2006—2012年北京及周边地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征

为了了解北京及周边地区黑碳气溶胶的区域分布和时间变化特征,分析2006—2012年北京上甸子、南郊观象台,河北固城3个不同代表性站点的黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征。研究表明:北京上甸子、南郊观象台,河北固城3个站点黑碳气溶胶质量浓度的年均值分别为(2.2±2.4)、(6.5±7.3)、(9.6±8.4)μg/m3,呈现由北向南递增的趋势;从年际变化来看,上甸子站黑碳气溶胶浓度略有减小,南郊观象台站的浓度年均值呈现较为明显的减小趋势,固城站的浓度变化不大,数值一直维持在较大的水平;3个站点的黑碳气溶胶浓度均在夏、春季较小而冬、秋季较大,均呈现昼低、夜高的日变化特征。     

深圳市环境空气中黑碳气溶胶的污染特征研究

为了解深圳市环境空气中黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染状况及变化规律,2009年利用黑碳仪(aethalometer)对黑碳气溶胶组分进行了在线观测及来源分析研究.结果表明:大气环境中黑碳气溶胶质量浓度为5.72μg·m-3,占PM25的14.8％,且黑碳气溶胶浓度呈现冬高夏低、占PM25比例呈现夏高秋低的变化趋势.各季节BC浓度均具有显著的日变化,风向分析表明:静风时BC浓度较高,说明BC主要来自本地污染源;而区域污染传输发生时,东北方向的传输更易影响深圳市BC污染水平.     

南京地区碳气溶胶的数值模拟研究

根据常规的SO2排放源资料以及NOx和HC交通源排放资料,建立了一种估算城市地区黑碳(BC)、有机碳(OC)源排放清单的方法,并利用此方法建立了南京地区碳气溶胶的源排放清单。同时运用NJU-CAQPS模式系统及二次有机气溶胶模式模拟分析了南京地区一次碳气溶胶(BC)、一次有机碳(POC)和二次有机气溶胶(SOC)的浓度分布特征。结果表明:在南京地区,机动车直接排放对城区一次碳气溶胶贡献率达到67.5%,机动车污染已成为主要来源;大气中的碳气溶胶浓度受到交通源(日变化)和气象条件(太阳辐射、温度、大气层结等)的共同影响;OC与BC的质量比冬季高于夏季,平均为2.62;SOC与OC的质量比夏季高于冬季,平均为19.8%。     

近50年绥中气温变化分析

利用1956～2005年绥中气温资料,采用直线回归方程和滑动平均方法,分析绥中50年来的气温变化趋势。结果表明:年平均气温和春、夏、秋、冬四季气温变化均呈上升趋势;各季节变化幅度不同,冬季上升幅度最大,夏季最小;以80年代后期为界分为冷暖两个阶段。     

通道县城区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化和特征分析

该文应用了2016～2019年通道县空气自动站的监测数据,研究了通道县大气环境中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布特征及污染现状,结果表明:环境空气中PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)质量浓度有明显的年变化、季变化、月变化特征,PM_(10)的年均质量浓度38.0 ug/m~3～81.0 ug/m~3,平均值53.75 ug/m~3;PM_(2.5)的年均值质量浓度范围在23.0 ug/m~3～49.0 ug/m~3,平均33.25 ug/m~3;二者年均值浓度均以2016年居高,超标率最高在2017年;季均质量浓度以冬季污染最重,夏季污染较轻;24 h连续监测时段呈现有周期性的波动规律,特护期峰值一般出现在中午13﹕00～14:00或夜间23:00左右,非特护期PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)在11.00左右出现高端值;月浓度最高值出现在春冬季节的3月、1月和2月,最低值出现在夏季的7月;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值为40.2%～70.2%,平均61.8%,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度变化基本一致,与城市人群活动、本地污染积累、境外输入污染渗透、气象因素等密切相关。     

汤阴县45年气温变化特征分析

根据汤阴县1964—2008年气温资料,结合平均气温5年滑动平均值变化曲线和平均气温年际变化曲线,分析了汤阴县45年来年平均气温以及春、夏、秋、冬各季平均气温变化的特征。结果表明年平均气温又增高的趋势：春季平均气温又增高的趋势,但年际变幅较小,增高趋势不十分明显：夏季有逐年减小的趋势：秋季有不明显的的增加趋势：冬季平均气温又十分明显增高的趋势。     

2009年北京市春季大气颗粒PM_(2.5)和黑碳浓度变化特征

为了评价奥运会后车辆限行、施工减少等措施对北京市大气环境质量的影响,利用黑碳仪和颗粒物在线观测仪,于2009年4月26日—5月16日对北京市大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5质量浓度,2009年4月21日—5月21日对黑碳浓度实行连续观测,采用SPSS11.5和EXCEl2003对数据进行统计分析,获PM2.5和黑碳的日均值、小时均值和观测时段内小时均值的连续变化资料。结果表明:观测时段内PM2.5浓度日均值为(9.3±0.2)μg/m3,低于北京市以往同期记录,达到美国EPA的PM2.5推荐标准。黑碳浓度的日均值为(2319±18)ng/m3,低于我国其他城市和北京市历史记录。说明北京市实行的污染源控制手段收到了明显效果。PM2.5浓度呈现周变化趋势,日变化表现两个峰值。黑碳浓度日变化为一峰一谷,未出现以往研究的两个峰值,推测可能受晚间车辆和烹饪活动的影响,晚间峰值被次日升高趋势遮盖。     

地面气溶胶集成观测系统

介绍一种地面气溶胶集成观测系统的设计思路和集成方法,采用浊度仪、吸收光度计、粒子计数器、粒径谱仪、碳黑仪等仪器观测气溶胶的散射和吸收特性、黑碳浓度、粒径分布和粒子数浓度等。结果表明,测量吸收特性和粒子数浓度的仪器位于测量散射特性的仪器之后,仪器之间可以互相对比验证;将测量气溶胶吸收特性的仪器和黑碳仪"并联",可以观测到更多气溶胶特性信息;测量气溶胶粒径分布及粒子数浓度的仪器可以结合使用,也可以单独分开或"并联"综合观测;仪器综合集成观测的前提是保证仪器流量分配正确,切割头流量达到要求的范围,保证切割效率。     

福州市PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征研究

于2015年3月-2016年1月在福州市八个点位采集春夏秋冬四个季节的大气细颗粒物PM_2.5样品,共861个,采用热光反射法测定了PM_2.5中的含碳物质OC、EC,探讨OC、EC的浓度水平、季节变化、相关性、OC/EC的比值以及二次有机碳(SOC)的分布特征。结果表明,福州市大气PM_2.5中OC的浓度范围为(6.2~10.8)μg/m3,EC的浓度范围为(2.0~4.1)μg/m3,总碳TC在PM_2.5中所占的比例范围为(28.7~34.6)%。各点位中OC、EC的季节变化特征为春>冬>秋>夏。OC/EC的比值均大于2.0左右,说明各点位PM_2.5中存在二次有机碳。运用OC/EC最小比值法对SOC的含量进行估算,SOC年平均浓度为3.8μg/m3,占OC含量的46.8%。SOC对PM_2.5的贡献率春、冬季比夏、秋季高,这可能与夏季温度高、光照强烈有利于光化学反应进行有关。夏、秋、冬三个季节OC与EC的相关性较好,春季OC与EC的相关性差,说明夏秋冬三季节OC与EC的来源相同,春季OC与EC来源相对复杂。OC和EC中不同温度段的碳组分构成和TC与K+的相关性分析表明汽油车尾气排放、燃煤排放、生物质燃烧是福州大气碳质组分的主要来源。     

北京冬季PM_(10)中有机碳与元素碳的高分辨率观测及来源分析

运用先进的RP5400碳颗粒物连续分析仪和TEOM1400a气溶胶质量测量仪于2004年冬季对北京大气PM10及碳气溶胶进行了连续观测,得到了PM10、有机碳(OC)、无机碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的日变化特征。观测期间OC、EC、TC、PM10的浓度和OC/EC比值分别为(21.2±16.0)、(8.9±5.1)、(30.2±20.4)、(172.6±98.3)μg.m-3和2.3±0.9。OC,EC和总碳(TC=OC+EC)分别占PM10质量的(12.4±6.4)%、(5.6±2.3)%和(18±9.2)%。OC,EC和PM10浓度变化范围较大,变化趋势相似,明显受风速影响,风速较大时浓度较小。PM10和OC浓度在夜间明显高于白天,但是EC浓度白天和夜间差别不大。EC在早上交通高峰期间达到最高值,显示了机动车排放源的明显贡献。OC/EC比值在夜间(2.4～2.7)明显高于白天(1.9～2.0),这主要是由于机动车白天排放较多,而夜间机动车相对较少以及燃煤排放较多。北京观测到的TC浓度和OC/EC比值均高于美国、日本的同期观测结果。分析表明北京冬季PM10中有机碳和无机碳以一次性排放为主。应用比值法估算出北京冬季PM10中碳气溶胶的来源主要是机动车(75%贡献)和燃煤(25%)。由此可见,北京PM10中碳污染较为严重,且机动车排放占了较大贡献,需要引起重视。     

The implication of carbonaceous aerosol to the formation of haze: revealed from the characteristics and sources of OC/EC over a mega-city in China

The characteristics and sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM(2.5) in 2006-2007 as well as their impact on the formation of heavy haze in Shanghai were investigated. Daily average concentrations of OC and EC ranged from 1.8 to 20.1 μg m(-3) and 0.5-7.8 μg m(-3) with averages of 7.2 and 2.8 μg m(-3), respectively. The carbonaceous aerosol (OC plus EC) contributed to ～ 27.2% of the total mass of PM(2.5) on annual average. Obvious seasonal variation was observed in both OC and EC. The percentage of secondary organic carbon (SOC) contributed to OC was in a range of 2.4-66.8%, with an average of 40.1%. Three types of haze were classified based on their chemical composition. OC, EC, SO(2)/NO(2) (in turn, SO(4)(2-)/NO(3)(-)) were responsible for the formation of the three types of haze, respectively. The carbonaceous aerosol was one of the key factors in the formation of haze. Local emissions were the dominant sources of OC and EC in warm seasons, and long-range transport had a significant contribution to OC and EC in PM(2.5) in spring and winter in Shanghai.     

合肥地区气溶胶光学特性的地基观测研究

利用自主研制的DTF-5型太阳辐射计观测合肥地区2008年10月—2010年5月的太阳直接辐射消光,反演合肥地区气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom参数和沙尘天气过程中的粒子谱分布,并对结果进行分析。结果表明:合肥地区气溶胶光学厚度季节变化除气候因素外,受人为因素影响明显,季节变化规律复杂。总体上秋季较小,冬春季节持续增大,夏季较平稳。而Angstrom参数与气溶胶光学厚度大致呈反相关,秋冬上升,春季骤降,夏季平稳值较大。气溶胶光学厚度日变化大致可分为4种类型:日变化相对稳定;整体呈上升趋势;整体呈下降趋势;一日内出现一到多个峰值。其中第四种类型出现几率最大。沙尘天气过程中,气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom参数分别呈现出"谷-峰-谷"、"峰-谷-峰"的变化规律,其中Angstrom参数在沙尘影响严重时甚至出现负值。半径为0.2~1.0μm的大粒子和大于1.0μm的巨粒子浓度在沙尘天气过程中大幅增加。     

7Be in ground level air in Daejeon, Korea

(7)Be concentrations in the ground level air in Daejeon, Korea were determined during the period of January 1998 to December 2009 by gamma-ray spectrometric analysis of particulate samples collected on filter paper with a high-volume air sampler. The monthly concentrations of (7)Be in the ground level air were in the range of 1.3-7.7 mBq m(-3) with strong seasonal trends of low values in the summer and high values in the spring and autumn. The annual mean values of (7)Be concentrations showed weak reverse correlation with the annual average sunspot number.     

北京城区和远郊区大气细颗粒PM_(2.5)元素特征对比分析

为了对比大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5及其所含元素在北京城区与远郊区的特征,在2007年不同季节和2008年北京奥运会期间进行了PM2.5的采样分析。结果表明:城区PM2.5和元素的浓度均高于郊区,元素浓度在城区与郊区具有不同的季节变化特征,春、冬季地壳元素浓度在城区与郊区都有所增加,在城区S元素和其它污染元素在秋、冬季最高,而郊区S元素浓度在夏季最高。污染元素的富集程度夏秋季高于春冬季,郊区高于城区,城、郊两地PM2.5中元素来源相似。雾霾天PM2.5及元素浓度在城区增加明显,奥运期间污染元素的质量分数较奥运前明显降低。     

Assessment of carcinogenic risk due to inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 from an industrial city: a Korean case-study

This study investigated the effects of meteorological conditions and spatial variations on the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne PM(10) in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. Daily PM(10) samples were collected on quartz microfiber filters using high volume samplers located in a downtown area, a residential area and an industrial area of Ulsan during spring and summer sampling periods. Sixteen individual PAHs were extracted into a mixture solution of dichloromethane and n-hexane (1:1, v/v) in an ultrasonic bath and were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography system with an ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UVD). The average total PAH concentrations from the three representative sampling sites of Ulsan ranged from 16.15 to 57.12 ng/m(3) in spring and from 11.11 to 34.56 ng/m(3) in summer. The toxicity equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of the PAHs in PM(10) of Ulsan ranged from 1.82 to 13.1 ng/m(3), with an average level of 4.17 ng/m(3). The highest TEQs were found in the downtown area, which had an average value of 6.30 ng/m(3) in spring and 5.52 ng/m(3) in summer. BaP and DahA were identified as the major carcinogenic PAHs that contributed to 34.8 and 59.4% of the total carcinogenic potency of PAHs in PM(10) in Ulsan. The identified TEQs were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.73-0.90, p<0.01) with the total PAH concentrations for each area. The TEQs showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01) with the concentration of air pollutants, including PM(10), PM(2.5) and NO(2).     

杭州主城区悬浮细颗粒PM_(2.5)浓度变化及其组分分析

利用杭州市区2006—2008年大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和PM2.5-10的监测资料,研究它们的物化特征。结果表明:杭州主城区PM2.5和PM2.5-103年的平均浓度分别为0.073、0.037mg·m-3,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM2.5-10)的比值为1.86。PM2.5浓度存在双峰型日变化,以9:00和18:00为峰值,日变化幅度较大,并呈现冬高、夏低的季节变化。PM2.5化学组分分析表明:PM2.5中含量最多的是有机碳,占24.4%,其次是SO42-,不同组分呈现不同的季节变化。     

Indoor radon concentrations in Adana, Turkey

The indoor radon concentration in Adana, Turkey was measured in living rooms of 52 houses during winter 2005 and 57 houses during summer 2005. Forty-four houses were selected for both winter and summer researches for estimating seasonal variations. Indoor radon concentrations were measured seasonally over hotter and colder 2 months over the whole year, using CR-39 passive nuclear track radon detectors. The radon concentrations were ranged from 15 to 97 Bq m(-3) on January-February 2005 for 60 d and from 5 to 70 Bq m(-3) on June-July 2005 for 60 d. The average summer concentration measured was 25.8 Bq m(-3) and the average winter concentration was 48.9 Bq m(-3) in 44 houses that observed seasonal variations. The differences between winter and summer periods were ranged from 1 to 77 Bq m(-3). The average value in both winter and summer periods is 37 Bq m(-3) in 44 houses that observed seasonal variations. This value is below the worldwide indoor radon concentration distribution of 46 Bq m(-3). The annual effective dose equivalent from (222)Rn was 0.9 mSv y(-1).     

Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey

Concurrent ambient air and dry deposition samples were collected during two sampling periods at the Aliaga industrial region in Izmir, Turkey. Sigma 15-PAH (particulate+gas) concentrations ranged between 7.3 and 44.8 ng m(-3) (average+/-S.D., 25.2+/-8.8 ng m(-3)) and 10.2-71.9 ng m(-3) (44.1+/-16.6 ng m(-3)) in summer and winter, respectively. Winter/summer individual ambient PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.8 (acenaphthene) and 6.6 (benz[a]anthracene) indicating that wintertime concentrations were affected by residential heating emissions. In contrast to the ambient concentrations, summation operator(15)-PAH particle dry deposition fluxes were higher in summer (5792+/-3516 ng m(-2)day(-1), average+/-S.D.) than in winter (2650+/-1829 ng m(-2)day(-1)), probably due to large particles from enhanced re-suspension of polluted soil particles and road dust. Average overall dry deposition velocity of PAHs calculated using the dry deposition fluxes and particle-phase concentrations was 2.9+/-3.5 cm s(-1). summation operator(15)-PAH concentrations in soils taken from 50 points in the area ranged between 11 and 4628 microg kg(-1) in dry weight. The spatial distribution of these concentrations indicated that the urban Aliaga, steel plants, the petroleum refinery, and the petrochemical plant are the major Sigma 15-PAH sources in the area. Fugacity calculations in air and soil showed that the soil acts as a secondary source to the atmosphere for low molecular weight PAHs in summer and as a sink for the higher molecular weight ones in summer and winter.     

Indoor air radon concentration in schools in Prizren, Kosovo

Indoor air radon ((222)Rn) concentrations were measured in spring and winter in 30 rooms of 9 elementary schools and 19 rooms of 6 high schools in Prizren, Kosovo, using alpha scintillation cells. Only in three rooms of elementary schools and four rooms of high schools did winter concentrations exceed 400 Bq m(-3).