Cu_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4尖晶石的制备及其催化性能

以硝酸铜、硝酸锌、硝酸铬、硝酸铝和氢氧化钠为原料,利用化学共沉淀法制得铜锌铬铝尖晶石Cu_xZn_(1-x)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4(x=0,0.25,0.50,0.75和1.00)(依次记为C1~C5),采用XRD、ICP、SEM和BET对其结构和物理、化学性质进行了表征。将不同组成的铜锌铬铝尖晶石作为催化剂在固定床反应器上催化合成N-甲基-4-氨基苯甲醚(NMA)。考察了尖晶石组成、反应温度、质量空速(WHSV)和反应原料配比对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明:反应温度为265℃,WSHV为0.15 h-1、n(甲醇)∶n(对氨基苯甲醚)=3.0∶1.0时,Cu_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)Al_(1.5)O_4(C3)具有最佳的催化性能。对氨基苯甲醚转化率可达90.95%,NMA的选择性可达94.93%。     

Mn-Co尖晶石催化氧化乙酸乙酯性能

以Mn(NO?)?、Co(NO3)2?6H2O、KMnO4和Na2CO3为原料，采用共沉淀法制备了Mn/Co不同物质的量比的Mn-Co尖晶石催化剂，利用XRD、BET、TEM、XPS、H2-TPR、O2-TPD对其进行了表征，并评价了其催化氧化乙酸乙酯的性能。结果表明，Mn/Co物质的量比的变化可影响尖晶石活性位的数量，当比n(Mn)∶n(Co)=1∶1时，制得的Mn1Co1Ox（2≤x≤3）具有最多的活性位数量，催化活性最佳〔催化剂对污染物转化率为50%时的温度T50为151 ℃、催化剂对污染物转化率为90%时的温度T90为164 ℃，反应活化能（Ea）为120.2 kJ/mol〕，这与尖晶石催化剂表面的氧空位（OV）含量、Mn4+与Co2+浓度直接相关。催化剂表面OV与金属阳离子电子交换（Co2++Mn4+?Mn3++Co3+）的协同作用构筑了高效的“OV-Mn4+-O-Co2+”活性位。     

MnFeOx催化剂低温催化氧化NO

采用有机溶剂法制备非负载型MnFeOx催化剂,用于低温选择性催化氧化NO.研究了催化剂前驱体、Mn7+:Mn2+摩尔比、制备方法等对低温催化氧化NO的影响.实验结果表明,Mn(CH3COO)2作为催化剂前驱体较其它三种物质更有利于提高NO的转化率;Mn7+∶Mn2+=2∶1时低温脱硝性能较优;与共沉淀法比较,有机溶剂法制备的MnFeOx催化剂低温催化氧化活性较好,NO的转化率达到83％.结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积测定仪(BET)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)表征手段分析,Mn和Fe元素在Mn(CH3 COO)2作为前驱体的催化剂表面上分散均匀,催化剂脱硝性能提高;随着Mn7+∶Mn2+摩尔比增加,催化剂内部发生团聚,比表面积和平均孔径逐渐减小,不利于低温选择性催化氧化反应;同时,NO的催化活性受结晶度的影响,有机溶剂法制备的MnFeOx催化剂结晶度低,具有较多氧空穴,有利于低温脱硝.     

Fe-M(M=V、Cr、Mn)熔铁催化剂的费-托合成反应性能研究

采用高温熔融法制备了一系列Fe_3O_4-FeO基Fe-M(M=V,Cr,Mn)熔铁催化剂,考察了其在n(H_2)/n(CO)=1.5、反应温度320℃、反应压力2.0 MPa和空速11400 h~(-1)条件下的费托合成反应(FTS)催化性能,研究了V、Cr、Mn助剂对Fe_3O_4-FeO基熔铁催化剂FTS催化性能的影响。并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、H_2/CO/CO_2程序升温脱附(TPD)等手段对反应前后催化剂的物化性能进行表征。结果表明,Mn、V、Cr助剂的添加都增加了催化剂表面的碱性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性(C_2~=～C_4~=)。其中,添加V和Cr助剂后的催化剂,CO的转化率都有所降低,C_(5+)高碳烃选择性也大幅度降低。虽然V助剂的添加其产物中低碳烯烃选择性提高最多,但是其CO转化率大幅度下降。而Mn助剂添加后,其CO转化率最高,副产物CH_4选择性最低,且目标产物低碳烯烃选择性升高。因此,Mn是Fe_3O_4-FeO基熔铁催化剂费-托合成反应有利的助催化剂。     

Cu/ZnO/Zn-Al水滑石催化剂的制备及在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的催化性能

传统Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3(CZA)甲醇合成催化剂在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的性能不高。为了提高CZA催化剂的性能,采用并流沉淀-水热老化法制备Zn-Al水滑石(Zn-Al-HT)载体,与Cu-Zn母体复合得到Cu-ZnO/Zn-Al-HT(HCZA)催化剂。对载体以及催化剂进行表征,考察不同水滑石含量的HCZAx(x=1~4)催化剂在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的催化性能,并在HCZA3催化剂上进行120h稳定性试验。结果表明,还原态催化剂上Cu比表面积越大,催化剂上总碳转化率越高;催化剂中Zn-Al-HT相含量越高,液相有机相中甲醇含量越高;HCZA3催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性。     

Cu0.5Zn0.5Cr0.5Al1.5O4尖晶石的制备及其催化性能

以硝酸铜、硝酸锌、硝酸铬、硝酸铝和氢氧化钠为原料,利用化学共沉淀法制备铜锌铬铝尖晶石（Cu0.5Zn0.5Cr0.5Al1.5O4）,并采用XRD、ICP、SEM和BET对其结构和物理、化学性质进行了表征。将不同组成的铜锌铬铝尖晶石作为催化剂在固定床反应器上催化合成了N-甲基-4-氨基苯甲醚(NMA)。考察了尖晶石组成、反应温度、空速(WHSV)和反应原料配比对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明：最佳反应条件为反应温度265℃,WSHV0.15h-1、甲醇与对氨基苯甲醚物质的量比3：1,Cu0.5Zn0.5Cr0.5Al1.5O4具有最佳的催化性能。对氨基苯甲醚单程转化率可达90.95%,NMA的选择性可达94.93%。     

二氧化碳固定床连续催化加氢制备甲醇催化剂研究

以CuO为主活性组分,通过添加ZnO第二活性组分和掺入CeO_2电子助剂,研制出适用于二氧化碳固定床连续催化加氢制备甲醇反应的复合催化剂。结果表明:优化制备的CuO-ZnO-CeO_2/Al_2O_3-ZrO_2催化剂,在反应温度T=250℃,反应压力P=3.0 MPa,n(H_2)/n(CO_2)=3,空速GHSV=5000 h-1条件下用于二氧化碳催化加氢制备甲醇反应时CO_2转化率达到33.4%,甲醇选择性达到35.6%,催化剂在固定床装置上连续运行500h,CO_2转化率维持在33%左右,甲醇选择性维持在35%左右,催化剂具有较高的催化活性和稳定性。     

Cu-Zn-Al-Li催化生物质合成气合成甲醇

在模拟生物质合成气气氛(CO/H2/CO2/N2=22/47/27/4, 体积比)下对Cu-Zn催化生物质合成气合成甲醇进行活性评价,发现Cu-Zn催化剂合成甲醇活性随反应时间单调下降,40 h后Cu-Zn催化剂活性比初始活性下降15%,添加Al能提高Cu-Zn催化剂的稳定性,添加Al后的Cu-Zn-Al及Cu-Zn-Al-Li催化剂40 h内合成甲醇的活性均未见明显下降. SEM和XRD表征研究发现,添加Li助剂有助于分散Cu活性组分,从而提高催化剂活性. 不同压力、空速及气体成分下,CO转化率均远高于CO2转化率,CO是生物质合成气合成甲醇的主要C来源.     

Mn/Ti-Zr复合氧化物催化苯甲酸甲酯选择性加氢

以硝酸锆和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Ti-Zr-O氧化物载体,采用浸渍法制备了Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂;采用XRD、N2物理吸附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD和TG-DTA对Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂组成、结构和反应条件对苯甲酸甲酯（MB）加氢性能的影响,以及催化剂的长周期稳定性、失活和再生行为。结果表明：TiO2含量和Mn负载量分别为12% 和8% （二者均以Ti-Zr-O氧化物的质量为基准,下同）时制备的Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂性能最优,该催化剂在θ = 390 ℃, p = 1.0 MPa,n(H2)∶n(MB) = 9∶1和重时空速（WHSV）= 0.5 h-1的优化条件能够实现98.0% 的苯甲酸甲酯转化率和89.7%的苯甲醛和苯甲醇选择性;苯甲酸甲酯加氢反应的活性和选择性分别与Mn/Ti-Zr表面MnOx物种的氧化还原性和催化剂的酸性密切相关。此外,Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂具有良好的结构稳定性,在反应1000 h后仅因积碳而丧失11% 的活性,且轻微失活的催化剂可以通过焙烧恢复其初始活性和选择性。     

工艺条件对Ni/A12 O3和Ni/CeO2-A12O3催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备γ-A12O3载体和不同Ce添加量的CeO2-A12O3载体,然后用浸渍法制备Ni负载质量分数10%的Ni/γ-A12O3和Ni/CeO2-A12O3催化剂.在固定床微反装置中考察了反应温度、原料气配比和CH4空速等工艺条件对Ni/γ-A12O3和Ni/Ce30A170Oδ催化剂在甲烷自热重整制氢反应中催化性能的影响.结果表明,添加Ce的催化剂催化性能有较大提高,在Ni/Ce30A170O3催化剂上,反应温度750 ℃时,CH4转化率94.3%,与Ni/A12O3催化剂相比,提高20%.Ni/γ-A12O3和Ni/CeO2-A12O3催化剂的CH4转化率均随反应温度的升高而增大.原料气中n(O2):n(CH4)和n(H2O):n(CH4)的增加均能提高各催化剂的CH4转化率.但n(O2):n(CH4)和n(H2O):n(CH4)的变化对各催化剂的催化性能的影响不同.随着n(O2):n(CH4)的增大,产物中n(H2):n(CO)降低,n(CO2):n(CO CO2)升高;而n(H2O):n(CH4)增大时,产物n(H2):n(CO)和n(CO2):n(CO CO2)均升高.随着CH4空速的增加,Ni/A12O3催化剂上CH4转化率、n(H2):n(CO)和n(CO2):n(CO CO2)均较大程度下降;而在Ni/Ce30A170Oδ催化剂上,随着CH4空速的增加,CH4转化率、n(H2):n(CO)和n(CO2):n(CO CO2)变化不大.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。