《焊接技术与焊接工艺问答》

本书是一部综合性的普及读物，以“问答”这—通俗易懂的表现形式，对焊接技术、焊接工艺及相关知识作了全面系统的论述，共有422个问题。其内容包括：焊接材料、焊接工艺、焊接期去、焊接接头、焊接应力与应变、焊接电弧与焊接冶金、手工焊接操作技术、焊接相关电工知识、焊接技术装备、焊接质量检测、     

水下焊接技术及其进展

讨论了水下焊接的特点和存在的主要问题,综述了水下焊接技术的研究现状及发展趋势。     

焊缝无损检测现状

焊接钢结构的无损检测近几年取得了重大进展.评述射线检验、超声检测、交流电位降技术、残余应力测定及在线焊缝检验方面的最新发展,指出了可能取得进一步发展的一些领域.     

箱形梁隔板焊缝接头设计的改进

我厂与奥地利合作为“宝钢三期”工程生产的斗轮堆取料机,设计中有一处与以前截然不同,以平衡梁为例,按照传统设计方法(图1),上盖板为压弯而成的整块板,长度方向允许接料,而隔板2与上盖板1间的内部角焊缝需在隔板开人孔实现焊接的.在改进的设计中,为避免内角焊缝焊接时能见度差,焊接质量难以控制,烟尘较大,增加劳动强度等诸多缺点,而采用上盖板分块对接,隔板作衬垫,在外部一次焊接成形.上盖板由板1,3,4,5对接而成,隔板2为衬垫板,具体形式见图2.设计中要求 此处拼配尺寸较严格,同时要求垫板对接焊缝全熔透并探伤合格.     

激光复合焊接的探讨

首先阐述了激光焊接的特点，指出了单热源激光焊接存在的缺点及其产生的原因。然后介绍了几种其他热源与激光进行复合焊接的方法，分析了这些复合焊接方法在保持激光焊接优点的基础上克服激光焊接缺陷的机理，最后指出这些复合焊接方法是激光焊接的一个发展趋势。     

16Mn钢与27SiMn钢的焊接

我厂为中国矿业大学制造的匀化床，其端盖采用１６Ｍｎ钢，床体采用２７ＳｉＭｎ钢（中碳合金钢）。由于２７ＳｉＭｎ钢的焊接性差，故如何保证焊后质量就成为一个难点。通过对２７ＳｉＭｎ钢进行分析，并参考有关资料，根据现场实际情况制定了焊接工艺，圆满地解决了匀化...     

试问诸君何处去 唯有奋发破困境

时光如水，奔流不息。在世态纷纷扰扰、风云变幻莫测中，令人纠结的2013年终于过去了，迎来了象征奔腾、激昂、向前的马年。     

修复

修复和制造铸焊件及结构时的铸铁焊接[俄]；宝钢开裂球罐的焊接修复（一）——球罐用钢的焊接性及焊接试验；宝钢开裂球罐的焊接修复（二）——球罐用钢的焊接工艺评定及焊接返修；加氢反应器管板与壳体焊接接头裂纹返修；圆盘剪刃的堆焊修复技术.     

进口253MA材质管件的焊接工艺研究

253MA材料是由国外厂家生产的一种高级耐高温耐腐蚀不锈钢。介绍了这种材料的主要特点和用途,并针对采用253MA材料的管件,设计了一套可自动切割和焊接的装置,选择了切割、焊接方法和设备,以及焊丝的种类和直径。通过焊接试验确定了相应的焊接参数和焊接工艺,并测试了样件的焊缝组织和性能。结果表明:焊缝质量完全满足要求,较好地解决了这一材质管件的焊接问题,研究结果具有一定的参考价值。     

A microstructural and low-cycle fatigue investigation of weld-repaired heat-resistant cast steels

The multi-pass weld-repair of heat-resistant cast steels is carried out using an automated shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, with various filler materials and pre-heating at 400 °C. Specimens weld-repaired with a filler material more resistant than the heat-resistant cast steel (over-matching) generally crack within the base metal following the tenth filling pass, whereas specimens buttered with a soft alloy prior to welding remain free of cracks.The high temperature strain-controlled fatigue lifetime of material weld-repaired without buttering is lower than that of bulk initial material. This is due to an increase of the stress amplitude as a result of the so-called over-matching. In the case of material welded following a prior buttering, the fatigue lifetime is reduced because of the stress tri-axiality generated in the thin soft layer which prevents its plastic flow. As a consequence, it is concluded that even though buttering prevents cracking efficiently during welding, it is not acceptable as far as fatigue performance, especially lifetime, is concerned.     

焊丝对T2紫铜/316L不锈钢GTAW接头组织及性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊,分别填充纯铜焊丝和307Si焊丝对T2紫铜/316L不锈钢异种金属进行对接焊,探究焊丝对铜/不锈钢异种金属接头微观组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响.结果表明,铁-铜液相分离对焊缝组织的形成起主导作用,但由于过冷度不同,填充两种焊丝制备焊缝的液相分离程度不同:铜焊丝制备焊缝中生成了初次液相分离富铁球,其内部又...     

铝基钎料真空钎焊接头的腐蚀性

采用NaCl的质量分数为3．5％的溶液对四种Al-Si-Cu钎料的真空钎焊接头进行全浸试验，对腐蚀后的钎焊接头进行观察，分析接头的腐蚀类型，研究接头的腐蚀机理，对Cu的晶界偏析及扩散进行了讨论。结果表明，铝基钎料真空钎焊后的接头仍然存在腐蚀问题，腐蚀产物为A1Cl3、Al(OH)3、Al(OH)2Cl，腐蚀类型有点蚀和晶间腐蚀；并且随着Cu含量的增加腐蚀加重，Cu的偏析与扩散对接头腐蚀行为产生重要的影响，在晶界形成他Cu，使晶界周围形成贫Cu区，与晶粒内部处于钝态的αAl存在较大电位差，构成局部腐蚀电池，形成晶间腐蚀。     

Corrosion behaviors of Al-Si-Cu-based filler metals and 6061-T6 brazements

The corrosion behaviors of a series of Al-Si-Cu-based filler metals and the 6061-T6 butt joints brazed with these filler metals are evaluated by polarization tests and immersion tests in a 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. For comparison, a traditional Al-12Si filler metal is also employed. The results indicate that the Al-Si-Cu-based filler metals before brazing possess much higher corrosion current densities and pitting tendencies than the Al-12Si filler metal. However, brazing of the 6061-T6 alloy with an Al-12Si filler metal produces a wider butt joint, which, in this case, creates a more extensive corrosion region. Severe galvanic corrosion occurs at the 6061-T6 joints when brazed with Al-Si-Cu-based filler metals. However, in the case of the 6061-T6/Al-12Si brazements, selective corrosion of the Al-12Si eutectic phase can be observed. The bonding strengths of the 6061-T6 butt joints brazed with various filler metals are also measured before and after the immersion tests.     

Selection of filler wire for and effect of auto tempering on the mechanical properties of dissimilar metal joint between 403 and 304L(N) stainless steels

Weldability of the dissimilar weld joint between austenitic 304L(N) stainless steel (SS) and martensitic 403 SS made by gas tungsten arc welding process using ERNiCr-3 filler metal has been studied. For this study, 12 mm thick plates of these two materials were joined using a K-type weld groove joint, with the straight edge on the 403 SS side buttered using ERNiCr-3 filler wire. Two types of weld joints were prepared—one using as-buttered 403 SS and the other one with buttered and post-weld heat-treated 403 SS plate. The joint made with the as-buttered 403 SS plate exhibits good bend ductility and toughness on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 403 SS side and it is comparable with that of the buttered and post-weld heat-treated 403SS weld joint properties. Thus, buttering of the 403 SS plate enabled dissimilar welding with the 304L(N) SS plate without any post-weld heat treatment because of auto tempering of the martensite present in the 403 SS HAZ formed due to weld thermal cycle.     

304/Q235复合板多主元高熵化焊缝的组织与性能

对304/Q235复合板进行激光填粉焊接试验,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、材料万能试验机及电化学工作站等,对比分析了多主元高熵化CrNi₂MnTi_0.5Al_0.5焊料及Fe基焊料所得焊接接头的微观组织、物相结构、力学性能与电化学腐蚀性能,探索了焊缝填充材料对不锈钢复合板焊缝微观组织、接头性能的影响规律。结果表明,CrNi₂MnTi_0.5Al_0.5焊料焊缝区形成了FCC及Ti₃Al颗粒的双相结构,焊缝显微硬度仅为Fe基焊料焊缝区硬度的69%~75%。两种焊接接头都有较好的抗拉强度,拉伸试样都在母材区断裂。CrNi₂MnTi_0.5Al_0.5焊料焊缝区具有最佳的耐蚀性能,其腐蚀速率约为304不锈钢的41%。     

半钢轧辊堆焊修复用隔离层材料的研制

依据半钢轧辊的成分特点和服役工况,设计开发半钢轧辊堆焊修复用的隔离层材料,研究采用隔离层材料打底,配合工作层材料修复半钢轧辊的可能性。结果表明,在半钢轧辊表面堆焊隔离层材料后,脆性高碳马氏体周围析出了韧性的珠光体组织,增加了隔离层的韧性储备,隔离层中无裂纹等冶金缺陷,且隔离层材料与工作层材料具有良好的相容性,解决了半钢轧辊不可堆焊修复的技术难题。     

TiCuNi、AgCu和Ag钎料真空钎焊钛接头的电化学响应

接头的性质取决于界面形成相的性质、分布和形态.钎焊接头的力学性能有详细的文献记录,而对其电化学行为的研究却较少.因此,本研究的主要目的是了解用TiCuNi、AgCu共熔合金和Ag钎料钎焊工业纯钛接头界面处形成的相对其腐蚀行为的影响.在磷酸盐缓冲电解液中进行37℃下的开路电位和动电位极化实验,研究钛接头的电化学行为.结果...     

Study and prevention of cracking during weld-repair of heat-resistant cast steels

Heat-resistant cast steels are highly sensitive to cracking as they are weld-repaired because of their very low ductility. To prevent weld-repair cracking of three different heat-resistant cast steels used for the manufacturing of superplastic forming (SPF) dies, the effect of various welding parameters, such as the choice of the filler material, the number of weld passes and the pre-heating temperature has been investigated. The choice of an appropriate filler metal and the pre-heating to 400 °C of the material prior to welding drastically lower the propensity to cracking, but remain unable to eliminate cracks entirely. To further reduce weld-repair cracking and hopefully prevent it completely, a buttering technique has been developed. Buttering of the base metal surface with nickel alloys before weld-repair has been shown to prevent cracking of the base metal, but results in some hot-cracking of the buttering layer itself. On the other hand, buttering with Ni–Fe alloys, less sensitive to hot-cracking, results in crack-free weld-repairs.     

Laser welding of high-strength aluminium–lithium alloys with a filler wire

The possibilities of using laser welding with a filler wire for joining sheet materials made of V-1469 and V-1461 high-strength aluminium–lithium alloys are investigated. The optimum conditions of placing the filler wire in relation to the laser beam in the weld pool are determined. The optimum welding parameters resulting in the high-quality formation of the welded joint with equal sagging and excess metal and the absence of porosity and cracks are also determined. The mechanical properties of welded joints are outlined and the microstructure of the welded joint is investigated. The corrosion resistance of the produced welded joints is studied.