基于综合燃油消耗率的混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究

通过对单轴并联式混合动力汽车综合燃油消耗率的建模计算,以综合燃油消耗率(Integrated Specific Fuel Consumption,ISFC)最低为目标确定了该混合动力系统各工作模式的工作范围,并制定了相应的整车能量管理策略。在此基础上,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了混合动力系统能量管理策略的仿真模型,结果表明采用控制策略使该混合动力汽车的燃油经济性比传统汽车和采用基线控制策略的相同混合动力汽车有显著提高。     

并联式混合动力汽车控制策略及其发动机的优化

对并联式混合动力汽车的控制策略和节油机理进行了分析。分析了混合动力汽车发动机的工作特性,并针对混合动力汽车发动机的快速起动／停机特性分析综述了其对混合动力汽车经济性、排放性能、驾驶性和舒适性的影响。介绍了Atkinson燃烧循环在混合动力汽车上的应用,并针对混合动力汽车发动机本身的效率区域优化进行了分析综述。     

集成起动电机混合动力汽车能量管理试验研究

利用Matlab/Simulink软件建立了基于简单规则的混合动力汽车能量管理策略模型,通过对试验数据的分析,证明了能量管理策略的有效性,同时通过对整车在进行市区加市郊综合行驶循环试验工况(NEDC)中获得的油耗数据的分析,表明该系统与相同动力普通汽车相比在油耗方面降低了10%左右。     

混合动力汽车能量管理系统研究及展望

介绍了混合动力汽车能量管理系统的技术特点,同时阐述了其当前的技术现状及面临的主要技术问题,重点针对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。能量管理系统在改善混合动力汽车燃油经济性、降低排放、延长零部件寿命等方面起着重要作用,尽管目前依然存在一定的技术难点,但随着相关技术的不断完善,其必定会有着美好的应用前景。     

插电式并联混合动力汽车仿真与能量管理策略

以某插电式并联混合动力汽车为研究对象,基于AMESim仿真平台搭建由驾驶员模块、发动机模块、电池模块、车辆控制单元、变速器模块、电机模块等组成仿真模型,并设计能量管理策略。对全球轻型车辆测试循环(worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle, WLTC)和JC08 2种不同工况下混动汽车的动力性和经济性进行仿真。结果表明：仿真车速与实际控制车速的匹配度几乎完全重合,仿真模型准确可靠;纯电模式下车速由0加速到100 km/h的加速时间为8.53 s; WLTC工况下油耗为5.789 L/(100 km),比传统燃油车油耗节约28.73%,JC08工况下油耗5.077 L/(100 km),比传统燃油车油耗节约27.69%。     

基于拖船的并联式气电混合动力系统能量流解耦及优化控制

并联式气电混合动力系统存在部件间耦合严重、能量控制策略复杂等问题。为使系统多部件协同工作,提高系统能量效率,针对并联式气电混合取拖船作为推进系统研究载体,通过仿真建模方式,对混合动力系统部件解耦分析,设计基于蚁群算法的能量管理策略,使系统多部件协同工作。结果表明：相比于基于规则的能量管理策略,推进系统在基于蚁群算法的能量管理策略下的拖船航速跟随性提高了73%;平均能量效率提高了0.7%;等效气耗节约了8.3%。实现了混合动力系统参数准确控制,提高了系统能量效率,为气电混合动力系统大规模普及应用提供了技术支持。     

混合动力汽车整车控制策略比较分析

对于串联式、并联式和混联式三种混合动力系统的常用结构配置特点和应用分别进行了阐述和分析,重点对三类混合动力系统中实际常用的整车控制策略进行了分析。可以得出混合动力系统越复杂整车控制策略也就越复杂,并从整车性能、开发成本等方面比较和分析各自的优缺点,从而总结出各种控制策略的适用范围和场合。     

基于模糊逻辑的混合动力汽车节气门快速控制原型

分析了混合动力汽车多能源动力总成控制系统对汽油机节气门的响应要求及电子节气门系统的研发现状,提出了基于模糊逻辑的电子节气门PWM控制算法,并以英飞凌TLE6209R芯片为核心设计了电子节气门的电路硬件部分.在此基础上,建立了电子节气门直流电机控制系统的仿真模型.采用dSPACE快速控制原型系统,完成了被控电子节气门不同工况下的实时仿真.仿真结果验证了控制算法及控制系统的有效性,为产品级的电子节气门控制器的开发提供依据.     

浅析混合动力汽车总成结构与能量控制策略

通过浅析插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）动力总成结构与能量控制策略,阐述了新能源汽车对提高燃油经济性,促进节能减排的深刻意义。     

混合动力公交车深度强化学习能量管理策略研究

以某款双行星排混合动力公交车为样车,针对控制变量柴油机转速的离散控制和连续控制分别提出基于双深度Q网络(double deep Q-learning, DDQN)和基于双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradients, TD3)的能量管理策略,并使用优先级经验回放对策略进行优化。运用仿真试验,研究样车在C-WTVC工况下的能量管理特性。通过与动态规划策略(dynamic programming, DP)进行对比发现：DDQN和TD3策略收敛速度快,具有较强的自适应能力;与DP策略相似,DDQN和TD3策略在控制逻辑上均表现为低速和较低转矩时纯电驱动,高速和较高转矩时混合驱动;三种策略下柴油机均主要工作于中低转速区间,且TD3策略可以对柴油机转速进行连续控制;DDQN和TD3策略的百公里油耗分别为19.51L和19.48L,燃油经济性均达到DP策略的93%,研究证明了DDQN和TD3策略的有效性。     

Intelligent energy management strategy based on hierarchical approximate global optimization for plug-in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles

The energy management strategy (EMS) is a key to reduce the equivalent hydrogen consumption and slow down fuel cell performance degradation of the plug-in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Global optimal EMS based on the whole trip information can achieve the minimum hydrogen consumption, but it is difficult to apply in real driving. This paper tries to solve this problem with a novel hierarchical EMS proposed to realize the real-time application and approximate global optimization. The long-term average speed in each future trip segment is predicted by KNN, and the short-term speed series is predicted by a new model averaging method. The approximate global optimization is realized by introducing hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL), and the strategy within the speed forecast window is optimized by introducing upper confidence tree search (UCTS). The vehicle speed prediction and the proposed EMS have been verified using the collected real driving cycles. The results show that the proposed strategy can adapt to driving style changes through self-learning. Compared with the widely used rule-based strategy, it can evidently reduce hydrogen consumption by 6.14% and fuel cell start-stop times by 21.7% on average to suppress the aging of fuel cell. Moreover, its computation time is less than 0.447 s at each step, and combined with rolling optimization, it can be used for real-time application.     

并联混合动力汽车能量管理与转矩协调控制策略

研究并联混合动力汽车的控制策略。基于发动机输出转矩最优的能量管理策略,对并联混合动力汽车在工作模式切换中的相互配合问题,提出发动机动态转矩控制+动力电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)干预+电机转矩补偿控制的转矩协调控制方法;在Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow平台搭建整车能量管理控制策略模型,控制发动机工作在高效率区,保证发动机输出最优转矩;根据电池的SOC干预电机的运行状态,协同发动机提供整车需求转矩。在Cruise平台下建立整车模型,以新欧洲驾驶周期作为循环工况进行离线仿真。结果表明,能量管理与转矩协调控制策略能够有效分配电机和发动机的转矩输出,满足混合动力汽车多模式切换的要求。     

Component sizing optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are considered as one of the most promising means to improve the near-term sustainability of the transportation and stationary energy sectors. This paper describes a methodology for the optimization of PHEVs component sizing using parallel chaos optimization algorithm (PCOA). In this approach, the objective function is defined so as to minimize the drivetrain cost. In addition, the driving performance requirements are considered as constraints. Finally, the optimization process is performed over three different all electric range (AER) and two types of batteries. The results from computer simulation show the effectiveness of the approach and the reduction in drivetrian cost while ensuring the vehicle performance.     

An improved energy management strategy for FC/UC hybrid electric vehicles propelled by motor-wheels

The hybridization of the fuel-cell electric-vehicle (FCEV) by a second energy source has the advantage of improving the system's dynamic response and efficiency. Indeed, an ultra-capacitor (UC) system used as an energy storage device fulfills the FC slowest dynamics during fast power transitions and recovers the braking energy. In FC/UC hybrid vehicles, the search for a suitable power management approach is one of the main objectives. In this paper, an improved control strategy managing the active power distribution between the two energy sources is proposed. The UC reference power is calculated through the DC link voltage regulation. For the FC power demand, an algorithm with five operating modes is developed. This algorithm, depending on the UC state of charge (SOC) and the vehicle speed level, minimizes the FC power demand transitions and therefore ameliorates its durability. The traction power is provided using two permanent magnetic synchronous motor-wheels to free more space in the vehicle. The models of the FC/UC vehicle system parts and the control strategy are developed using MATLAB software. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy.     

一种基于模糊控制的混合储能系统能量管理策略研究

混合储能系统中,锂离子电池循环寿命短和超级电容能量不足是制约混合储能发展的两大因素。文章提出了一种新型混合储能系统的能量管理策略,在综合考虑锂离子电池温度及荷电状态和超级电容荷电状态的基础上,通过模糊控制动态调节低通滤波器的时间常数,实现对混合储能的功率分配。在保证锂离子电池平滑输出的同时,减少了锂离子电池热量的产生;运用能量转移的方式对超级电容进行越限保护,提高超级电容在两种极端情况下的响应能力。算例分析表明,文章提出的功率分配策略和超级电容越限保护方法,可以有效地改善两种储能介质的出力。     

基于模糊控制的EV混合储能能量管理策略研究

针对锂电池和超级电容混合储能系统输出功率实时分配问题,为提高策略控制精度,设计了一种基于参数改进的模糊控制策略。根据混合储能单元实时荷电状态建立了动态功率模型,以各储能装置实时最大允许充放电功率和系统需求功率为输入参数,制定了更为精确的模糊控制规则,以实现模糊控制功率分配。搭建实验平台,将参数改进前后的模糊控制策略进行比较。实验结果表明,采用参数改进后的模糊控制系统工作稳定,单位时间内锂电池电流幅值平均降低了5%,提升了超级电容的使用效率,可延长锂电池使用寿命。     

An online prognostics-based health management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles

As the energy transformation in the transportation sector is taking place driven by the development of fuel cell technologies, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles become promising solutions owing to their long driving duration and zero emissions. However, the unsatisfied lifespan of fuel cells is an inevitable obstacle for their massive commercialization. This paper aims to propose an online adaptive prognostics-based health management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles, which can improve the durability of the fuel cell thanks to online health monitoring. Here, particle filtering method is adapted for online fuel cell prognostics and the uncertainty of the predicted results is calculated based on the distribution of particles. A health management strategy is developed based on prognostics and a decision-making process is designed by considering the prognostics uncertainty through a decision fusion method. The obtained results show that the developed strategy has effectively improved the durability of the on-board fuel cell by up to 95.4%. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of the prognostics occurrence frequency and probability calculation has also been conducted in this paper.     

Transmission network-based energy and environmental assessment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

The introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is expected to have a significant impact on regional power systems and pollutant emissions. This paper analyzes the effects of various penetrations of PHEVs on the marginal fuel dispatch of coal, natural gas and oil, and on pollutant emissions of CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ in the New York Metropolitan Area for two battery charging scenarios in a typical summer and winter day. A model of the AC transmission network of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) region with 693 generators is used to realistically incorporate network constraints into an economic dispatch model. A data-based transportation model of approximately 1 million commuters in NYMA is used to determine battery charging pattern. Results show that for all penetrations of PHEVs network-constrained economic dispatch of generation is significantly more realistic than unconstrained cases. Coal, natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the winter, and only natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the summer. Hourly changes in emissions from transportation and power production are dominated by vehicular activity with significant overall emissions reductions for CO₂ and NO_x, and a slight increase for SO₂. Nighttime regulated charging produces less overall emissions than unregulated charging from when vehicles arrive home for the summer and vice versa for the winter. As PHEVs are poised to link the power and transportation sectors, data-based models combining network constraints and economic dispatch have been shown to improve understanding and facilitate control of this link.     

High-energy electrode investigation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

In addition to the development of high-energy density electrode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, other engineering approaches, such as electrode optimization, should be considered in order to meet the energy requirements of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This work investigates the impact of the electrode thickness on the energy density of (Li-ion) batteries. The impedance results from the hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test indicate that the electrode resistance is inversely proportional to the electrode thickness. This feature makes it possible to use thicker electrodes in (Li-ion) batteries to meet PHEV power requirements. The practical electrode thickness is determined to be around 100 μm, if considering the electrode mechanical integrity when using conventional PVDF binders. Furthermore, cycle performance shows that cells with a higher loading density have a similar capacity retention to cells with a lower loading density.     

Energy storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles

Powertrain hybridization as well as electrical energy management are imposing new requirements on electrical storage systems in vehicles. This paper characterizes the associated vehicle attributes and, in particular, the various levels of hybrids. New requirements for the electrical storage system are derived, including: shallow-cycle life, high dynamic charge acceptance particularly for regenerative braking and robust service life in sustained partial-state-of-charge usage. Lead/acid, either with liquid or absorptive glass-fibre mat electrolyte, is expected to remain the predominant battery technology for 14 V systems, including micro-hybrids, and with a cost-effective battery monitoring system for demanding applications. Advanced AGM batteries may be considered for mild or even medium hybrids once they have proven robustness under real-world conditions, particularly with respect to cycle life at partial-states-of-charge and dynamic charge acceptance. For the foreseeable future, NiMH and Li-ion are the dominating current and potential battery technologies for higher-functionality HEVs. Li-ion, currently at development and demonstration stages, offers attractive opportunities for improvements in performance and cost. Supercapacitors may be considered for pulse power applications. Aside from cell technologies, attention to the issue of system integration of the battery into the powertrain and vehicle is growing. Opportunities and challenges for potential “battery pack” system suppliers are discussed.