服役低温老化对铝合金-玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料粘接接头力学性能的影响及失效预测

为了给铝合金-玄武岩纤维增强树脂(BFRP)复合材料粘接结构在汽车工业中的应用提供参考和指导,加工了铝合金-BFRP复合材料粘接接头。结合汽车服役中的温度区间,选取?10℃和?40℃的低温老化环境,对接头进行0、10、20、30天的老化。对老化后的粘接接头进行准静态拉伸试验和剪切试验,得到不同老化时间下铝合金-BFRP粘接接头的准静态失效强度。结合DSC和FTIR分析低温老化对BFRP复合材料的影响,并对粘接接头的失效断面进行宏观分析和SEM分析。结果表明:在低温老化环境中,胶粘剂与BFRP复合材料的化学性质受低温老化作用影响不大,BFRP中的官能团与玻璃化转变温度(T_g)没有发生明显的变化,接头的失效强度和失效模式主要受胶粘剂与粘接基材的热应力影响。对于拉伸接头,随着低温老化时间的增加,BFRP复合材料纤维与树脂基体间的结合力降低,铝合金-BFRP复合材料接头的失效断面中纤维撕裂的比例逐渐减少,拉伸接头失效强度逐渐下降。老化后剪切接头仍为内聚失效,BFRP复合材料的低温老化对铝合金-BFRP复合材料剪切接头的失效强度几乎没有影响,剪切接头失效强度的下降主要是胶粘剂与粘接基材热膨胀系数不一致引起的热应力的影响。采用二次应力准则公式对?10℃和?40℃低温环境下,拉应力、剪应力值随老化时间的变化规律进行了拟合,在此失效准则的基础上,根据响应面原理,建立接头失效强度随老化时间变化的三维曲面,为粘接技术在车身结构中的工程应用提供参考。      

铝合金-BFRP粘接接头的服役高温老化力学性能及失效预测EI北大核心CSCD

选取50℃和80℃的高温老化环境,结合设计的测试夹具测得高温老化0,10,20,30天后铝合金-BFRP(玄武岩纤维增强树脂基复合材料)粘接接头在1 mm/min加载速率下的准静态抗拉强度与剪切强度,并对接头的失效断面进行宏观分析。结果表明:80℃高温老化后,胶黏剂发生后固化反应,力学性能增强,BFRP发生化学键断裂,玻璃化转变温度(T g)降低;老化30天后,接头的抗拉强度下降,剪切强度上升;30天后拉伸接头失效断面出现分层,剪切接头出现胶层内聚与纤维撕裂的混合失效;50℃高温老化后,胶黏剂的力学性能略微上升,拉伸接头的失效强度变化不大,失效模式以纤维撕裂和分层为主;剪切接头的失效强度略微上升,失效模式以胶层内聚为主。根据二次应力准则对抗拉强度和剪切强度进行曲线拟合;根据响应面原理,建立失效准则随老化时间的响应面方程,用以对铝合金-BFRP粘接结构胶层的裂纹产生和扩展进行预测。     

服役温度对铝合金-碳纤维增强树脂复合材料粘接接头准静态失效的影响

为了研究服役温度对铝合金-碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP)复合材料粘接接头准静态失效的影响，本文加工了铝合金-CFRP复合材料粘接接头。考虑车辆实际运行工况下的服役温度，选取低温(?40℃)、常温(20℃)和高温(80℃)三种环境温度，结合设计的Arcan夹具对铝合金-CFRP复合材料粘接接头分别进行1 mm/min和100 mm/min的准静态试验，得到不同温度下铝合金-CFRP复合材料对接接头(BJs)、45°嵌接接头(45°SJs)和剪切接头(TSJs)的准静态失效强度，并结合失效断面对接头失效形式进行分析，建立了失效准则方程和三维响应曲面。结果表明:不同加载速率下的铝合金-CFRP复合材料粘接接头失效强度在高温环境下均呈明显的下降趋势，在低温环境下均呈一定程度的上升趋势。高温下的失效模式为胶层的内聚失效，低温下的失效模式中纤维撕裂的比例上升。相对于1 mm/min加载速率下的准静态失效强度，各温度和应力状态下的铝合金-CFRP复合材料粘接接头在100 mm/min加载速率下的准静态失效强度明显提高。      

三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料高温老化后低速冲击性质

研究了三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料在180℃高温环境下老化不同时间后的低速冲击力学性能,测试得到了不同老化时间的试样在低速冲击过程中的载荷-位移曲线。研究发现:随着老化时间增加,三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料能承受的最大载荷下降,位移逐渐增加,载荷-位移曲线斜率逐渐下降;随着冲击能量增加,老化条件相同的三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样最大承受载荷增大,位移和曲线斜率增加。对高温老化后三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样进行SEM观察,发现纤维与树脂基体脱粘有裂纹产生,且裂纹数目和面积随着老化时间延长而增加。      

交变载荷对CFRP复合材料-铝合金粘接接头剩余强度的影响

为了给碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料粘接结构的安全设计及应用提供参考,针对CFRP复合材料-铝合金对接接头,研究了拉-拉交变载荷作用下的疲劳寿命特性及剩余强度变化规律。设计专用夹具,完成接头的制作及固化,并测试其拉伸、剪切准静态失效强度,在此基础上进行不同载荷水平下的疲劳寿命测试。选取特定载荷水平,测试不同循环次数后的接头剩余强度,并对失效形式进行观察分析。结果表明:CFRP复合材料-铝合金对接接头强度-寿命（S-N）曲线在单对数坐标上符合线性函数规律;随着交变载荷循环周期的增加,接头剩余强度呈先慢后快的下降趋势,而且在较大的载荷水平下,下降幅度更为明显;经历交变载荷循环前、后接头失效形式发生改变,由局部CFRP复合材料表层撕裂转变为局部界面破坏。结合试验测试所获得的初始失效准则,并引入疲劳退化因子,建立内聚力模型对交变载荷作用下的粘接接头强度衰减进行数值模拟,结果表明所建立模型能够有效预测交变载荷作用下的接头剩余强度。      

基于深度信念网络的玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料耐久性预测

采用紫外线老化试验箱模拟大气环境中的紫外线进行加速老化试验,对玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料（BFRP）及环氧树脂在紫外线环境中的耐久性进行了研究。通过BFRP及环氧树脂经紫外线老化后的拉伸强度、弹性模量、断裂延伸率的变化,结合深度信念网络（DBN）的方法,预测BFRP及环氧树脂拉伸强度、弹性模量的变化趋势;并提出以同批次非破坏性试件的弹性模量作为BFRP耐久性的评价指标。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,BFRP及环氧树脂的拉伸强度及断裂延伸率均先提高后下降,但弹性模量趋于平缓下降; DBN得到的预测值与试验值相对误差基本在10%以内,表明DBN进行BFRP及环氧树脂耐久性预测的有效性;以非破坏性试件的弹性模量来评价BFRP的耐久性更具科学性。      

高温环境下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料的层间力学性能老化行为与失效预测

为了研究碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP)复合材料层间力学性能在高温环境中的老化失效行为,设计了CFRP复合材料层间拉伸和层间剪切实验,在高温(80℃)环境中进行0(未老化)、 120 h、 240 h、 360 h、 480 h、 600 h和720 h的老化测试,分析CFRP层间失效强度和失效形式随老化时间的变化规律,得到随高温老化的二次应力准则响应面。建立CFRP复合材料层间力学性能预测模型,得到不同老化衰减系数下的退化模型,并通过CFRP复合材料层间仿真模型进行了验证。结果表明:随着高温老化时间的增加,层间拉伸和层间剪切强度总体上都发生了一定程度的退化,层间拉伸时更容易发生碳纤维丝剥离,层间剪切发生局部的树脂剥离,纤维之间的分层更加明显,高温老化使树脂与纤维丝的界面结合力显著下降。通过CFRP复合材料层间力学性能随高温老化的二次应力准则,计算不同老化时间后的内聚力模型参数,预测CFRP复合材料在高温老化条件下的层间强度,发现仿真与实验误差小于10%,说明了CFRP复合材料层间失效预测模型的准确性。     

温度老化对GFRP/BFRP筋残余弯曲性能的影响

对玻璃/玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(GFRP/BFRP)筋材在温度老化作用后的弯曲性能进行了试验研究,重点探讨了不同作用温度及恒温时间对不同直径的两类FRP筋材的弯曲性能影响特性,同时采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对温度老化作用后部分GFRP/BFRP筋的微观结构变化及损伤机理进行了分析.试验与分析结果表明:(1)温度老化作用后GFRP/BFRP筋材弯曲强度与最大应变随作用温度升高均呈阶段性下降的趋势,而弯曲弹性模量无明显退化,其保留率均在90％以上;(2)温度老化作用后直径较大的GFRP筋材的弯曲性能退化更为明显;且G12筋的弯曲性能保留率退化曲线均高于B12筋,说明BFRP筋的弯曲性能对温度作用更为敏感;(3)在270℃高温环境下,GFRP/BFRP筋弯曲性能随着恒温时间的延长均呈现线性下降趋势;(4)结合试验结果和SEM微观结构分析,可认为造成温度老化作用后两类FRP筋弯曲强度退化的主要原因是纤维与树脂基体间协同工作效果和纤维-树脂基体界面性能的显著降低.最后,结合本试验结果,给出了500℃以内温度老化作用后GFRP/BFRP筋材弯曲强度退化的计算模型以及线性插值预测方法,便于实际工程应用.     

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头拉伸失效机制

通过试验及数值模拟对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头轴向拉伸失效机制进行研究。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,通过连续介质损伤模型及内聚区模型,分别对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头各部件及界面进行模拟,编写用户自定义材料子程序(UMAT),建立复合材料的渐进损伤模型,最终得到碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头的应力分布和载荷-位移曲线,并与试验结果对比确定结构的失效机制。结果表明:有限元分析所得碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料缠绕接头损伤部位及失效模式与试验吻合,失效载荷与试验值相差较小,证明仿真分析方法的有效性。通过对比失效模式发现,拉伸载荷作用下,链环是主承力部件,其弧形端部是应力集中处,纤维断裂即从此处开始发生并向外扩展,导致链环断裂及整体结构破坏。      

高温老化对T700/HT280双马来酰亚胺复合材料疲劳性能的影响

以多向铺层碳纤维增强双马来酰亚胺(T700/HT280)复合材料和双马来酰亚胺(HT280)树脂为研究对象,采用刚度降的方法研究高温老化对复合材料抗疲劳性能的影响。测量了复合材料和树脂的质损率,并利用FTIR、超声C扫描和动态力学热分析仪(DMA)对高温老化前后材料的化学结构、内部损伤、动态力学行为进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着高温老化时间的延长,两种材料的质损率均呈现先迅速增加后缓慢增加的变化规律。经历长期高温老化后,树脂发生了热氧老化。HT280树脂动态力学性能的变化归因于后固化与热老化效应,T700/HT280复合材料则归因于后固化、热老化和界面脱粘的综合作用。高温老化后T700/HT280复合材料刚度下降的速率与幅度明显小于原始态,表明高温老化后复合材料的后固化与热老化的强化效应明显,导致其抗疲劳性能有一定的提高。     

On the mechanical behavior of BFRP to aluminum AA6086 mixed joints

The aim of this work is to analyze the possibility to join aluminum alloy AA6086 and composite laminates reinforced with basalt fibers, an innovative material which use is growing in several applications as an alternative to glass fibers. To this goal, three joining techniques were investigated: mechanical by Self Piercing Riveting (in the next called SPR), adhesive by co-curing technique and mixed in which the joining techniques (i.e. adhesive and mechanical) were combined. Two manufacturing technologies (i.e. hand lay-up and vacuum bagging) were used both to produce composite substrates and to realize co-curing adhesion between the substrates to be joined. Mixed joints were realized by inserting the rivets in co-cured joints after 48 h than the initial phase of the curing process (i.e. the phase of mixing the resin with own hardener). Overall, six lots of joints were realized (two for each joining technique). All joints were characterized by performing single lap joint tests. The mechanical results were analyzed through a two way analysis of variance.The experimental results show that adhesive joints, realized by vacuum bagging method, show average failure load 22.9% higher and standard deviation 70.6% lower than those realized by hand lay-up, respectively. This means that the vacuum bagging technology allows to increase the adhesion strength of the interface between metal sheet and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (in the next BFRP), allowing the above failure load growth. Furthermore the failure mechanisms change from adhesive mode to partially cohesive one for the adhesive joints realized by hand lay-up and vacuum bagging, respectively. By comparing mixed joints, different results are obtained: i.e. the hand lay-up joints show both higher average failure load (+42.9%) and standard deviation (+208.3%) than those realized by vacuum bagging. The poor performances of the mixed joints realized by vacuum bagging can be considered due to the excessive value of the chosen riveting load. Statistically, two variables were investigated: i.e. joining technology (i.e. mechanical, adhesive and mixed) and manufacturing process (i.e. hand lay-up and vacuum bagging). These can influence the properties of the joints. In particular, the joining technology results a significant factor. Moreover, an interaction between the two variables exists.     

Strength prediction of adhesive joints after cyclic moisture conditioning using a cohesive zone model

This paper presents a methodology to predict the strength of adhesive joints under variable moisture conditions. The moisture uptake in adhesive joints was determined using a history dependent moisture prediction methodology where diffusion coefficients were based on experimental cyclic moisture uptake of bulk adhesive samples. The predicted moisture concentrations and moisture diffusion history were used in a structural analysis with a cohesive zone model to predict damage and failure of the joints. A moisture concentration and moisture history dependent bilinear cohesive zone law was used. The methodology was used to determine the damage and failure in aluminium alloy – epoxy adhesive single lap joints, conditioned at 50 °C and good predictions of failure load were observed. The damage in the adhesive joints decreased the load carrying capacity before reaching the failure load and a nonlinear relationship between the load and displacement was observed. Changes in crack initiation and crack propagation were also observed between different types of joints. The presented methodology is generic and may be applied to different types of adhesive joint and adhesive.     

双斜接修补复合材料层合板的拉伸行为及影响因素双斜接修补复合材料层合板的拉伸行为及影响因素

基于试验和有限元数值方法对双斜接修补碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料层合板在拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为开展研究。通过试验分析了两种不同厚度的双斜接修补复合材料结构的承载能力和失效形式。结果表明,对于不同厚度的双斜接修补复合材料结构,失效强度接近,主要破坏形式均以胶层内聚破坏为主,伴随局部的90°基体开裂。利用连续介质损伤力学模型和内聚力模型分别对复合材料和胶层失效进行描述,通过数值方法开展双斜接修补结构的强度预测和损伤演化分析。数值结果与试验吻合较好,并且指出复合材料基体开裂起始早于胶层失效。通过有限元模型讨论了附加层、双斜接内部尖端所处位置和修补胶层参数对修补性能的影响。      

Environmental effects on bamboo-glass/polypropylene hybrid composites

The effects of environmental aging and accelerated aging on tensile and flexural behavior of bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composite (BFRP) and bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polypropylene hybrid composite (BGRP), all with a 30% (by mass) fiber content, were studied by exposing the samples in water at 25°C for up to 1600 h and at 75°C for up to 600 h. Reduction in tensile strength for BFRP and BGRP was 12.2% and 7.5%, respectively, after aging at 25°C for about 1200 h. Tensile and flexural strength of BFRP and BGRP were reduced by 32%, 11.7%, and 27%, 7.5% respectively, after aging at 75°C for 600 h. While the strengths of the bamboo fiber reinforced composites reduce with sorption time and temperature, the environmental degradation process can be delayed by adding a small amount of glass fiber. Moisture sorption and strength reduction are further suppressed by using maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent in both types of composite system.     

Strength calculation of composite single lap joints with Fiber-Tear-Failure

The Fiber-Tear-Failure (FTF) is a common mode of failure in the adhesively bonded single lap joint having continuous fiber reinforced composite. Within single lap joints, presence of material and geometric discontinuities restrict the applicability of strength of material based approach for failure load prediction. Zone based approach appears promising in tackling discontinuity issues provided the right failure criterion and critical zone size are known. In this paper, a right failure prediction criterion is identified that can be used for the Fiber-Tear-Failure load prediction using zone based approach. Using a carbon fiber composite and an epoxy paste adhesive, failure modes were generated experimentally using different dimensions of lap joints. Several stress/strain based failure criteria for composite were tested. Critical zone size was calculated by performing the finite element analysis on a single lap joint with known failure load. For other joints, failure loads were calculated by adjusting the input loads in the analysis such that the failed zone size became the same as the critical zone size. The result reveals that Azzi–Tsai (Norris) criterion is capable of predicting failure loads of single lap joints with FTF.     

玄武岩纤维增强聚合物筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱轴压试验

为了解决南海岛礁强腐蚀海洋环境下普通钢筋混凝土结构耐久性不足的问题,提出一种新型玄武岩纤维增强聚合物(BFRP)筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱。对15根混凝土柱进行了轴压试验,分析了试件的受力过程和破坏形态,获得了荷载-位移和荷载-应变曲线,揭示了BFRP筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱的破坏机制。结果表明:BFRP筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱破坏模式具有三阶段特征,破坏始于强度较低的珊瑚礁石骨料,最终为珊瑚礁石骨料和交界面的整体破坏;相同配筋率下,BFRP筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱的承载力与钢筋增强珊瑚礁砂混凝土柱相当。      

考虑脱粘的复合材料加筋板屈曲后屈曲及承载能力数值分析

建立了复合材料层合加筋壁板的屈曲后屈曲有限元分析模型。该模型采用界面单元以有效模拟筋条和壁板之间的连接界面, 连接界面和复合材料层板分别采用Quads和Hashin失效准则作为失效判据, 引入材料刚度退化模型, 采用非线性有限元方法, 研究了复合材料加筋壁板在压缩载荷下的前后屈曲平衡路径及破坏过程。数值分析结果与实验结果吻合良好, 证明了该方法的合理有效性。详细探讨了筋条尺寸及界面单元强度等参数对加筋壁板屈曲后屈曲行为及承载能力的影响规律, 研究表明增加筋条截面惯性矩及筋条密度在一定程度上能有效提高加筋板的屈曲载荷与极限强度, 筋条密度增加到一定程度会引起结构破坏形式由失稳破坏?湮顾跗苹? 界面强度与铺层方式对极限强度有重要影响, 界面脱粘是引起加筋板最终破坏的重要因素。