Zukunftssichere und umweltneutrale Beseitigung von Industrieabfällen

Low environmental-impact disposal of solid, liquid and semisolid industrial residues . In many production plants, waste residues are formed which must be treated before their disposal so as to safeguard against environmental pollution. Industrial methods for the treatment and disposal of residues are so multifarious that each disposal problem requires careful consideration so as to ensure selection of the most suitable method, both from the ecological and economical point of view. Dumping grounds cannot accommodate all waste materials without endangering or disturbing the environment. For incineration, proven methods are available which can be modified to suit the particular waste problem at hand. After a suitable pretreatment every effort must be made to achieve a waste free from organic materials, an optimum utilization of heat and a flue gas purification without inadmissible loading of waste gases and waters. In recent years there has been a considerable increase in research and development activities in the area of thermal treatment of solid, liquid and semi-solid wastes. Worth mentioning are the high-temperature methods giving favourable emission values and methods for degasification and gasification directed at the recovery of important raw materials. Plants based on these principles are currently being operated on the pilot scale.     

水泥窑处理工业废物的工厂实验研究

Destruction of industrial waste in cement rotary kilins(CRKs) is an alternative technology for the treatment of certain types of industrial waste(IW).In this paper,three typical types of industrial wastes were co-incinerated in the CRK at Beijing Cement Plant to determine the effects of waste disposal(especially solid waste disposal )on the quality of clinker and the concentration of pollutants in air emission.Experimental results show that(1) waste disposal does not affect the quality of clinker and fly ash,and fly ash after the IW disposal can still be used in the cement production,(2) heavy metals from IW are immobilized and stabilized in the clinker and cement,and (3) concentration of pollutants in air emission is far below than the permitted values in the China National Standard-Air Pollutants Emission Standard(GB 16297-1996).     

Rohstoffliches Recycling von glasfaserverstärktem Polyamid‐6

It is well known that polyamide 6 (PA‐6) can be depolymerised to regenerate caprolactam monomer by treatment with phosphoric acid, and can thus be subjected to tertiary recycling (=according ASTM D 5033‐90: the process technologies of producing chemicals from scrap or waste plastics). However, broad general application of this process — widely used in industrial practice especially for PA‐6 fibre waste — to fibreglass‐reinforced or filled PA‐6 is precluded by the fact that phosphoric acid reacts with the fillers. This causes a high phosphoric acid consumption; moreover, the method gives an unsatisfactory yield of caprolactam (around 56%) and also requires costly disposal of phosphorus‐containing waste. Therefore, processes have been developed for tertiary recycling of fibreglass‐reinforced or filled polyamide 6, which plays an important role as an engineering plastic. Two different processes have been investigated, viz. hydrolytic depolymerisation and catalysed depolymerisation in vacuum.     

Sustainable approach to biotransform industrial sludge into organic fertilizer via vermicomposting: a mini‐review

Currently, industrial sludge is generated in large amounts. Industrial sludge is a solid or semi‐solid material consisting of all compounds removed from wastewater, as well as any substances added to the biological and chemical operation units during the treatment process. The composition of sludge may vary considerably. Furthermore, distinctive treatment and disposal methods are necessary as sludge produced from different industries has different characteristics. Therefore, processing and disposing of industrial sludge is a challenging and complex environmental problem. Landfilling, incineration and agricultural land application are the three most commonly employed methods for the disposal of industrial sludge. Among the three methods, the agricultural land application is a convenient and economical disposal alternative for industrial sludge. However, industrial sludge could have high putrescible content and pathogenic hazards. One possible way to ensure that the industrial sludge could be reused on agricultural land is by conditioning and stabilizing the sludge using a pretreatment process. One of the pretreatment processes which could be employed in this context is vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is an alternative for biological stabilization of organic wastes, with the addition of earthworms. Through vermicomposting, industrial sludge could be transformed into matured organic fertilizer or vermicompost in a shorter period. Thus, this work reviewed the recent literature on utilizing the vermicomposting process to manage industrial sludge in order to assess the feasibility of this technology. The present review also provides a brief overview of the production and treatment methods of industrial sludge. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Verbrennungsanlage mit Rauchgaswäsche für die Beseitigung von Chemie-Abfällen

Incineration plant with flue-gas scrubbers for disposal of chemical waste . Incineration plant No. II installed at the Bayer Facilities at Leverkusen/Germany has been in regular operation since November 1977 after a previous one-year period of testing. About 25 000 t of industrial waste per year can be burnt in this plant, simultaneously producing nearly 140 000 t of steam. The plant consists of a bunker building, a rotary kiln and secondary combustion chamber, including all the feeding equipment for solid, viscous, and liquid wastes, as well as a boiler, an electrostatic dust precipitator, and a wet gas cleaning unit. This latter unit consists of an injection cooler (quencher), two rotary scrubbers, and a jet scrubber. The cleaned flue gas is reheated in two heat exchangers and is discharged from a suction blower through a 100 m high chimney into the atmosphere. Around the chimney several measuring instruments are installed to check and continuously record the type and amount of emission. The scrubber water is sent to the company waste water treatment plant; the solid ashes and dust are dumped separately. The average incineration costs are DM 400 per ton of waste.     

The treatment and disposal of waste brine solutions

A serious limitation in the use of desalination plants producing concentrated solutions is the lack of adequate methods of waste brine disposal such that the brine does not re-enter and contaminate the raw water inlet system.Various options for the potential disposal of waste brines have been presented. Procedures which enable the separation, precipitation and chemical transformation of specific species have been discussed. In addition, the implementation of various waste brine disposal options has been illustrated by means of case studies for a range of industrial processes.     

Biotechnology for industrial sustainability

Until recently waste production was seen as an inevitable outcome of industrial production and processing, and a problem that could be managed by end-of-pipe andin situ biotreatment, disposal, or simply be ignored. However the introduction of clean, or cleaner, technology options now is focussing attention on the minimisation of materials and energy use, and waste generation, and upon recycle. Thus clean technology has emerged as a concept that is compatible with industrial sustainability, and whose environmental benefitsand economic competitiveness have been demonstrable over a range of industrial sectors. Biotechnology is an enabling technology that offers one important route to clean products and processes; it provides powerful and versatile tools that can compete with chemical and physical means of reducing both material and energy consumption, and the generation of wastes and emissions. The wide penetration of biotechnology in industry has still to occur but many examples of its ability to deliver clean and competitive products and processes are now available particularly through the development and application of biocatalysts. The introduction of clean or cleaner processing does not necessarily entail a complete change in manufacturing strategy or the refitting of plant. Upgrading existing manufacturing processes by fitting biotechnology unit stages illustrates the opportunities for such intermediate technology. Nevertheless, for biotechnology to achieve its full potential as a basis for clean industrial products and processes beyond its current applications, innovative R&D will be needed. The successful application of biotechnology as a clean technology is illustrated in this review through a series of case studies, while the innovative nature of biotechnology in this context is demonstrated by the development and application of novel biocatalysts.     

Sonderverfahren der Beseitigung industrieller Abfälle – ihre Auswirkungen und Entwicklungstendenzen

Special processes for the disposal of industrial waste products – the mode of action and development tendencies . The amount of hazardous wastes is decreasing, as the costs of treatment, resources and energy increase. As a consequence, recycling and non-waste-technologies are being encouraged. The techniques of deep-well injection, encapsulation, solidification, incineration disposal at sea and the further development of these techniques are discussed.     

泥窑协同处置危险废物生产过程的危险有害因素辨识分析

水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾、污泥和工业危险废弃物已被国际公认是最有效、最安全的废弃物处置技术。本文采用系统安全分析法,对水泥窑协同处置危险废物生产过程进行危险、有害因素辨识分析。该分析结果为企业安全技术和安全管理措施的制订与实施提供理论依据,是企业安全生产的根本保证。     

Abfallbeseitigung auf See — Stand und Tendenzen

Waste disposal at sea – state of the art and developments . The article starts by describing the legal situation governing the disposal of waste at sea and then considers the licensing procedure according to the ?Oslo-London treaty law”?. The Federal German Department of the Environment is also involved in this licensing procedure in that it is responsible for examining the possibilities of disposal on land. The quantities of material for disposal have been considerably reduced in recent years in all areas. The disposal of sewage sludge and of dilute acids (from the production of organic dyes and pigments) in the North Sea has now stopped completely. The amount of waste for disposal from TiO₂ production has been greatly reduced and stepwise cessation is planned by the mid -1980's. The incineration of waste on the high seas has also been restricted and will also be stopped in the long term. The results of ongoing and completed research are reported.     

微波技术在垃圾焚烧飞灰处置利用中的应用探讨

微波加热处置飞灰技术具有高效、节能、清洁等优点,虽然目前已经有了一些实验研究,但仍存在缺少大型工业化设备、难以实现大规模、连续处理应用等技术性问题。本文简述了垃圾焚烧飞灰的处置现状以及微波特性和加热机理。综合近年来的微波应用情况,介绍了微波处置飞灰的机理和应用进展,并将处置方法分为微波水热浸取、微波水热固化、微波烧结以及微波氧化脱除二 英等四大类进行分别阐述,分析了这几种处置方式可以达到的应用效果、存在的优缺点以及和传统的飞灰处置方式的成本对比。最后指出了要实现微波大规模应用,必须攻克设备工业化难关,提出了必须继续深入微波在飞灰处置领域研究的建议,从而实现微波处置工艺系统化、工业化。     

Modelling the performance of membrane nanofiltration—recovery of a high-value product from a process waste stream

For traditional separation processes there are widely available process design methodologies for scale-up and optimization. However, there is an increasing need for such a rational approach to membrane separation processes, identifying at an early stage operating limits and process options. Such predictive models will reduce development risk and time, thus promoting the wider use of membrane technology in process industries such as pharmaceutical manufacture. Design methods exist that have been verified experimentally at the laboratory scale for simple aqueous solutions. There is now a need for the application of the existing theoretical and experimental methods to separations of real industrial interest.In this paper, we demonstrate this philosophy by describing the rationale for modelling the performance of membrane nanofiltration (NF) used in the recovery of sodium cefuroxime, an industrially important cephalosporin antibiotic having activity against most gram-positive cocci. Sodium cefuroxime is produced in a multi-stage biotransformation process with final purification achieved by low-temperature crystallization with excess quantities of sodium lactate. The efficiency of the crystallization process is not 100% and cefuroxime is lost in the waste stream from the crystallization units. Traditionally, this waste stream has been sent for industrial disposal as the concentrations of sodium cefuroxime are too low for normal separation processes to recover.A systematic study of three commercially available membranes indicated that the Desal-5-DK membrane was most suitable for the recovery process. Excellent agreement between the experimental findings and model predictions was observed for batch NF and a membrane charge isotherm was developed for use in process modelling. The full-scale recovery process was modelled theoretically and NF proved more than adequate for the separation required. An estimate of the industrial scale process operating constraints was made and the NF process was considered as a favourable modification to existing plants.     

电解锰渣替代工业石膏用作水泥缓凝剂的试验研究

电解锰渣是电解锰加工行业中常见的一种工业固废,目前的处置方式主要为地下填埋或者露天堆存,其大量无序堆放带来了严重的环保问题。随着新环保法的实施,地方政府和电解锰加工企业面临的环保形势更加严峻,电解锰渣的合理处置成为地方经济社会发展所面临的重要核心问题。采用德国布鲁克元素分析仪等仪器设备对电解锰渣的特性进行了分析和研究,通过将电解锰渣与工业石膏搭配用作水泥缓凝剂,探索了在水泥生产过程中资源化利用电解锰渣的可行性,具有良好的环保效应和经济效益,对于电解锰渣的有效处置具有一定的参考价值。     

利用KNO3生产中的废酸制备活性白炭黑

直接法生产硝酸钾过程中产生大量含钾废酸，若不回收利用，将严重影响硝酸的生产。本文介绍了一种利用含钾废酸生产活性白炭黑的方法，既变废为宝，又降低了活性白炭黑的生产成本。     

利用尾矿制作新型建材的实验研究

尾矿处理是选矿企业一直困扰的问题,为了大量消耗尾矿,变废为宝,组织一次利用尾矿制作新型建材的工业性实验,以此来验证尾矿制作新型建材的可行性。并通过该实验摸索利用尾矿制作新型建材生产中的工艺控制参数。     

Contributions of electrochemical oxidation to waste‐water treatment: fundamentals and review of applications

OVERVIEW: This paper provides an overview of some fundamental aspects of electrochemical oxidation and gives updated information on the application of this technology to waste‐water treatment. In recent years, electrochemical oxidation has gained increasing interest due to its outstanding technical characteristics for eliminating a wide variety of pollutants normally present in waste‐waters such as refractory organic matter, nitrogen species and microorganisms. IMPACT: The strict disposal limits and health quality standards set by legislation may be met by applying electrochemical oxidation. However, treatment costs have to be cut down before full‐scale application of this technology. Deployment of electrochemical oxidation in combination with other technologies and the use of renewable sources to power this process are two steps in this direction. APPLICATIONS: Effluents from landfill and a wide diversity of industrial effluents including the agro‐industry, chemical, textile, tannery and food industry, have been effectively treated by this technology. Its high efficiency together with its disinfection capabilities makes electro‐oxidation a suitable technology for water reuse programs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermodynamische Modelle zur Analyse der Verfahren für die thermische Entsorgung von Müll

Evaluation of processes for thermal disposal of residual waste according to technical, economic, and ecological criteria has long been a topic of discussion in specialist circles. A basis for such evaluation is provided by material and energy balances determined by operational measurements and supplementary calculation. Thermodynamic process simulation can be regarded as a powerful engineering tool in preparing such balances; its use enhances the objectivity in analysis of various procedures and their comparison with the aid of material, energy, and entropy balances. However, this requires practically relevant calculation models. In this connection, the software used must be able to cope with the states of materials as completely as possible with due attention to technical boundary conditions. Practical knowledge is of decisive importance for the quality of process simulation. In the present work this was permitted by the collaboration of industrial companies arranged by the State Environmental Office of North Rhine-Westphalia.     

Adsorptive Removal of Cobalt from Aqueous Solutions by Utilizing Industrial Waste and its Cement Fixation

Abstract

In the present study, the adsorption potential of battery industry waste as adsorbent has been investigated for the removal of cobalt from aqueous solutions. The results have shown that the prepared adsorbent adsorbs cobalt to a sufficient extent (35 mg/g). The adsorption of cobalt has been studied on this battery industry waste as a function of contact time, concentration, and temperature by the batch method. The adsorption has been found to be endothermic and the data conform to the Langmuir equation. The analysis of kinetic data indicates that adsorption is a first order process and pore‐diffusion controlled.

Further, the metal‐laden adsorbent was immobilized into cement for ultimate disposal and no significant leaching was observed from the stabilized products. Thus, the present study clearly reveals that battery industry waste can be fruitfully employed in treating industrial effluents containing toxic metal ions. The proposed technology (utilization of industrial wastes for effluent treatment and then ultimate disposal of adsorbents laden with pollutants in cementitious materials by fixation) provides a twofold aim of wastewater treatment and solid waste management.     

河南省医疗废物管理工作中存在的问题及对策

医疗废物管理工作是医疗废物安全处置的重要保障。目前,河南省医疗废物管理工作仍存在生活垃圾与医疗废物混装、处置技术与源头分类不能有效衔接、农村及医疗废物运输处置不及时、化学性医疗废物处置存在困难、输液瓶等废物的再生利用监管存在漏洞等诸多问题。文章结合河南省医疗废物处置实际情况,从加强监督管理和培训、建立协同处置机制、探索农村及偏远地区处置新方式、加强部门沟通协作、完善法律规章等方面提出一些建议对策。     

工业窑炉协同处置固废研究进展

采用工业窑炉协同处置固废技术,借助工业窑炉的高温环境彻底转化分解固废,有效控制二英、重金属等二次污染,同时可节省固废专用处置设施的投资及运行费用,为工业生产替代部分所需化石燃料或生产原料,是一种科学处置固废的有效途径。本文介绍了水泥窑、钢铁冶炼窑炉、电厂燃煤锅炉、水煤浆气化炉等工业窑炉协同处置固废技术,综述了工业窑炉协同处置固废的技术研究和工程应用现状,结合固废自身特征与各行业工业窑炉特性分析其固废适用性。对比常见的固废非热处理技术、固废热处理技术,指出工业窑炉协同处置固废技术具有固废消纳潜力大、资源化利用水平高、环保效益好、无邻避效应等优点。最后对固废协同处置领域的未来发展作出了展望,水泥窑协同处置固废是率先实现行业标准、技术规范、法律法规等规定走向成熟的固废协同处置技术,而钢铁冶炼窑炉、电厂燃煤锅炉、水煤浆气化炉协同处置固废技术则更具技术优化空间和发展潜力。