探究乳化剂和酶制剂在发酵面制品中的改良作用

食用发酵面制品则有助于健康饮食,有效降低多种慢性疾病的发病率。但目前来看,发酵面制品口感相对粗糙,存在柔软度低等问题。而加入乳化剂和酶制剂,则有助于制品的改良。针对发酵面制品,本文分别对乳化剂和酶制剂在发酵面制品中的改良作用展开了分析,发现添加乳化剂和酶制剂可以延缓淀粉老化,使面筋得到增强,面团更具延展性,从而使制品的综合品质得到提高。     

单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙／钠对扬麦16面粉理化品质特性影响的研究

本研究测定了添加乳化剂单甘酯(GM)和硬脂酰乳酸钙/钠(CSL-SSL)后的扬麦16面粉的理化品质特性,如面筋含量、沉降值、降落值等。结果表明,单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对扬麦16面粉的面筋品质有较明显的影响,而对沉降值和降落值较小。单甘酯用量在0.15%时,强面筋和湿面筋含量达到最大;硬脂酰乳酸钙钠添加量在0.10%时强面筋数量达到最高,添加量在0.15%时,湿面筋和干面筋的含量均达到最高。单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对面筋指数几乎没有影响。硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对面粉中面筋品质的改良作用要优于单甘酯。     

乳化剂对面团的改良作用

本文研究了六种不同的乳化剂：硬脂酰乳酸钙（ＣＳＬ）、硬脂酰乳酸钠（ＳＳＬ）、分子蒸馏单甘酯（ＤＭＧ）、蔗糖脂肪酸酯（ＳＥ－１５）、山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯（Ｓｐａｎ－８０）、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯（Ｔｗｅｅｎ－２０）对面团的改良作用。结果表明，乳化剂存在下小麦淀粉与碘的络合作用显著减小，乳化剂使面团中酸溶性游离蛋白质含量减小，湿面筋洗出率增加，面筋强度拉伸性增强。     

乳化剂对微波蛋糕品质的影响

采用微波熟化方式,研究乳化剂种类和用量对蛋糕品质的影响,优化乳化剂的配方,通过质构仪和感官品尝评价蛋糕品质.结果表明,分子蒸馏单甘酯(GMS)具有较好的起泡性和泡沫稳定性,可明显增大蛋糕比容,提高其柔软性:蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)和辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(OSA-starch)具有较好的乳化性能,三种乳化剂经复配后具有协同增效的作用.复合乳化剂的适宜配方为分子蒸馏单甘酯0.6％、蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.2％和辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯0.3％.添加了复合乳化剂的蛋糕的质地柔软,膨松性好,内部气孔小而均匀,口感细腻.     

国外最新的面包添加剂

一、防止面包老化,提高松软度的添加剂1.乳化剂(1) 单甘酯二乙酰酒石酸衍生物。由二乙酰酒石酸与单甘酯反应制成,能与小麦直链淀粉相结合,与脂质结合增强面包生面团韧性及持泡力,可使面包体积增大,组织改善,防止老化,延长产品保存期,欧洲广为     

酶制剂在面包粉改良中的应用

酶制剂是改良面包粉品质的有效途径,改良面包粉的酶制剂主要有淀粉酶、葡糖糖氧化酶、戊聚糖酶、脂肪氧化酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、植酸酶等,其作用机理和作用各不相同.面包粉中酶制剂既可以单一应用,也可以将多种酶复配应用,还可以和其它添加剂如乳化剂搭配应用,复合酶制剂效果更佳.     

红豆浓浆产品淀粉抗老化研究

以红小豆为原料,研究了乳化剂、亲水性胶体、加工工艺对红豆浓浆淀粉老化的影响,得出了抑制红豆淀粉老化的关键原料与工艺。结果表明,乳化剂对淀粉老化的抑制效果:硬脂酰乳酸钠单甘脂其他乳化剂;亲水性胶体对淀粉老化的抑制效果:结冷胶黄原胶其他亲水性胶体;糊化状态是红豆浓浆淀粉老化的最主要影响因素,随着淀粉过度糊化程度的增加,淀粉老化速度加剧,红豆浓浆最佳淀粉糊化状态的制备工艺:红豆浆均质前加工工艺温度75℃。     

冷冻面制品的研究现状及改良进展

随着世界食品工业的发展,冷冻食品成为消费市场上的潮流趋向,冷冻面制品产业也迅速发展。该文综述了冷冻面制品的研究现状,总结了冷冻贮藏对面筋蛋白结构、酵母活性和最终产品的影响,不同冷冻工艺对面制品品质的影响以及乳化剂、亲水胶体、酶制剂和冰结构蛋白等改良剂在冷冻面制品中的应用及作用机理;最后,对冷冻面制品的应用前景作出展望。     

酶制剂在面包粉改良中的应用

酶制剂是改良面包粉品质的有效途径,改良面包粉的酶制剂主要有淀粉酶、葡糖糖氧化酶、戊聚糖酶、脂肪氧化酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、植酸酶等,其作用机理和作用各不相同。面包粉中酶制剂既可以单一应用,也可以将多种酶复配应用,还可以和其它添加剂如乳化剂搭配应用,复合酶制剂效果更佳。     

不饱和单甘酯在低脂冰淇淋中的应用

分别将商品饱和单甘酯和另一种富含亚油酸的不饱和单甘酯作乳化剂添加到全脂冰淇淋(脂肪含量为10%)和低脂冰淇淋(脂肪含量为4%)中,共研发出不饱和单甘酯全脂冰淇淋、饱和单甘酯全脂冰淇淋、不饱和单甘酯低脂冰淇淋和饱和单甘酯低脂冰淇淋四个产品。通过对四个产品的冰冷感、硬度、粘度、平滑程度和包口感等进行感官评价,发现脂肪含量及乳化剂的种类对冰淇淋的冰冷感、硬度、粘度、平滑感、包口感等都有影响,全脂冰淇淋比低脂冰淇淋更粘,更滑,更具有包口感,低脂冰淇淋比全脂冰淇淋更硬,冰冷感更强。通过对四种冰淇淋老化料液的膨胀率及冰淇淋成品的抗融性进行了比较,发现不饱和单甘酯能提高低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率,并且不饱和单甘酯冰淇淋比饱和单甘酯冰淇淋具有更好的抗融性。     

乳化剂对糯小麦淀粉老化特性的影响

老化对淀粉的生理效价和生物降解具有决定性作用,糊化淀粉在存放过程中,淀粉分子发生自组,其直链淀粉及支链淀粉的直线部分趋向于平行排列,从无定形态回复到晶体态,出现老化现象,会导致淀粉基生物材料产品的品质和性能大幅降低。本课题对直链淀粉含量、水分含量及乳化剂种类对糯质小麦淀粉老化特性的影响进行研究,比较乳化剂对糯质小麦淀粉及普通小麦淀粉老化特性影响的异同。结果表明:直链淀粉的含量、水分含量都与糊化淀粉的老化程度呈正相关。直链淀粉的含量是决定淀粉老化程度的最主要因素,乳化剂与淀粉分子相互作用形成稳定的复合物,减缓了淀粉的老化。同时乳化剂的复配能一定程度地加强抗老化的效果。总体上讲,糯质小麦淀粉的各种良好的理化特性,使其在淀粉基生物材料抗老化上有更好的应用前景。     

Effects of different formulations on the quality of microwave baked breads

Effects of different amounts of gluten, fat, emulsifier, and dextrose on the quality of breads baked in the microwave oven were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation of microwave baked breads. Firmness, specific volume, and weight loss of the breads were determined. Breads formulated with low gluten flour were softer and had higher volume. Volume of these breads can be comparable with the volume of conventionally baked breads. For breads formulated with flour containing low gluten, the increase in fat and emulsifier contents decreased the firmness and increased the specific volume of breads. Fat, emulsifier, and dextrose contents were found to be the significant factors to reduce the weight loss of microwave baked breads.     

添加金针菇粉、茶树菇粉对面团流变学特性的影响

研究添加金针菇粉、茶树菇粉对面团流变学特性的影响,为食用菌作为功能基料开发新型的功能性食品提供理论依据。以金针菇和茶树菇两种食用菌粉为原料,利用混合实验仪（Mixolab）研究添加金针菇粉和茶树菇粉对面团的吸水率指数、揉混指数、面筋筋力指数、黏度指数、淀粉酶活性指数和回生指数等揉混特性的影响,并利用快速黏度仪和质构仪分别测定面团的峰值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值等糊化特性和硬度、弹性、黏附性等质构特性的变化。结果表明：添加2.5%～10%的金针菇粉和茶树菇粉能够延长面团的形成时间,破坏面筋蛋白的网络结构,降低面团的稳定性、面筋筋力、抑制老化回生,使形成的面团硬度增加,糊化黏度、黏附性和弹性下降。综合分析两种食用菌粉对面团特性的影响,发现5%的添加量为金针菇粉、茶树菇粉的最佳预测值,以在满足产品加工特性的基础上较大程度地丰富面制品的营养品质。     

馒头硬化机理探讨

详细分析了馒头在贮存过程中硬度和支链淀粉结晶的变化规律,研究表明,馒头中支链淀粉结晶、小麦蛋白质与淀粉分子之间的交互作用是影响馒头硬化的主要因子。具体讲,馒头中支链淀粉结晶速率加快或小麦蛋白质和淀粉之间的交互作用加强,会加速馒头的硬化,而改善馒头的比容可以延缓馒头的硬化。     

Effect of low molecular weight dextrins on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch

!-Amylases, usually added to bread recipes as anti-firming agents, are known to produce low molecular weight dextrins by starch hydrolysis. The influence of these compounds on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Adding oligosaccharides to starch caused a delay in gelatinization, although its extent was not quantified. However, oligosaccharides of degrees of polymerization (DP) 3-5 reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm, shown as the staling endotherm. The addition of gluten to starch and starch/oligosaccharide mixtures had no effect on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. The retrogradation of starch in dough samples was also analysed, after 'baking' in the calorimeter, to obtain additional information about starch retrogradation during storage. Oligosaccharides of DP 3-5 also reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm. This work provides evidence that oligosaccharides influence starch changes during the baking and storage of bread. These effects could be considered as the mechanism by which the bacterial !-amylase reduces starch retrogradation and acts as an anti-firming agent.     

大米面包品质改良的研究进展

米粉成分中缺乏面筋蛋白,会使大米面包在制作过程中存在面团难以形成有效的网络结构、不易成型、品质差（持水性、持气性、弹性和内聚性）、老化速率快等缺点,从而影响面包的质构特性以及感官品质等。本文综述了国内外研究人员对大米面包品质改良的研究进展,通过添加外源性物质如乳化剂、蛋白质、酶、亲水胶体、盐类等和运用改良技术,如酸面团发酵技术、发芽技术、挤压膨化等技术,来改善大米面包的综合品质,对大米面包的开发研究具有重要的参考价值。     

小麦淀粉回生中凝聚结构变化的SAXS研究

采用同步辐射X射线小角散射研究了小麦淀粉回生过程凝聚结构的变化。淀粉凝聚体成多散系特征,在淀粉回生过程中乳化剂的加入有效的抑制了淀粉链的移动,形成了淀粉-乳化剂络合物或超分子结构,在回生后期,乳化剂抑制了淀粉凝胶体之间聚集絮凝和回转半径Rg的增大。乳化剂的加入增大了小麦淀粉凝胶体界面层厚度,从10nm 12nm增加到11nm 14nm。小麦淀粉中直链淀粉的首先絮凝改变散射体系中两相的分布。淀粉凝聚结构均成质量分形(Dm)特征,在淀粉回生前期,小麦淀粉Dm为2.0,而添加蔗糖酯的小麦淀粉Dm为2.31;糯玉米淀粉Dm为1.67,添加蔗糖酯后,糯玉米回生淀粉液Dm为2.60,表明乳化剂能有效的和淀粉凝聚结构络合,形成稳定的网络结构,增大了小麦淀粉凝聚结构的Dm。     

Staling in Starch Breads: The Effect of Antistaling α-Amylase

A novel starch bread that contained no gluten was found to firm at a rate comparable to a normal standard bread made from wheat flour. Treatment of both the starch and the standard bread with Novamyl, an antistaling enzyme mix, inhibited firming. ¹³C CP/MAS NMR studies showed that the decreased firming of the Novamyl-treated starch bread was correlated with decreased starch retrogradation. For the Novamyl-treated bread the increase in retrograded starch over six days following baking was about 11% compared to an increase of over 200% for the untreated bread. These results suggests that starch retrogradation is sufficient to cause bread firming.     

Bread staling: Effect of gluten on physico-chemical properties and molecular mobility

Three gluten enriched breads were produced (5% and 15% gluten samples where water was adjusted with farinograph determination, and a 15% sample with the same water amount of the control). The effect of gluten on bread staling (7 days) was evaluated, focussing on texture, amylopectin retrogradation, water status and ¹H molecular mobility.     

Effect of gluten content on recrystallisation kinetics and water mobility in wheat starch gels

The effect of gluten on starch retrogradation at 5 °C was studied using ¹H NMR relaxometry. Gels were made from gluten and starch at 27.8 and 38.5% total solids and with gluten comprising either 10, 15 or 20% of the solids. Changes in the transverse relaxation time constant (T₂) were related to water mobility. Mono‐exponential analysis of relaxation curves showed that, in general, gluten retarded starch retrogradation. T₂ values in gluten gels also decreased during storage, but to a much lesser extent. Distributed exponential analysis showed that two distinct regions of T₂ were observed in all samples. During aging, the peak values of both regions shifted to lower values for all gels. Starch gel samples showed the most significant shift, and gluten gels showed the least. The three levels of gluten addition in starch/gluten gels produced similar shifts. For all samples the signal intensity of the less mobile region decreased more dramatically than that of the more mobile region during storage. It was suggested that gluten retards water loss in the granule remnants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry