硫化物在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上催化转化性能及机理研究

研究了催化裂化（FCC）汽油中硫化物类型和含量，特别考察了各种硫化物在纳米HZSM-5催化剂上的催化转化性能，并探讨了硫化物的加氢脱硫转化机理。结果表明FCC汽油中硫化物主要为硫醇、噻吩、烷基取代噻吩和苯并噻吩等，其中，烷基取代噻吩占总硫化物的65％-73％。在纳米HZSM-5催化剂作用下，FCC汽油的硫化物都较易被脱除。烷基取代噻吩脱硫机理一方面含有直接加氢脱硫反应路线，另一方面含有裂解反应、烷基化反应和异构化反应路线。     

FCC汽油噻吩烷基化脱硫催化剂研究进展

在简要介绍烷基化脱硫原理基础上,综述了近年来对FCC汽油中噻吩和烷基噻吩等小分子噻吩类硫化合物烷基化反应催化剂的研究进展,着重从分子筛、负载型杂多酸及固体磷酸、离子液体和离子交换树脂等方面来介绍催化裂化汽油烷基化脱硫催化剂的研究应用,最后对汽油烷基化脱硫催化剂的研究重点进行了展望。     

硫化物在OTA催化剂上催化转化性能

考察了催化裂化(FCC)汽油中硫化物和模型硫化物在OTA(Olefin To Aromatics)催化剂上的催化转化性能.结果表明FCC汽油硫化物总脱硫率为86.3 %,其中,硫醚和四氢噻吩的转化率都达到100 %,硫醇硫转化率96.6 %,噻吩硫转化率78.8 %,烷基噻吩转化率85.8 %,苯并噻吩转化率81.4 %.3-甲基噻吩在OTA催化剂上的转化产物中含有小分子(噻吩),异构硫化物(2-甲基噻吩),以及大分子异构硫化物(如2,5-二甲基噻吩、2,4-二甲基噻吩和2,3-二甲基噻吩).烷基噻吩和苯并噻吩硫化物在OTA催化剂上脱硫反应网络一方面含有直接加氢脱硫反应,另一方面经历歧化、异构化和裂解等反应.     

FCC汽油预处理对烷基化硫转移反应过程的影响

为保证流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油烷基化硫转移反应催化剂的稳定性,采用蒸馏水或盐酸作为萃取剂、D101树脂或NKC-9大孔干氢树脂作为吸附剂,考察了FCC汽油原料中碱性氮去除的预处理过程,并比较了预处理过程对FCC汽油硫形态及其含量的影响、烷基化硫转移效果的影响。结果表明,盐酸萃取、NKC-9树脂吸附,能够快速有效的除去FCC汽油中的碱性氮化物,而且NKC-9树脂能够吸附微量的硫化物。脱除碱性氮化物后的FCC汽油进行烷基化反应,几个主要的噻吩硫化物的硫转移率都能达到90%以上。     

催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫技术研究

主要介绍了原油中硫化物种类和催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢脱硫反应原理,介绍了9种FCC汽油后处理脱硫工艺技术,其中催化加氢脱硫技术(HDS)在工业中得到了广泛应用,而吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫等新型工艺技术则显示出较好的发展前景。     

烷基化脱除FCC汽油中噻吩硫研究进展

综述了烷基化脱硫技术脱除FCC汽油中噻吩硫的研究进展。介绍了噻吩烷基化反应机理以及在FCC汽油精制中的工艺,详细阐述了噻吩烷基化催化剂要求及发展现状。建议为推动烷基化深度脱硫工业化进程,应大力发展对新型烷基化催化剂的研究。     

Amberlyst树脂催化汽油烷基化硫转移反应的研究

烷基化硫转移反应脱硫是一种非加氧脱硫方法,该法首先利用FCC汽油中的烯烃与噻吩类硫化物进行烷基化反应,形成高沸点的烷基噻吩类硫化物,然后通过蒸馏分离达到脱硫目的.实验分别在FCC汽油和模拟汽油中考察了大孔磺酸树脂Amberlyst 35催化汽油烷基化硫转移的反应活性,并研究了反应温度对反应过程的影响.结果表明 Amberlyst 35树脂可有效催化烷基化硫转移反应的发生,80～140℃温度范围内,在剂油质量比为1:11、反应时间为1 h的条件下,对FCC汽油中主要硫化物的转化率均达到90%以上,可以满足催化精馏烷基化脱硫操作的需要.转化了的烯烃主要发生了低聚反应,随反应温度的升高,烯烃二聚的选择性降低,容易生成更多高沸点胶质,会降低催化剂的稳定性和产品的收率.     

降低催化裂化汽油烯烃含量的研究进展

介绍了降低FCC汽油中烯烃含量的基本反应原理,重点讨论了影响FCC汽油烯烃含量的主要因素.从两方面综述了降低FCC汽油烯烃含量的方法,一方面可以利用FCC技术本身,通过选择合适的原料、优化操作条件、选择降烯烃催化剂和助剂等方法降低烯烃含量,另一方面也可以利用汽油醚化、加氢、催化重整、叠合等其他相关技术降低FCC汽油的烯烃含量.     

HY分子筛催化噻吩类硫化物的烷基化反应动力学

以HY分子筛为催化剂,考察流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油中的噻吩类硫化物的烷基化反应性能,并对反应动力学进行研究。结果表明:在反应温度433 K,反应时间1 h时烷基化硫转移率(低于393 K的馏分)达到90%以上,反应温度在403～433 K,FCC汽油中的噻吩类硫化物烷基化反应动力学方程符合一级反应速率方程,其活化能为44.70 kJ/mol,指前因子为6.47×105h-1。     

分子筛催化FCC汽油中噻吩类硫化物烷基化脱硫

为了降低FCC汽油中的硫的质量分数,分别考察了3种不同孔径的HY型和强酸HZSM-5型分子筛对FCC汽油中的噻吩烷基化脱硫反应的催化活性实验。实验分别在较低温度(55~85℃)和较高温度(110~130℃)2种情况下对噻吩烷基化进行研究,考察了温度、催化剂酸强度、孔径等因素对噻吩烷基化的影响。经过分析得出,在较低温度下,温度是制约噻吩烷基化的首要因素,酸强度和孔径影响很小;在较高温度下,催化剂的孔径则是制约噻吩烷基化的首要因素。     

On the hydrodesulfurization of FCC gasoline: a review

The possible origins of sulfur impurities in FCC gasoline are reviewed and discussed. Their mechanism of formation during the FCC process as well as their mechanism of transformation on hydrotreating catalysts are also examined.The article focuses on the desulfurization of FCC gasoline by means of catalytic processes considering the fact that deep desulfurization must be achieved (in accordance with new regulations) while preserving octane rating of the fraction. The various parameters (presence of a promoter, nature and modification of the support, additives and poisons) which may influence the selectivity in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) versus olefin hydrogenation are also discussed. Existing and potential processes for the HDS of FCC gasoline with octane preservation are described.     

FCC汽油选择性加氢反应动力学研究进展

当前各国环保法规中对汽油中硫含量的限制越来越严格.加氢脱硫是实现汽油低硫化的重要途径,动力学的研究受到了研究者的广泛关注.介绍了目前国内有关加氢脱硫动力学的研究进展,展望了关于汽油选择性加氢脱硫动力学研究的方向和面临的挑战.     

A process for producing ultraclean gasoline by coupling efficient hydrodesulfurization and directional olefin conversion

To solve the contradiction between ultradeep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and octane recovery in clean gasoline production, this article proposes a novel two‐stage fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline hydro‐upgrading process with the selective HDS catalyst in the first reactor and the complemental HDS and octane recovery catalyst in the second reactor. The process achieved the relayed removal of sulfur‐containing compounds with different natures, providing itself with excellent HDS performance, and the hydroisomerization and aromatization of olefins in the second stage endowed the process with superior octane recovery ability and high product yield while remarkably reducing the olefin content of FCC gasoline. The process was also featured by low hydrogen consumption due to the low first‐stage olefin saturation and the balanced second‐stage hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. The two‐stage process developed here sheds a light for efficiently producing ultralow sulfur gasoline from the poor‐quality FCC gasoline of high olefin and sulfur contents. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 571–581, 2013     

FCC汽油加氢脱硫/降烯烃新技术的开发

介绍了中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院(FRIPP)开发的OCT-M、FRS和OTA催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢脱硫/降烯烃技术。这些技术针对我国不同硫和烯烃含量的FCC汽油分别进行加氢处理,在大幅度降低硫含量和烯烃含量的同时,辛烷值损失较少,为炼油企业生产清洁汽油提供了灵活、经济的技术解决方案。     

高硫FCC汽油加氢脱硫降烯烃DSRA技术开发

在分析催化裂化汽油硫和烯烃分布不均匀的基础上,对催化裂化汽油进行轻、重组分分馏,开发了活性高和稳定性好的重馏分辛烷值恢复催化剂及FCC汽油加氢脱硫降烯烃DSRA技术。采用DSRA技术对高硫格尔木催化裂化汽油进行轻馏分脱硫醇、重馏分加氢脱硫和辛烷值恢复等改质处理,总脱硫率为94.1%,烯烃降至20%,辛烷值不损失,汽油收率97.83%,化学氢耗0.88%,可生产符合欧Ⅲ规范的清洁汽油。     

FCC汽油加氢脱硫工艺研究进展

为了应对日趋严峻的环境问题,对汽油硫含量的要求越来越严格,而加氢脱硫技术是目前降低汽油硫含量最切实可行和最为有效的手段.综述了国内外有关FCC汽油加氢脱硫工艺的研究进展.现有的FCC汽油加氢脱硫工艺主要有两条技术路线:一是深度加氢脱硫后再恢复辛烷值(如Oct-Gain和Isal);二是选择性加氢脱硫(如Prime-C+...     

An overview of new approaches to deep desulfurization for ultra-clean gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel

This review discusses the problems of sulfur reduction in highway and non-road fuels and presents an overview of new approaches and emerging technologies for ultra-deep desulfurization of refinery streams for ultra-clean (ultra-low-sulfur) gasoline, diesel fuels and jet fuels. The issues of gasoline and diesel deep desulfurization are becoming more serious because the crude oils refined in the US are getting higher in sulfur contents and heavier in density, while the regulated sulfur limits are becoming lower and lower. Current gasoline desulfurization problem is dominated by the issues of sulfur removal from FCC naphtha, which contributes about 35% of gasoline pool but over 90% of sulfur in gasoline. Deep reduction of gasoline sulfur (from 330 to 30 ppm) must be made without decreasing octane number or losing gasoline yield. The problem is complicated by the high olefins contents of FCC naphtha which contributes to octane number enhancement but can be saturated under HDS conditions. Deep reduction of diesel sulfur (from 500 to <15 ppm sulfur) is dictated largely by 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, which represents the least reactive sulfur compounds that have substitutions on both 4- and 6-positions. The deep HDS problem of diesel streams is exacerbated by the inhibiting effects of co-existing polyaromatics and nitrogen compounds in the feed as well as H₂S in the product. The approaches to deep desulfurization include catalysts and process developments for hydrodesulfurization (HDS), and adsorbents or reagents and methods for non-HDS-type processing schemes. The needs for dearomatization of diesel and jet fuels are also discussed along with some approaches. Overall, new and more effective approaches and continuing catalysis and processing research are needed for producing affordable ultra-clean (ultra-low-sulfur and low-aromatics) transportation fuels and non-road fuels, because meeting the new government sulfur regulations in 2006–2010 (15 ppm sulfur in highway diesel fuels by 2006 and non-road diesel fuels by 2010; 30 ppm sulfur in gasoline by 2006) is only a milestone. Desulfurization research should also take into consideration of the fuel-cell fuel processing needs, which will have a more stringent requirement on desulfurization (e.g., <1 ppm sulfur) than IC engines. The society at large is stepping on the road to zero sulfur fuel, so researchers should begin with the end in mind and try to develop long-term solutions.     

OCT-M FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术的开发和工业应用

开发了OCT-M FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术,在压力1.6～3.0 MPa、温度260～280 ℃、空速2.0～6.0 h^－1、氢油体积比300～500的条件下,对国内外FCC汽油进行选择性加氢处理, 加氢脱硫率为85％～90％,烯烃体积分数降低7.0～13.0个百分点,研究法辛烷值RON损失小于2.0个单位,RON和MON 平均损失小于1.5个单位,汽油收率大于98.0%。     

油品深度加氢脱硫催化研究进展

汽油深度脱硫的关键是在脱硫同时避免辛烷值的下降和汽油收率的损失;柴油深度脱硫的关键是对反应活性最低的4,6-二甲基苯并噻吩类化合物中硫原子的脱除,并克服原料中多环芳烃和含氮物以及产物中H2S对脱硫效果的抑制作用.本文概述了汽油和柴油深度脱硫催化剂在工业应用方面的研究进展,综述了加氢脱硫催化剂基础研究方面的最新动态;强调了在分子和原子水平上认识加氢脱硫催化剂微观结构和反应机理对研发超高活性及选择性深度脱硫催化剂的指导作用.