at the gel point. The maximum extent of reaction varied with the concentration of reactive species and the relationship was a linear one at each functionality of the system. The data were consistent with PA2/r = {0.88/[(h ? 1)(j ? 1)]} + 0.10 where PA is the fraction of prepolymer reactive groups initially present which have reacted, r is the ratio of the initial number of crosslinking groups to prepolymer reactive groups, and h and j are weighted average functionalities of the two reactants. It is suggested that the limiting factor in defining the final extent of reaction in these systems is the accessibility of reactive groups as determined by solid geometry rather than thermodynamics or reaction kinetics. The final extent of cure is regularly dependent on functionality and one cannot regard functionality and maximum extent of reaction as independent variables. 相似文献
Two bio-based epoxy prepolymers were synthesized from isosorbide, a carbohydrate-based C6 building block, using two different synthetic routes. The chemical structures of the bio-based epoxy prepolymers were analyzed by SEC, ESI-TOF MS, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. The resulting epoxy prepolymers differ by the molar mass distribution, one consists of the pure epoxy monomer whereas the other exhibits various oligomeric species. A traditional petroleum-based epoxy prepolymer, DGEBA, which has similar epoxy equivalent weight, was also used in this study for comparison. Gelation and crosslinking reactions of the two bio-based epoxy precursors with an amino hardener, isophorone diamine, were studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively; the effect of the stoichiometric ratio nah/ne was investigated. Structures of the epoxy networks were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). 相似文献
Dielectric properties above the glass transition have been investigated for a series of bisphenol-A type epoxide prepolymers (388 ≤ M?w ≤ 2640). Dielectric measurements were performed over a frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz using a vertical parallel plate cell which was constructed in the laboratory. The dielectric α-relaxation for each prepolymer fits the empirical model of the Havriliak–Negami equation. The temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation time τ is described by the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation as well as that of the direct current conductivity σ, which can be measured using the same cell. The relationship between τ and σ, σ· τm = const, is derived from experimental results. The exponent m, which depends on the molecular weight of the prepolymer, is considered to correspond to the ratio of the segmental mobility to ionic mobility. The dielectric loss ε″ can be used as an indicator of the direct current conduction in the temperatures where the ionic component in ε″ becomes much larger than the dipole one. 相似文献
The effect of prepolymer crystallinity on the solid-state polymerization (SSP) of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) was examined using nitrogen as a sweep fluid. A low-molecular-weight prepolymer was synthesized by melt transesterification and prepolymers with different crystallinities (11.7%, 23.3%, 33.7%) were prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide treatment. SSP of the three prepolymers was then carried out at reaction temperatures in the range of 150-190 °C, with a prepolymer particle size of 75 μm and a N2 flow rate of 1600 ml/min. The glass-transition temperature (Tg), absolute weight-average molecular weight (Mn), and percent crystallinity were measured at various times during each SSP. At each reaction temperature, SSP of the lower crystallinity prepolymer (11.7%) always resulted in higher-molecular-weight polymers, compared with the polymers synthesized using the higher crystallinity prepolymer (23.3% and 33.7%). The crystallinity of the polymers synthesized from the high crystallinity prepolymer was significantly higher than for those synthesized from the low crystallinity prepolymer. Higher crystallinity of the prepolymer and the synthesized polymers may lower the reaction rate by reducing chain-end mobility or/and by inhibiting byproduct diffusion. 相似文献
Flow properties of four molten epoxide prepolymers of number average molecular weight 900(I), 1,500(II), 2,100(III) and 4,000(IV), were measured at temperatures ranging from 361 to 463K, and shear rates from 500 to 10,000 s?1. Apparent shear viscosities showed that all prepolymers used have Newtonian behavior up to shear rates of 2,000 s?1. Shear thinning occurs at higher shear rates. Flow activation energies at constant shear rates in the range of 500 to 7,000 s?1 vary for prepolymer III from 5 to 24 kcal/mol, and for prepolymer IV from 9 to 25 kcal/mol. Flow indices in the same shear rate range vary for prepolymer III from 1.0 to 0.7 and for prepolymer IV from 1.0 to 0.3. 相似文献
The cure of the dially phthalate prepolymer was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the C?C stretching band of the allyl group, which appears at 1647 cm?1 in diallyl phthalate monomer, splits into two bands at 1645 and 1651 cm?1 in both of the prepolymers and cured resins derived therefrom, the split band being found to be mostly useful to investigate the highly cured resin system of diallyl phthalate. On the basis of the split band, α is defined as a new parameter expressing a degree of residual unsaturation of diallyl phthalate prepolymers as well as highly crosslinked polymers, as revealed experimentally. Further, α proved to correlate closely with other parameters such as the iodine value measured for the prepolymers, and swelling weight ratio or Barcoal hardness (hot) measured for the cured resins, it becoming evidently a convenient parameter to examine the degree of crosslinking of diallyl phthalate resin system. The effect of metal molds employed upon cure of prepolymers was also elucidated from the measured α values. 相似文献
The hydrogenation kinetics of multiple bonds in HO-terminated telechelic polybutadienes was investigated using two types of these prepolymers prepared by the anionic and radical polymerization. The rate of addition of hydrogen to the π-bonds of these polydienes in the presence of tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride as a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst was determined by the chemical structures of the starting polydienes, their concentration in the solvent, the partial hydrogen pressure, the concentration of the catalyst, and the temperature. The effect of kinetic parameters given above on the rate of hydrogenation reaction can be interpreted in the sense of Wilkinson's reaction mechanism of the hydrogenation of alkenes in the presence of the Rh(I)-complex. Due to the predominant 1,2-structural units, the anionic prepolymer reacted twice as quickly with hydrogen (k = 0.093 mol?1 dm3 s?1) compared with the radical prepolymer (k = 0.045 mol?1 dm3 s?1). During the hydrogenation of multiple bonds there is a partial loss of hydroxy groups in modified telechelic prepolymers; the extent of this reaction depends on reaction conditions of the hydrogenation reaction. 相似文献
Summary Telechelic prepolymers 2–5 containing thiol-or glycidyl endgroups, respectively are obtained by addition polymerization of dithiols 1a-1f and diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA). They have molecular weights of 800 to 2000 g/mol. The structure of the prepolymers is determined by combination of elemental analysis, Mn (VPO)-values, IR-, 1H-NMR-and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. By means of TLC and HPLC these prepolymers were shown to be a mixture of a series of homologous compounds. Furthermore, their oligomer distribution is analysed. 相似文献
Three different bio‐based epoxy prepolymers are studied: one that is synthesized from isosorbide and two that are commercial prepolymers derived from sorbitol and cardanol. The chemical structures are analyzed by SEC, ESI–TOF MS, and FTIR analyses. The bio‐based prepolymers exhibit different structures, either aromatic with long aliphatic chains for the epoxy prepolymer derived from cardanol (DGECAR), with high functionality for the sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPGE) or a short and cyclic structure for the epoxy prepolymer derived from isosorbide (DGEDAS0). A traditional petroleum‐based epoxy prepolymer, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is also used for comparison. Gelation and reactivity of the different precursors with an isophorone diamine hardener are studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. Glass transition temperatures of the epoxy networks are evaluated and the thermal stability is also studied by thermo‐gravimetric analysis.
A series of UV-autocurable urethane-multiacrylate prepolymers, which were semicrystalline and showed melting points in the region of 40–50°C, was synthesized. Also, the effects of curing temperature and acrylic functionality on the structure and properties of the cured films were investigated. These prepolymers are solids and opaque at room temperature. In general, UV curing reactions of solid prepolymers are less efficient when compared with those of liquid prepolymers. UV curing reactions at curing temperatures below the melting point (Tm) of the prepolymers produced semicrystalline urethane-multiacrylate cured films. On the contrary, UV curing reactions above Tm destroyed the crystalline phase of the prepolymers and improved the transparency of the cured films. The films cured below Tm of the prepolymers had higher both breaking strength and Young's modulus, and a higher glass transition temperature (Tg), but a lower elongation at break than those cured above Tm. Such curing temperature effects were attributed to the retention or disappearance of the crystalline structure of the prepolymers during UV curing reaction. At curing temperatures below Tm, an increase in acrylic functionality of the prepolymer resulted in a fast curing rate and a higher crosslinking density of the cured films. Therefore, an increase in acrylic functionality of the prepolymers gave cured films with higher breaking strength and Young's modulus, but a lower elongation at break. 相似文献
Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-polydimethylsiloxane amphiphilic block copolymers is discussed herein. Siloxane prepolymer was first prepared via acid-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) to form polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymers. It was subsequently functionalized with hydroxy functional groups at both terminals. The hydroxy-terminated PDMS can readily react with acid-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG diacid) to give PEG-PDMS block copolymers without using any solvent. The PEG diacid was prepared from hydroxy-terminated PEG through the ring-opening reaction of succinic anhydride. Their chemical structures and molecular weights were characterized using 1H NMR, FTIR and GPC, and thermal properties were determined by DSC. The PEG-PDMS copolymer was incorporated into chitosan in order that PDMS provided surface modification and PEG provided good water swelling properties to chitosan. Critical surface energy and swelling behavior of the modified chitosan as a function of the copolymer compositions and contents were investigated. 相似文献