垃圾衍生燃料热重法的燃烧特性

采用热重技术对由垃圾可燃物制备的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的燃烧特性进行了实验研究，并由微分热重曲线计算了它们燃烧反应的动力学参数．研究结果表明，草木类RDF存在二次着火现象，织物、塑料及混合原料RDF只存在固碳着火点．草木类RDF最易着火燃烧并且燃烧最猛烈但持续时间很短，塑料类RDF最耐烧，混合原料RDF的燃烧反应较平稳并且持续时间较长，易于实现稳定的燃烧．RDF的燃烧过程可由几个一级反应来描述．混合原料RDF中的各组成原料的燃烧相互影响，其燃烧特性不能由各组成原料燃烧特性简单叠加而成，各种原料RDF燃烧的难易程度可用表观活化能来表征。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧特性研究

采用热重技术对垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧过程进行了,探讨了RDF的燃烧特性,并由它们的微分热重曲线计算出它们的反应动力学参数并对影响反应常数的因素进行了研究,研究结果表明RDF的燃烧过程包括三个失重过程,第二失重段包括RDF中的钙化物与第一失重段燃烧释放的气体反应的过程,第三失重段为第三失重过程中生成的钙化物热分解的过程,空气流速的不同使得第三失重段的机理发生变化,而钙化物的不同也引起不同的分解温度区域,导致不同的第三失重段,RDF的燃烧过程可由三个一级反应来描述,RDF中的氢氧化钙添加量的不同导致RDF燃烧过程中第二失重过程的燃烧速率的不同,RDF燃烧过程中释放的氯大部分被RDF中的钙化物所捕获,CaCl2是RDF在燃烧过程中自身脱氯的产物。     

陈旧垃圾RDF利用方式的比较

分析了新鲜垃圾和陈旧垃圾的组分和热值特性，指出陈旧垃圾中的可燃组分可制成垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）作为新鲜垃圾焚烧的辅助燃料，尤其是在新鲜垃圾中的塑料加以回收后更有必要。在分析RDF的气化和燃烧特性的基础上，对RDF用于气化发电和用作新鲜垃圾焚烧炉的辅助燃料进行了经济与环境效益对比，发现RDF更适合作为鲜垃圾焚烧炉的辅助燃料。     

混合垃圾燃烧特性的实验研究

针对我国目前垃圾焚烧以烧原生垃圾为主的特点，以热重分析和流化床燃烧实验台为主要研究手段，对于混合垃圾的燃烧特性展开深入研究并将二者的试验数据进行了对比。认为：混合垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性可以用单组分物质的叠加来表示，而混合的垃圾在流化床中燃烧时，用简单的单组分叠加来表示不很合理。图3表5参5     

城市生活垃圾燃烧特性的实验研究

分析研究生活垃圾的燃烧特性,通过实验分析垃圾的燃烧热值、着火温度、燃尽温度、失重速率等燃烧特性参数,并计算各种生活垃圾活化能。     

胶粉和煤粉混合燃烧特性的分析

采用热重分析技术对胶粉、煤粉以及胶粉和煤粉的混合物的燃烧过程进行了实验研究,其中胶粉和煤粉的质量混合比例分别为1:1,1:2,1:3和1:5,加热速率为10 Kmin-1,试样的粒径为0.3 mm ~ 0.45 mm。根据实际得到的热重(TG)、差热(DTA)以及微商热重(DTG曲线,分析了试样在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性,计算出试样的一级反应动力学参数,同时探讨了胶粉,胶粉和煤粉混合物的燃烧规律以及混合比例对燃烧的影响,分析结果表明混合物的燃烧可以看成是两种物质的线性叠加。     

RDF在流化床中燃烧生成NOx的试验研究

对2种N元素含量不同的RDF物料在流化床中燃烧的排放物NOx的生成量进行了研究。试验表明：RDF在流化床中能完全燃烧，能满足燃烧系统运行要求；炉膛内NOx的生成量与炉膛温度分布基本相同；在相同工况下，含N元素多的RDF产生的烟气中NOx浓度大；过量空气系数、二次风加入都能改变NOx生成量，且含N元素多的RDF受这2个因素的影响大一些，而含N元素少的RDF基本不受影响。     

垃圾衍生燃料炭化物燃烧特性分析

利用热分析方法研究垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)和垃圾衍生燃料炭化物(cRDF)的燃烧特性,分析RDF和cRDF的燃烧TG-DTG曲线,得出RDF和cRDF的着火温度、燃烧特性指数和燃烧动力学参数等燃烧特性.研究表明,cRDF发热量比RDF高34%～43%,但由于挥发分含量较低,燃烧性能不及RDF,因此cRDF作为燃料时应和其它燃料配合使用,以改善其着火性能.     

混合垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性分析

通过热分析技术对城市固体废弃物中几种典型组分进行了实验研究,得到了混合垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性,同时探讨了城市固体废弃物的混烧规律。     

垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)流化床燃烧过程中NOx的产生

对RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel)在流化床中进行燃烧反应,并在不同的工况下污染物NOx生成进行了实验研究。结果表明：污染物NOx的产生与RDF本身的成分组成、燃烧温度、过量空气系数、二次风有密切联系；二次风的通入,过量空气系数保持在1.1都能降低NOx的产生。     

高热值垃圾制备RDF成型特性及可行性

为高效能源化处理城市废物,文章提出了城市生活垃圾分质收集、分别处理、以废治废的新理念,即将高热值垃圾与其它废物联合制取RDF(垃圾衍生燃料)为工业应用提供能源;研究不同水分含量、不同塑料含量及不同附加物(生物质)对RDF成型特性的影响,对RDF制取过程进行部分能耗分析。结果表明:随着塑料含量增加RDF颗粒热值明显增大,但颗粒变得松散易破碎,堆积密度和颗粒长度降低,塑料含量小于50%为宜;随着含水率的增加热值有下降趋势,但利于颗粒压缩成型,堆积密度和颗粒长度降低,含水率控制在10%¹4%时,颗粒成型效果较好;锯末作为辅料制备的RDF成型效果比秸秆好。     

Jet flames of a refuse derived fuel

This paper is concerned with combustion of a refuse derived fuel in a small-scale flame. The objective is to provide a direct comparison of the RDF flame properties with properties of pulverized coal flames fired under similar boundary conditions. Measurements of temperature, gas composition (O₂, CO₂, CO, NO) and burnout have demonstrated fundamental differences between the coal flames and the RDF flames. The pulverized coals ignite in the close vicinity of the burner and most of the combustion is completed within the first 300 ms. Despite the high volatile content of the RDF, its combustion extends far into the furnace and after 1.8 s residence time only a 94% burnout has been achieved. This effect has been attributed not only to the larger particle size of fluffy RDF particles but also to differences in RDF volatiles if compared to coal volatiles. Substantial amounts of oily tars have been observed in the RDF flames even though the flame temperatures exceeded 1300 °C. The presence of these tars has enhanced the slagging propensity of RDF flames and rapidly growing deposits of high carbon content have been observed.     

垃圾衍生物燃料灰熔点的测定

垃圾衍生物燃料（RDF）作为一种新型的环保燃料受到越来越多的关注,但燃烧设备对燃料灰熔点有一定的要求,通过实验得出了RDF的灰熔点范围,并结合其灰分成分进行了相关分析。     

Process analysis of refuse derived fuel hydrogasification for producing SNG

Toxic emissions from waste thermal treatments are a major issue that in several countries hinders a full waste cycle. This paper addresses the specific topic of a sustainable exploitation of the refuse derived fuel (RDF). Because concerns still arise when using RDF as fuel, a new approach for its exploitation, the RDF hydrogasification for producing synthetic natural gas (SNG), is discussed herein.The process has been simulated with Aspen code. The best operating conditions to maximize methane yield, under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, have been studied while the composition of the obtained SNG has been verified in order to comply with the requirements of the methane grid. Furthermore, the analysis looked at the effect of the hydrogen excess in promoting the methane yield and the reduction of the dioxins formation.The energy analysis of the process, that has considered the use of commercial alkaline electrolysers for producing hydrogen, has been found to be mainly affected by the electric power consumption and has exhibited values of energy efficiency around 61%.Finally, a preliminary assessment of the economic competitiveness of this process has been done in order to clarify if the benefits from costs avoided for waste disposal could be the breakthrough in making RDF a sustainable competitive fuel.     

城市生活垃圾制备的RDF的热工性能研究

针对城市生活垃圾组分波动大、水分含量高、可燃物热值低且不稳定等特点,通过物理和化学改性,制备出热值相对稳定的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF);采用TG-DSC-MS分析法对加入改性剂的RDF的部分热工性能进行了研究。结果表明,通过物理方法降低RDF的自由水可以有效地提高RDF的热值,采用化学方法可以转化RDF中水分的赋存形式,达到降低自由水含量的目的 ,但并不一定能提高其热值;过量去湿剂的使用还会导致热值的显著降低,化学去湿剂与固态可燃物的综合运用可以有效调控RDF的热值。RDF的燃烧有4个失重阶段,第1阶段为失水过程,第2和第3两个阶段分别为RDF中的纤维物和聚合物两类物质的燃烧过程,第4阶段为RDF中固定碳的燃烧以及燃烧过程产物的高温分解过程。     

锯末制备生物质成型燃料的试验研究

分别采用冷压成型和炭化成型工艺以锯末制备生物质成型燃料。冷压成型工艺主要考察原料水分、成型压力对燃料的成型性能影响。试验结果表明:原料水分为12%~16%,成型压力为60 MPa的条件下能够制得成型性能较好的生物质成型燃料,其密度与抗跌强度分别能够达到0.94 g/cm3和99%;炭化成型工艺主要考察混合料水分、无烟煤配比、J型粘结剂添加量、成型压力对燃料的成型性能影响。试验结果表明:无烟煤配比为50%、混合料水分为30%、J型粘结剂添加量为8%、成型压力为45 MPa的条件下能够制得成型性能较好的优质生物质成型燃料,其密度与抗跌强度分别为0.93 g/cm3和99.3%。     

Co-combustion of refuse derived fuel with Korean anthracite in a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler

The effect of co-combustion of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) with Korean anthracite on the combustion and environmental performance was observed in the Tonghae commercial Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler. High contents of oxygen and CaO in RDF reduced the amount of air required for combustion and the limestone flow rate for SO₂ capture in the CFB boiler, respectively. The temperature in the furnace exit increased slightly due to re-combustion of volatiles which resulted in limiting the co-combustion ratio of RDF for the CFB boiler to operate stably. With the increasing co-combustion ratio of RDF, the output voltages of electrostatic precipitator (EP), which consists of 2-channels and 5-stages collecting plates, decreased linearly. Eventually, stability of the EP could not be maintained above 5% of the RDF co-combustion ratio. The emissions of NO_x, HCl and dioxin during co-combustion did not change appreciably as compared to the case when Korean anthracite was burnt alone, which were also low enough to meet Korean emissions limits. On the other hand, chlorine contents in ashes emitted from the CFB boiler increased gradually with the increasing co-combustion ratio, which implied that most of chlorines were fixed by limestone.     

活性污泥混合木屑制备生物质燃料及其燃烧特性的研究

以活性污泥混合木屑为原料制备生物质燃料,考察成型压力、物料含水率和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度的影响,并研究生物质燃料的燃烧特性。研究结果表明:生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度均随着成型压力和活性污泥占比的增大而增大,物料含水率控制在15%～20%较为合适;成型压力和物料含水率对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度有显著影响,而成型压力和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的松弛密度有显著影响;活性污泥的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分燃烧及无机盐分解3个阶段,木屑的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分析出及剩余挥发分和固定碳燃烧3个阶段;生物质燃料的燃烧过程因活性污泥占比的多少而有所差异。生物质燃料的综合燃烧性能随着木屑占比的增加而逐渐提高,活性污泥的加入可以改善生物质燃料的着火性能,合理的活性污泥混合木屑工艺和配方能够制备出燃烧性能较好的生物质燃料。     

垃圾焚烧烟气余热利用的探讨

从利用烟气干燥物料的角度对干燥过程的认识、焚烧烟气的组成、烟气流动动力、烟气干燥模型、新型焚烧炉的特点、烟气温度的衡算等方面作了些分析与探讨。这对中小型焚烧炉烟气余热回收利用及其它工业炉降耗增效都具有一定的意义。     

Physiochemical structure of semicoke derived from co-carbonization of coal and sawdust blends

The substitution of coal blending with sawdust had been widely investigated for metallurgical coke production. In this paper, the physiochemical structures of the semicoke derived from sawdust/coals blends co-coking were characterized by several analytical techniques including FTIR-ATR, XPS, NMR, OM, and SEM. Meanwhile, the influence of the sawdust on the physicochemical properties of the sawdust/coals blends were also investigated. Results indicated that partial substitution of coal blending with sawdust benefited from the formation of colloid and optical anisotropy due to the positive synergetic effect, whereas high proportion of sawdust (>10 wt%) inhibited the agglomeration of semi-coke. On the other hand, the semicoke consisted primarily of aromatic carbons replaced by the oxygen linked to carbons and aliphatic carbons when the coal blending was replaced by high proportion of sawdust, causing a less polyaromatic graphite-like structure formation in the semicoke.