编读往来

<正>手机拍照算不算"摄影"?读者Adam Law:现在似乎每个人都能标榜为"摄影师"了。在比赛或是表演现场,时常可以看到一些"傻帽"拿着手机狂拍不已,我觉得这根本就不算是摄影。最近听说有些新闻摄影记者开始拍摄视频了,这会影响摄影的纯粹性,相机和摄像机毕竟是不同的。     

编读往来

手机拍照算不算＂摄影＂？读者Adam Law：现在似乎每个人都能标榜为＂摄影师＂了。在比赛或是表演现场,时常可以看到一些＂傻帽＂拿着手机狂拍不已,我觉得这根本就不算是摄影。最近听说有些新闻摄影记者开始拍摄视频了,这会影响摄影的纯粹性,相机和摄像机毕竟是不同的。     

手机＆相机的摄影争夺战

我们即将迎来的社交影像时代会是什么样子?3年前,手机所拍出的照片还比不上相机。但如今,诺基亚Lumia 1020的摄像头已经飙升至4100万像素,而iOS中的摄影类App已多达2万余种,更有许多专业摄影师举办了iPhone影展。相机也装上了智能系统。在这个手机照片可以出画册,相机可以打电话的年代,真不知道明天会发生什么?不如让我们先回顾一下手机和相机的进化史吧。     

热点——手机屏幕光投射社交新方式

如何将网络时代人们生活和网络的关系用影像呈现出来？常驻纽约的摄影师Seymour Templar巧妙地找到了“敲门砖”：手机的屏幕光。他这组“社交之光：某种夜生活”的环境肖像利用黑暗环境中手机屏幕光打在用户脸上的场景．十分聪明地点题,在这个手机网络时代。人们如此地被手机和网络生活所吸引．在纽约这座汇聚五湖四海来客的大都会。不同的人在不同场合,都离不开他们的手机。而手机屏幕投射到他们脸上的光给予观看者潜意识的视觉和思维引导。这些被拍者通过手机完成他们和外界的交流和互动。     

照片变钱4条路

怎样让你的相机为你带来财富?Angela Nicholson将与我们一起分享一些宝贵经验。在数码时代,我们不再需要为胶卷和冲洗花钱,不过摄影仍然是一项花费不菲的爱好。高级相机和镜头本来就不便宜,层出不穷的新品让我们的荷包迅速瘪下去,更别提那些墨水和纸张等耗材的花销了。怎样让这项爱好变成赚钱的工具呢?摄影的一个优势在于:市场对它的     

凝固最美的瞬间 佳能EF红圈镜头的魅力

所有的佳能EOS单反相机用户内心都有一个共同的想法:我的下一支EF镜头是……答案却因为每个人不同的需要而不同。不过总有几支镜头是每个人的梦想,例如EF 85mm f/1.2LⅡUSM、红百微、328、428等等。到底这些带着L标志的红圈镜头有什么魅力能让摄影师们念念不忘?除了精细、可靠的设计和做工,更多还是无与伦比的影像呈现。     

给苹果换个皮

当乔布斯创立苹果公司,当苹果公司造出第一台iPhone,世界注定为之疯狂。疯狂的不仅仅是苹果的拥趸,越来越多的时尚品牌和设计工作室也加入到iPhone潮流中来。Diamond iPhone:伦敦著名设计师Amosu向来以设计、生产昂贵的奢侈品手机闻名。此     

给苹果换个皮

当乔布斯创立苹果公司,当苹果公司造出第一台iPhone,世界注定为之疯狂。疯狂的不仅仅是苹果的拥趸,越来越多的时尚品牌和设计工作室也加入到iPhone潮流中来。     

Trail Pheromone Disruption of Argentine Ant Trail Formation and Foraging

Trail pheromone disruption of invasive ants is a novel tactic that builds on the development of pheromone-based pest management in other insects. Argentine ant trail pheromone, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, was formulated as a micro-encapsulated sprayable particle and applied against Argentine ant populations in 400 m² field plots in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. A widely dispersed point source strategy for trail pheromone disruption was used. Traffic rates of ants in bioassays of treated filter paper, protected from rainfall and sunlight, indicated the presence of behaviorally significant quantities of pheromone being released from the formulation for up to 59 days. The proportion of plots, under trade wind conditions (2–3 m s⁻¹), with visible trails was reduced for up to 14 days following treatment, and the number of foraging ants at randomly placed tuna-bait cards was similarly reduced. The success of these trail pheromone disruption trials in a natural ecosystem highlights the potential of this method for control of invasive ant species in this and other environments.     

Argentine Ant Trail Pheromone Disruption is Mediated by Trail Concentration

Argentine ant trail pheromone disruption, using continuous release of the trail pheromone compound (Z)-9-hexadecanal, reduces the incidence of trails and foraging rates of field populations. However, little is known about the concentrations of pheromone required for successful disruption. We hypothesized that higher pheromone quantities would be necessary to disrupt larger ant populations. To test this, we laid a 30-cm long base trail of (Z)-9-hexadecanal on a glass surface at low and high rates (1 and 100 pg/cm) (Trail 1), and laid a second, shorter trail (Trail 2, 10 cm long, located 1.5 cm upwind) near the middle of Trail 1 at six rates (1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 pg/cm). We then recorded and digitized movements of individual ants following Trail 1, and derived a regression statistic, r ², as an index of trail integrity, and also recorded arrival success at the other end of the trail (30 cm) near a food supply. Disruption of trails required 100 fold more pheromone upwind, independent of base-trail concentration. This implies that in the field, trail disruption is likely to be less successful against high ant-trail densities (greater concentration of trail pheromone), and more successful against newly formed or weak trails, as could be expected along invasion fronts.     

Carlstar推出Versa Trail ATR轮胎

正美国《现代轮胎经销商》(www.moderntiredealer.com)2016年1月6日报道:Carlstar集团有限责任公司为多用途全地形越野车推出第1代多用途子午线轮胎(见图1)。该款Versa Trail ATR轮胎将以Carlisle商标销售。"随着多用途车需求量的增长,驾驶员对车辆的行驶性能和在不同路面的操纵性能的要求不断提高。"Carlstar集团研究与开发部副主席Rick Goetz说,"设计改进和技术提高使得Versa Trail轮胎能够在工作和娱乐驾驶中表现完美。"     

Trail Pheromone of Myrmicine Ant Pristomyrmex pungens

The myrmicine ant Pristomyrmex pungens marks recruitment trails with poison gland secretions. The effective trail pheromone compound is 6-n-pentyl-2-pyrone. Poison gland components were identified by means of gas chromatographic coupled mass spectrometry. The biological activity was examined in trail-following experiments as well as in gas chromatographic coupled electroantennograms. In addition to 6-n-pentyl-2-pyrone, a number of monoterpenes were found in the poison gland secretion, i.e., α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, and limonene. The terpenoid compounds increased the trail-following response only slightly when offered together with 6-n-pentyl-2-pyrone. In contrast to the latter component, synthetic monoterpenes elicited no orientation behavior in trail-following bioassays.     

Pheromone Disruption of Argentine Ant Trail Integrity

Disruption of Argentine ant trail following and reduced ability to forage (measured by bait location success) was achieved after presentation of an oversupply of trail pheromone, (Z)-9-hexadecenal. Experiments tested single pheromone point sources and dispersion of a formulation in small field plots. Ant walking behavior was recorded and digitized by using video tracking, before and after presentation of trail pheromone. Ants showed changes in three parameters within seconds of treatment: (1) Ants on trails normally showed a unimodal frequency distribution of walking track angles, but this pattern disappeared after presentation of the trail pheromone; (2) ants showed initial high trail integrity on a range of untreated substrates from painted walls to wooden or concrete floors, but this was significantly reduced following presentation of a point source of pheromone; (3) the number of ants in the pheromone-treated area increased over time, as recruitment apparently exceeded departures. To test trail disruption in small outdoor plots, the trail pheromone was formulated with carnuba wax-coated quartz laboratory sand (1 g quartz sand/0.2 g wax/1 mg pheromone). The pheromone formulation, with a half-life of 30 h, was applied by rotary spreader at four rates (0, 2.5, 7.5, and 25 mg pheromone/m²) to 1- and 4-m² plots in Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Ant counts at bait cards in treated plots were significantly reduced compared to controls on the day of treatment, and there was a significant reduction in ant foraging for 2 days. These results show that trail pheromone disruption of Argentine ants is possible, but a much more durable formulation is needed before nest-level impacts can be expected. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Substrate Temperature Constrains Recruitment and Trail Following Behavior in Ants

In many ant species, foragers use pheromones to communicate the location of resources to nestmates. Mass-recruiting species deposit long-lasting anonymous chemical trails, while group-recruiting species use temporary chemical trails. We studied how high temperature influenced the foraging behavior of a mass-recruiting species (Tapinoma nigerrimum) and a group-recruiting species (Aphaenogaster senilis) through pheromone decay. First, under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined the effect of temperature on the trail pheromone of both species. A substrate, simulating soil, marked with gaster extract was heated for 10 min. at 25°, 35°, 45°, or 55 °C and offered to workers in a choice test. Heating gaster extract reduced the trail following behavior of the mass-recruiters significantly more than that of the group-recruiters. Second, analyses of the chemicals present on the substrate indicated that most T. nigerrimum gaster secretions vanished at 25 °C, and only iridodials persisted up to 55 °C. By contrast, A. senilis secretions were less volatile and resisted better to elevated temperatures to some extent. However, at 55 °C, the only chemicals that persisted were nonadecene and nonadecane. Overall, our results suggest that the foraging behavior of the group-recruiting species A. senilis is less affected by pheromone evaporation than that of the mass-recruiting species T. nigerrimum. This group-recruiting species might, thus, be particularly adapted to environments with fluctuating temperatures.     

Trail Pheromone Disruption of Red Imported Fire Ant

The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is considered one of the most aggressive and invasive species in the world. Toxic bait systems are used widely for control, but they also affect non-target ant species and cannot be used in sensitive ecosystems such as organic farms and national parks. The fire ant uses recruitment pheromones to organize the retrieval of large food resources back to the colony, with Z,E-α-farnesene responsible for the orientation of workers along trails. We prepared Z,E-α-farnesene, (91% purity) from extracted E,E-α-farnesene and demonstrated disruption of worker trail orientation after presentation of an oversupply of this compound from filter paper point sources (30 μg). Trails were established between queen-right colony cells and food sources in plastic tubs. Trail-following behavior was recorded by overhead webcam, and ants were digitized before and after presentation of the treatment, using two software approaches. The linear regression statistic, r ² was calculated. Ants initially showed high linear trail integrity (r ² = 0.75). Within seconds of presentation of the Z,E-α-farnesene treatment, the trailing ants showed little or no further evidence of trail following behavior in the vicinity of the pheromone source. These results show that trailing fire ants become disorientated in the presence of large amounts of Z,E-α-farnesene. Disrupting fire ant recruitment to resources may have a negative effect on colony size or other effects yet to be determined. This phenomenon was demonstrated recently for the Argentine ant, where trails were disrupted for two weeks by using their formulated trail pheromone, Z-9-hexadecenal. Further research is needed to establish the long term effects and control potential for trail disruption in S. invicta.