Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wassereinsparung in Ölveredelungsfabriken

Possibilities and Limits of Water Economy in Oil Refining Plants After a preliminary discussion of the problem of when the implementation of measures for economizing on water consumption is to be rejected from the managerial accounting point of view, when it should be taken into consideration and when it would be reasonable, the process of refining edible oils and the nature and quantity of the waste water produced in the process are dealt with. On the basis of this information the possibilities for reducing water consumption in edible fat refineries with their effects on the water situation are discussed. In a final comment methods of diminising the pollution load on production effluent are described.     

Möglichkeiten der Röntgenfluoreszenz- und Röntgenemissions-Spektrometrie in der Werkstoffanalytik

The principles and applications of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray emission in the electron microprobe analysis and low energy electron induced X-ray spectrometry were described. With the help of soft X-ray spectra, arising from the valence bands, the different aluminum and titanium compounds of precipitates in steel can be investigated. The precipitates were isolated by an galvanostatic electrolysis. For speciation of aluminum the K_βlines in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum were investigated. The composition of aluminum oxide and -nitride in precipitates of special steel qualities can be determined. In the case of the speciation of titanium a direct electron bombardment of the sample is used to generate soft-X-rays. By investigating the L-lines of titanium different species like titaniumcarbide,-nitride or sulphide can be distinguished.     

Anforderungen und Möglichkeiten bei der Verfahrensentwicklung in der Trocknungstechnik Ein Vergleich realisierbarer Vorgehensweisen bei unterschiedlichen experimentellen Möglichkeiten

For many products the drying step exerts a great influence on price and application properties. Therefore great effort should be invested in developing and optimizing drying processes. This paper presents a structured procedure for the development of drying processes. In the case of optimal experimental equipment an “ideal” method of proceeding is indicated. Furthermore it is shwon how to develop and optimize drying processes very successfully with little experimental equipment or even if there is no experimental equipment available. Papers published in this field treat only special aspects or presume optimal experimental equipment. This paper is specially interesting for users with limited experimental equipment.