聚乙烯/石蜡相变储能材料的渗出性能

以石蜡作为相变介质,以含有石墨的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为载体基质,通过熔融共混的方法制备出HDPE/石蜡相变储能材料,研究了加入了硅藻土和活性炭的HDPE/石蜡相变储能材料发生相变后,固体石蜡的渗出程度。通过SEM分析,背散射电镜放大到4 500倍后,可以看到硅藻土在HDPE基体中的附着镶嵌,放大2 200倍后,得到活性炭在HDPE基体中整齐排布的图像。扩散-渗出圈法测试结果表明:50%的石蜡含量是HDPE对石蜡的大包覆量;硅藻土和活性炭都能增强固体石蜡这种相变介质在发生相变后的渗出稳定性。     

聚烯烃/石蜡复合相变储能材料的研究

分别以低密度聚乙烯(PE-LD)、高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD) .聚丙烯(PP).聚苯乙烯(PS)为支撑材料、石蜡为相变材料,采用加热熔融法制备聚烯烃石蜡复合相变储能材料。考察了不同种类的聚烯烃材料对复合材料储能的影响,通过DSC测出PE-LD/石蜡、PE-HD/石蜡、PP/石蜡、PS/石蜡复合相变材料的相变烩分别为68.44J/g、45.52J/g、40.06J/g、1.19J/g。结果表明,PE-LD是其中最好的基体材料,具有最大的相变烩。随着石蜡含量的增加,PE-LD/石蜡复合材料的相变烩逐渐增大。此外,硅藻土和活性炭填料的加人有利于提高相变烩,增强复合材料的稳定性。     

EPDM基吸油树脂型相变储能材料的制备与性能

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)基吸油树脂作为载体,通过吸附石蜡作为相变物质,制备了高分子固-固相变储能材料。采用悬浮聚合法,探讨了EPDM基高吸油树脂的合成工艺对树脂吸附石蜡性能的影响;用扫描电子显微镜观察了吸油树脂吸附石蜡前后的微观形态变化;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了吸附相变材料后,吸油树脂的相变温度和相变焓。结果表明:EPDM基吸油树脂对石蜡的最大吸附量可达4.9 g/g,其相变焓为124.5 J/g,具有较高的应用潜力。     

石蜡/高密度聚乙烯/木粉/石墨复合相变储能材料的制备及性能

以石蜡为相变材料,高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为支撑材料,木粉(WF)为载体材料,石墨为填料,采用加热共熔法制备石蜡/HDPE/WF/石墨复合相变储能材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、步冷试验和渗漏实验等对复合相变材料进行性能测试。结果表明,石蜡质量分数为50%,WF质量分数为10%,石墨质量分数为4%时,该复合相变材料结构稳定,密封性能优异,热稳定性好,相变温度为60.1℃,相变潜热为93.71 J/g,渗漏率低,应用前景广阔。     

石蜡/介孔复合相变材料的制备及其热性能

以高岭土为原料,通过微波合成法制备比表面积大、孔容量高、孔径分布均匀的介孔材料;并以该介孔材料为载体,石蜡为相变材料,采用真空吸附法制备石蜡/介孔复合相变储能材料。以N2-物理吸附脱附法、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)测试介孔材料的微观结构,通过FTIR对复合相变储能材料的兼容性进行表征,DSC测定复合相变储能材料的热性能,扩散-渗出圈法确定复合相变储能材料的稳定性。结果表明,所制备的介孔材料比表面积为961.64 m2/g,孔容量为0.854 mL/g,平均孔径为2.78 nm;复合相变储能材料中石蜡的最佳质量分数为50%,相变温度为56.9℃,相变潜热为75.2 J/g;石蜡和介孔材料是简单的嵌合关系,复合相变储能材料具有良好的热稳定性和兼容性。     

聚丙烯腈/聚乙烯醇/石蜡储能纤维的制备及表征

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混作为纤维材料,石蜡为相变材料,通过湿法复合纺丝制得相变储能纤维;采用红外光谱(IR)、广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)表征了纤维的结构以及相变储能性能;分析了纤维的力学性能及相变潜热与纤维中聚乙烯醇含量之间的关系。结果表明:PVA的加入对储能纤维的断裂伸长率和断裂强度影响不大;随着PVA含量的增加,纤维的初生模量由49.1cN/dtex提高到100.5cN/dtex,热焓呈现先增加后减小的趋势,储能纤维中各组分化学结构基本稳定,在水中软化点由93℃增加到110℃。     

聚乙烯/石蜡/SBS复合相变储能材料的研究

以低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)为支撑材料,石蜡为相变材料,通过熔融共混的方法制备相变储能材料。考察了LDPE交联后的网状结构对材料性能的影响。同时在材料中加入硅藻土和白炭黑,利用其疏松多孔的结构吸附石蜡,提高相变材料中石蜡含量。研究结果表明,材料的相变潜热随石蜡含量的增加而增加,其中SBS对材料失重率的影响最大,PE次之。PE交联后的空间网状结构有助于提高材料的稳定性,改善其物理机械性能。     

吸蜡储能树脂的合成及性能研究

首次以吸附树脂作为相变材料载体,探讨了以大孔吸附树脂为载体吸附石蜡相变材料制备储能和节能颗粒。采用悬浮聚合法合成了丙烯酸酯系高吸附树脂。用偏光显微镜观察了吸蜡前、后树脂的形态变化,用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了吸附石蜡后树脂的储、放热性能。结果表明,所制得的吸蜡树脂对石蜡的最大吸附量可达8.7726 g/g,保蜡油率在94.0%以上,其相变焓为105.60 J/g。     

EPDM和HDPE包覆石蜡相变储能材料的研究

用三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)和高密度聚乙(烯HDPE)作为包覆材料,石蜡作为相变材料,通过热熔法制备了不同石蜡用量的定形相变储能材料。恒温热老化试验表明:当石蜡用量为60%时,EPDM基定形相变材料的石蜡质量损失率不超过1%,远低于HDPE基定形相变材料的9.44%。在恒温水浴试验中,随水浴时间延长,定形相变材料的质量损失率增加;而且当石蜡用量超过60%时,EPDM对石蜡的密封效果变差,质量损失率明显增加;相同条件下,EPDM基定形相变材料的密封效果优于HDPE基定形相变材料。     

PEG/APS-SiO2/O-CNTs导热增强相变材料的制备及性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为相变材料,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APS）改性的二氧化硅(SiO2)为支撑材料,以氧化壁碳纳米管(O-CNTs)为导热增强材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了PEG/APS-SiO2/O-CNTs导热增强型复合相变材料。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM、DSC等对材料的结构和热性能进行了表征。当PEG含量为82.0%时,复合相变材料仍然具有良好定型效果,熔化焓和结晶焓达到134.2 J/g、126.6 J/g,而且材料具有很好的储热稳定性,300次热循环后,其储热焓值仅下降3.3%。相比于纯PEG,添加了0.6%的O-CNTs的复合相变材料的导热增强率为28.1%, 达到0.41W/(m?K)。红外热成像结果表明,复合相变材料的储能效率明显提高。     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.