纳米SiO2质量分数对胶粘碳纤维增强树脂复合材料板-钢搭接界面黏结性能的影响

胶黏剂力学性能对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)加固钢结构的界面黏结性能影响显著。基于研制的胶黏剂配比,分析了不同纳米SiO₂质量分数对胶黏剂常温固化后基本力学性能及微观结构的影响,制作了31个CFRP板-钢板双搭接试件,对其进行了常温固化后的承载能力、有效黏结长度、传力模式、黏结-滑移本构等试验研究,得出了纳米SiO₂质量分数对CFRP板-钢板搭接试件界面黏结性能的影响规律,并与常用商品胶黏剂进行了比较。研究结果表明:随纳米SiO₂质量分数的增加,胶黏剂应力-应变关系由线性转变为非线性,应变能、断裂伸长率及剪切强度分别最高提升了292.10%、202.88%和133.12%。微观结构分析表明纳米SiO₂的添加使断面粗糙度显著增加,形成了密集的塑性空穴,产生了更多的微裂纹,使胶黏剂的韧性大幅度提高。当纳米SiO₂质量分数从0增至1wt%,搭接试件破坏模式由界面破坏逐渐变为CFRP板层离破坏。掺入纳米SiO₂能显著增加搭接试件的极限承载力(提升256.96%)及界面有效黏结长度(提升3倍),提高CFRP表面的应变及界面剪应力峰值。纳米SiO₂质量分数为0与0.5wt%的搭接试件的黏结-滑移曲线为双线性三角形模型,纳米SiO₂质量分数为1wt%的搭接试件的黏结-滑移曲线为三线性梯形模型,黏结界面韧性大幅提升。CFRP-钢界面承载能力受胶黏剂拉伸强度与断裂伸长率的双重影响,非线性高强度(即具有较高应变能)胶黏剂对应的CFRP-钢搭接接头具有更好的界面性能。      

固化剂混掺对高温下CFRP板-钢板界面黏结性能的影响

针对单一固化剂难以兼顾耐热性和韧性的不足,研究了耐热性能较好的缩胺105和韧性较好的聚醚胺D230两种固化剂混掺对纳米SiO₂环氧胶黏剂玻璃转变温度及高温下基本力学性能的影响。按一定固化条件制作了30个胶黏剂拉伸试件、21个碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)板-钢板双搭接试件,进行了高温及常温下的准静态拉伸试验、拉伸剪切试验,测试了相应胶黏剂的动态热机械性能,并与常用商品胶的耐热性能与力学性能进行比较,得到以下结论:随混掺固化剂中聚醚胺D230比重的增加,胶黏剂高温下的拉伸强度及弹性模量逐渐降低,断裂伸长率及应变能先增加后减小,缩胺105与聚醚胺D230两种固化剂混掺的推荐比例为1∶2。随固化温度的升高,具有固化剂混掺较佳比例的胶黏剂的玻璃转变温度有所提升,综合技术与经济因素,推荐(较佳)固化条件为90℃、2 h。推荐比例与推荐固化条件的纳米SiO₂环氧胶黏剂在环境温度20~70℃之间的拉伸强度及韧性均大大优于常用商品胶黏剂。基于推荐比例与推荐固化工艺的纳米SiO₂胶黏剂粘结的CFRP板-钢板搭接接头,在70℃服役温度下的荷载-位移曲线存在屈服段,承载能力(较采用单一缩胺105和单一聚醚胺D230固化剂的搭接试件分别提升了104.03%、64.43%)和延性(为采用单一缩胺105固化剂的搭接试件的2.5倍以上)均大幅提升。高温和常温下的黏结-滑移本构均为三线性四边形。胶黏剂在满足耐热性的同时,需尽可能提升其韧性,才能有效提升CFRP-钢搭接界面的力学性能。相比于常用商品胶黏剂,研制的推荐胶黏剂粘结的CFRP板-钢板搭接接头具有优越得多的承载能力和界面断裂能。      

高温下双搭接钢-CFRP板胶粘界面力学性能试验

高温环境下钢-碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)板的胶粘界面是CFRP粘贴加固钢结构的薄弱环节。为掌握温度对钢-CFRP板胶粘界面力学性能的影响,制作了双搭接接头试件,开展了3种胶粘剂在4种温度下(25℃、55℃、70℃和90℃)的静力拉伸试验。探索了接头试件的破坏模式、荷载-位移关系、CFRP板表面应变分布、界面剪应力分布和粘结-滑移关系等。结果表明:当温度低于55℃时,试件的破坏模式与胶粘剂种类相关性更大,当温度高于70℃时,不同胶粘剂的破坏模式具有相似性,且均出现了CFRP板撕裂。温度对不同胶粘试件的承载力影响存在差异,HJY-4105高韧性环氧树脂结构胶粘剂(HJY胶)试件的承载力随温度的升高而增大,LICA-100A/B 环氧树脂结构胶粘剂(LICA胶)试件的温度稳定性较差,Sikadur-30 CN双组份环氧结构加固碳板胶(SIKA30胶)试件在55℃时承载力最高。随着温度升高,胶粘层的剪切强度、界面剪应力峰值和剪切刚度下降,胶粘剂的延性增加,峰值剪应力不影响试件的抗拉强度。温度对粘结-滑移关系的影响显著,HJY胶随着温度的升高,粘结-滑移本构的延性增加,破坏模式由脆性破坏变为延性破坏。研究表明:合理的耐高温胶应用于钢结构加固,能适应自然高温环境的不利影响。      

CFRP-钢界面粘结性能试验与数值模拟

碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）与钢板的界面粘结性能为CFRP加固钢结构的关键问题之一。开展了17个CFRP板-钢板单搭接试件的拉伸剪切试验,研究了不同环氧粘结剂与CFRP材料的CFRP-钢界面力学行为和破坏模式;分析了粘结剂类型和CFRP材料对界面粘结滑移本构和界面剪切性能的影响,讨论了其承载力计算方法。结果表明：采用不同的粘结剂或CFRP材料,界面破坏形式和抗剪承载力均差异较大。采用Sika 330、Lica粘结剂的试件为CFRP板或钢板与胶层的界面破坏,采用Araldite粘结剂的试件为CFRP板浅表层离,采用Sika 30粘结剂的试件为胶层内聚破坏,采用SF（Sika S512/80）碳板的试件为CFRP板深层层离;Araldite试件的抗剪承载力为其他试件的1.7~2.9倍。Sika 330、Araldite及Lica试件粘结滑移曲线无明显下降段,属脆性破坏,而Sika 30与SF试件存在缓坡下降段,失效前有一定征兆;SF试件的粘结滑移本构可简化为三折线模型,其余试件则可简化为双线性模型。SF试件抗剪承载力需用Xia-a模型表征,其余试件则可用Xia-b模型表征。基于粘聚力模型对界面力学行为进行了数值模拟,结果表明,粘聚力模型可以较好地模拟界面的非线性力学行为,剥离应力对本单搭接试件的界面粘结强度影响很小。     

冻融循环对CFRP-烧结粘土砖界面粘结性能影响

为考察冻融循环对碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)-烧结粘土砖界面粘结性能的影响,通过模拟自然冻融环境,在试件经过不同次数的冻融循环后对其进行单面剪切试验。结果表明:在冻融循环作用下,CFRP-烧结粘土砖试件界面粘结性能发生了显著的退化,即随着冻融循环次数的增加,界面承载力和剪应力不断降低;界面剪应力在不同冻融次数下的分布具有相似性,均表现为随着荷载的增加剪应力逐渐由加载端向自由端传递,在传递过程中,有效传递长度变化不显著。在已有界面理论的基础上,根据试验提出了考虑冻融循环时间的界面粘结-滑移模型,通过对比分析,该模型能够很好地反映冻融循环作用下界面粘结性能退化规律。      

胶层厚度对碳纤维/双马来酰亚胺树脂复合材料平-折-平混合连接接头力学性能的影响

以碳纤维/双马来酰亚胺(BMI)树脂复合材料平-折-平(FJF)连接接头为对象,通过试验对比分析了特定胶层厚度下碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF连接接头的静强度和疲劳性能,并探究了胶层厚度对碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF混合接头力学性能的影响。利用背面应变技术对碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF混合接头搭接区端部胶层开裂进行监测。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同胶层厚度下碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF混合接头搭接区胶层应力分布进行了分析。结果表明,碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF混合接头的平均拉伸极限载荷、搭接区端部胶层开裂平均循环次数和平均疲劳寿命均随着胶层厚度在0.1~0.3 mm范围内增加而增大。不同胶层厚度的碳纤维/BMI树脂复合材料FJF混合接头均经历相同的失效阶段,即搭接区胶层端部开裂,胶层沿搭接区断裂扩展,最终靠近加载端孔边拉伸断裂,呈±45°断口。随着胶层厚度在0.1~0.3 mm范围的增加,搭接区端部胶层剥离应力、剪切应力及孔边胶层压缩应力均减小。在胶层厚度为0.1~0.3 mm范围内,剪应力是胶层破坏的控制因素。      

盐溶液干湿循环对CFRP-混凝土界面粘结性能的影响

为了考察盐溶液干湿循环条件对碳纤维增强复合材料（Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP）-混凝土界面粘结性能的影响,本文采用5%的NaCl溶液来模拟海水环境,经过不同次数的干湿循环后,利用单面剪切试验对48个试件界面性能的变化情况进行了研究,分析了上述环境对界面破坏形式、界面承载力及界面剪应力等参数的影响。结果表明：在盐溶液干湿循环作用下,界面粘结性能发生显著地退化,具体表现为,随着干湿循环次数的增加,界面承载力会不断降低,且下降程度与混凝土强度和CFRP的粘贴尺寸有关,界面剪应力在不同环境下的分布具有相似性,即荷载的不断增加会使剪应力逐渐由加载端向自由端传递,但在传递过程中,有效传递区域的长度不会发生改变。     

海洋大气环境对CFRP-钢界面粘结性能的影响

为研究长期海洋大气环境作用对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)-钢界面粘结性能的影响,设计并制作了36个CFRP-钢板双搭接试件,采用盐雾沉降量1～2 mL/80 (cm2·h)的盐雾箱来模拟海洋大气环境。对试件进行了疲劳加载后的静力拉伸试验,分析了环境作用时间(30、180、360天)、长期持续荷载和硅烷表面处理方式对CFRP-钢界面破坏模式和承载力的影响。研究结果表明：随着海洋大气环境作用时间增加,CFRP-钢双面搭接节点由胶层内破坏伴随CFRP层离破坏逐渐向钢-胶界面粘结失效转变。暴露360天后极限承载力最大下降了15.72%。硅烷表面处理对CFRP-钢界面耐久性提升作用较小。持续荷载导致短期环境作用下(30天)极限承载力下降了18.39%,但对长期环境作用影响很小,高应力预加疲劳导致CFRP-钢界面极限承载力最大下降了26.6%。采用Hart-Smith模型对CFRP-钢界面极限承载力进行计算,发现长期环境作用后的承载力预测值和试验值误差超过了30%。在考虑破坏模式变化对界面极限承载力的影响下进行了修正,将误差减小到最大为14.04%。     

重组竹-混凝土界面粘结-滑移本构模型

为研究胶粘剂连接的重组竹-混凝土界面粘结性能及构建粘结-滑移本构模型,对44个重组竹-混凝土粘结试件进行单剪试验,并考虑了粘结长度、重组竹粘结宽度与厚度、混凝土强度及胶层厚度等因素对粘结性能的影响。研究结果表明：在不同影响因素下,试件破坏模式基本相同,均为混凝土表面发生剥离破坏,粘结界面间裂缝从加载端产生并向自由端发展,破坏过程分为弹性阶段、软化阶段和脱粘平台阶段;界面峰值剪应力随重组竹厚度、混凝土强度、胶层厚度增加而增大,随粘结宽度增加而减小。根据试验粘结-滑移曲线,建立了重组竹-混凝土界面粘结-滑移本构模型,与实验结果进行对比,该模型能较好地反映重组竹-混凝土界面剪应力与滑移量间的关系。     

钢板屈服对CFRP-钢界面粘接性能影响的试验研究

为研究钢板屈服对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)-钢粘接界面的性能影响,开展了一系列CFRP-钢双搭接粘接节点拉伸试验和有限元模拟。以钢板厚度和CFRP粘接长度为变量,通过拉伸试验得到了钢板屈服条件下的节点拉伸荷载-位移曲线、有效粘接长度和失效模式。试验结果表明,15 mm厚钢板的粘接节点在破坏之前表现为弹性状态,而8 mm厚钢板的粘接节点在破坏前钢板已经屈服并进入塑性状态。钢板屈服使得节点的荷载-位移曲线由线性变为非线性,且钢板屈服时节点的失效位移增加;随着钢板屈服,节点的失效模式由CFRP层离破坏变为CFRP层离和钢板-胶层界面脱粘混合模式,且随着钢板屈服程度的增大,钢板-胶层脱粘面积也在增大。根据本文所采用的节点试件及所选取的材料属性,当8 mm厚钢板节点在出现钢板屈服后,其最大失效位移约为15 mm厚钢板节点的4.2倍,但其承载力仅为15 mm厚钢板节点的69.92%。即节点由于钢板屈服所获得的延性是以节点承载力降低为代价的。从有限元结果可以发现,当钢板屈服程度增加,节点失效位置将会从接头处转移至粘接接头远端,有效粘接长度也随之减小。     

搭接长度和铺层方式对CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构连接性能和损伤行为的影响

针对不同搭接长度和铺层方式的碳纤维增强树脂（CFRP）复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构进行了拉伸试验,观察了试件的受力过程和失效形态,获得了载荷-位移曲线;同时基于连续损伤力学模型和三维Hashin失效准则模拟了CFRP复合材料层合板的层内损伤形成和演化,并利用内聚力模型来模拟层间及胶层的失效损伤,对CFRP复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构在拉伸作用下的失效强度和损伤机制进行了预测,通过对比验证了该数值方法的有效性;通过数值试验比较不同搭接长度和铺层方式的单搭胶接结构及双搭胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为,并提出了一种优化的CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构。结果表明:CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的极限失效载荷随着搭接长度的增大逐渐增加并趋于稳定值,且结构的失效形式逐渐从胶层自身剪切失效过渡到邻近胶层的层合板层间分层失效;CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为随着铺层方式的不同而改变,通过对3种铺层方式的对比和分析,得到性能最好的铺层方式是[0₃/90₃]_2S;在搭接长度为5~20 mm时,通过对搭接长度进行优化,得到单搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是17 mm,双搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是19.3 mm,与搭接长度为20 mm相比,单搭胶接结构和双搭胶接结构的连接强度分别提高了13.26%和0.43%。      

Effect of carbon nanotube modified epoxy adhesive on CFRP-to-steel interface

The effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) modified epoxy adhesive on CFRP-to-steel interfaces were investigated using double strap joints. The bond behaviours studied were failure modes, bond interface at microlevel, bond strength, effective bond length, CFRP strain distribution and bond-slip relationships.For the first time, a novel type of failure in the CFRP-steel joint was discovered, attributable to weak bonding between woven mesh and CFRP fibres. This failure mode prevented exploitation of the full potential of the carbon fibres and the CNT modified epoxy adhesive. Joints bonded with CNT-epoxy adhesive had an effective bond length of about 60 mm, whereas that of joints bonded with pure epoxy was about 70 mm. The CNT-epoxy adhesive can transfer more load from the host structure to the bonded CFRP laminates, consequently modifying bond behaviour. It is therefore expected that CNT-epoxy nanocomposites will assist in the strengthening and rehabilitation of steel infrastructures using CFRP laminates.     

Experimental study on CFRP-to-steel bonded interfaces

This paper presents an experimental study on the behaviour of CFRP-to-steel bonded interfaces through the testing of a series of single-lap bonded joints. The parameters examined include the material properties and the thickness of the adhesive layer and the axial rigidity of the CFRP plate. The test results demonstrate that the bond strength of such bonded joints depends strongly on the interfacial fracture energy among other factors. Nonlinear adhesives with a lower elastic modulus but a larger strain capacity are shown to possess a much higher interfacial fracture energy than linear adhesives with a similar or even a higher tensile strength. The variation of the interfacial shear stress distribution in a bonded joint as the applied load increases clearly illustrates the existence of an effective bond length. The bond–slip curve is shown to have an approximately triangular shape for a linear adhesive but to have an approximately trapezoidal shape for a nonlinear adhesive, indicating the necessity of developing different forms of bond–slip models for different adhesives.     

Wet thermo-mechanical behavior of steel–CFRP joints – An experimental study

The long term durability of CFRP strengthened steel structures is a key parameter for their safe use and effective design. Strengthened members can be subjected to different environmental conditions and loading scenarios during their service life, the effect of which on the failure mechanism of the strengthened member requires fundamental investigations. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the effects of wet thermo-mechanical loading on the bond strength and the failure mode of steel–CFRP single lap joints. A total of thirty four steel–CFRP single lap shear specimens were prepared and exposed to different combinations of wet thermal cycle ranges and sustained loads. The results show that these conditions (wet thermal cycles and sustained loads) have little impact on the bond strength of steel–CFRP lap joint when applied separately. However, when applied simultaneously, the bond strength of the joint is significantly reduced with failure observed at less than 30% of the static strength under temperatures that are well below the glass transition temperature of the adhesive.     

基于遗传算法的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构的多目标优化

基于遗传算法对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)层合板单搭胶接结构进行了多目标优化,以提高其结构性能。首先,通过三维Hashin准则和三角形内聚力模型建立三维有限元模型来预测CFRP层内损伤过程、层间失效和胶层损伤过程,并通过试验验证其有效性。其次,利用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)方法和二次多项式响应面法(RSM),基于搭接长度、胶层厚度和被胶接件宽度等胶接参数建立以拉伸强度和剪切强度为目标函数的多目标优化代理模型。最后,基于遗传算法(GA)对拉伸强度和剪切强度代理模型进行优化,得出一组Pareto解集,并基于理想解排序方法(TOPSIS)对Pareto非劣解集进行折中处理,得到最好的胶接参数设计方案。结果表明:CFRP层合板单搭胶接结构的数值模拟结果与试验结果相比具有很高的吻合度,验证了有限元方法的可靠性;CFRP层合板单搭胶接结构的拉伸强度和剪切强度与搭接长度、胶层厚度和被胶接件宽度具有显著的关联性;二次响应面代理模型结果与数值模拟结果相比误差均小于2.3%;与常规的单搭胶接结构方案进行对比,搭接拉伸强度和剪切强度分别提高了2.65%和17.24%。      

Composite-to-metal tubular lap joints: strength and fatigue resistance

The axial strength and fatigue resistance of thick-walled, adhesively bonded E-glass composite-to-aluminum tubular lap joints have been measured for tensile and compressive loadings. The joint specimen bonds a 63 mm OD aluminium tube within each end of a 300 mm long, 6 mm thick E-glass/epoxy tube. Untapered, 12.5 mm thick aluminium adherends were used in all but four of the joint specimens. The aluminum adherends in the remaining four specimens were tapered to a thickness of 1 mm at the inner bond end (the bond end where the aluminum adherend terminates). For all loadings, joint failure initiates at the inner bond end as a crack grows in the adhesive adjacent to the interface. Test results for a tension-tension fatigue loading indicate that fatigue can severely degrade joint performance. Interestingly, measured tensile strength and fatigue resistance for joints with untapered adherends is substantially greater than compressive strength and fatigue resistance.The joint specimen has been analyzed in two different ways: one approach models the adhesive as an uncracked, elastic-perfectly plastic material, while the other approach uses a linear elastic fracture mechanics methodology. Results for the uncracked, elastic-plastic adhesive model indicate that observed bond failure occurs in the region of highest calculated stresses, extensive bond yielding occurs at load levels well below that required to fail the joint, and a tensile peel stress is generated by a compressive joint loading when the aluminum adherends are untapered. This latter result is consistent with the observed joint tensile-compressive strength differential. Results of the linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis of a joint with untapered aluminum adherends are also consistent with the observed differential strength effect since a mode I crack loading is predicted for a compressive joint loading. Calculations and a limited number of tests suggest that it may be possible to selectively control the differential strength effect by tapering the aluminum adherends. The effect of adherend material and thickness on fracture mechanics parameters is also investigated. The paper concludes by examining the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to the joints tested.     

Failure of carbon composite-to-aluminum joints with combined mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding

Composite-to-aluminum double lap joints were tested to obtain the failure loads and modes for three types of joints: adhesive bonding, bolt fastening and adhesive-bolt hybrid joining. A film type adhesive FM73 and a paste type adhesive EA9394S were used for aluminum and composite bonding. A digital microscope camcorder was used to monitor the failure of the joints. It was found that hybrid joining improves joint strength when the mechanical fastening is stronger than the bonding, as when the paste type adhesive is used. On the other hand, when the strength of the bolted joint is lower than that of the bonded joint, as when the film type adhesive is used, bolt joining contributes little to the strength of the hybrid joint.