黄豆秆两级连续热解特性研究

为优化生物质热解过程,获得更高品质的生物油,利用热裂解仪-气相色谱/质谱联用仪(Py-GC/MS)对黄豆秆进行两级连续热解研究,并利用热重分析仪(TG)研究黄豆秆在不同升温速率下的失重特性。结果表明:黄豆秆热失重过程主要分为4个阶段,其中200～450℃为主要的热解区间,此阶段内基本完成半纤维素和纤维素的热解。与单级热解相比,两级连续热解能减少组分间的相互作用和产物的二次反应,进而提高总可冷凝挥发性有机产物的产率。250℃和300℃时能提高各类产物的产率,尤其可显著提高酚类和芳香烃类等源于木质素的产物产率;而400℃和450℃时主要提高酸类、呋喃类和环戊烯酮类等源于半纤维素和纤维素的产物的含量和产率,有利于提高生物油的品质和分离利用。     

炼化废液与褐煤混合物共热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析法对炼化废液与褐煤混合物的共热解特性和组分间相互作用进行研究。在升温速率30℃/min条件下,利用Coats-Redfern法求解不同掺混比例的废液固形物与褐煤混合物的热解动力学参数。废液固形物及其与褐煤混合物热解过程可分为三个阶段,而褐煤为两个阶段。随着废液固形物掺混比例的增加,混合物反应活性逐渐升高,TG曲线向低温区偏移且失重程度加剧,挥发分初析温度(t_s)、热解峰温度(t_p)、热解终止温度(t_f)及残留物含量(M_r)减小,最大失重速率(-v_p)、平均失重速率(-v_v)和挥发分综合释放特性指数(D)显著增大。废液固形物与褐煤在共热解过程中存在着一定的相互抑制作用。动力学分析结果表明,热解过程的各个阶段均可用级数反应模型来描述,活化能随温度升高而增大。     

生物油热解及燃烧特性分析

对由木粉热解所得的生物油样品分别进行了氮气与氧气气氛下不同升温速率的热重分析试验.结果表明:生物油的热解分为两个阶段,第一阶段为生物油中低沸点有机物的挥发以及各组分间反应生成各类产物的过程,第二阶段为各种重组分的裂解过程;生物油的燃烧分为3个阶段,即前期的挥发与裂解和最后焦炭的燃烧过程.提高升温速率使氮气气氛中生物油样品的初始失重温度、失重峰值温度及对应的最大失重速率均有所增大,且在较高升温速率(20℃min)下,较少含炭残余物形成.随升温速率升高,生物油着火温度提高,最终失重率无变化.最后根据热重数据对热解与燃烧各段反应进行了动力学拟合.     

核桃壳热裂解产物有机结构演变规律

采用TG-FTIR、Py-GC/MS对核桃壳热裂解过程及产物进行研究,利用1H-NMR和13C-NMR对热解炭结构进行分析,探讨热裂解产物有机结构演变规律。结果表明:核桃壳热裂解分为干燥脱水,快速热裂解和残余物缓慢热裂解三个阶段,快速热裂解阶段是主反应阶段,失重可达总失重的89%。不同热解温度下的液态产物成分不同,且随着热裂解温度的升高,低温下形成的热解液会发生二次反应生成新的热解液成分,热解温度由400℃升至600℃,液态产物完成了由酚类、醇类、酸类向酯类、芳香类的转化。升温核桃壳热裂解过程中的气态产物为H_2O,CO_2,CH_4和CO,在357℃时达到最大产量。随着热解温度由300℃升高到800℃,核桃壳热解炭由以苯环、烷烃链、甲氧基、羟基、羰基为主要结构转化为90%以上的芳香结构。     

油棕废弃物热解特性及产物分析

文章采用热分析仪分析了不同升温速率下油棕废弃物的热解特性,并通过Py-GC/MS技术对其热解产物进行了定量分析。分析结果表明:油棕废弃物的热解过程分为脱水、预热解、主要热解和炭化4个阶段;升温速率对油棕废弃物热解的TG曲线影响很大,当热解速率从10℃/min增加到50℃/min时,TG曲线逐渐向右偏移,随着热解速率增大,残余质量增加;在主要热解阶段,失重率为总失重的66%~71%。快速热裂解过程中检测出了115种挥发性物质,根据化学结构的不同,主要分为9类,其中,酸类和烃类化合物的含量占挥发性物质的51.72%,芳香族化合物的种类最多,共有34种,酸类化合物中的脂肪酸均为长链脂肪酸。     

生物油蒸馏残渣热解特性研究

采用TGA Q500热分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪联用技术,对生物油蒸馏残渣在不同升温速率下的热解动力学特性进行分析研究。结果表明:生物油蒸馏残渣热解可分为小分子物质挥发析出、大分子物质裂解和焦炭产生3个阶段,热解产物主要为水、烷烯烃、CO_2和芳香类物质。在不同升温速率10、20、30℃/min下,热解主要阶段反应级数均为2级,活化能分别为74.19、72.52和69.05 kJ/mol。随着升温速率的增大,热重曲线整体向高温区移动,热解主要阶段活化能逐渐减小。     

生物质与煤掺烧燃烧特性的实验研究

利用热重分析仪,在不同条件下,对单一生物质、煤及其混合物的燃烧特性进行分析,研究了木屑、稻壳、稻草及耒阳白沙煤的着火温度、燃烧最大速率温度和燃烬温度等燃烧特性参数。实验结果表明,生物质的着火温度比白沙煤低,生物质在燃烧过程中有两个明显的失重阶段,而煤只有一个明显的失重阶段。通过掺烧可以使生物质与煤的混合物着火温度降低,着火时间缩短,延长了整个燃烧的温度区间,使煤能更好地燃尽,使燃料的燃烧特性得到了优化。随着生物质掺混比例的提高,掺混样品着火点温度降低得更加明显;且生物质颗粒尺寸由R90变为R200时,同样的掺混比例下,尺寸R200的掺混样品着火温度更低。     

基于TG和Py-GC-MS的污泥热裂解特性研究

利用热重分析法和热裂解-气相色谱-质谱方法(Py-GC-MS)对某市政污水处理厂污泥的热解特性进行了分析。污泥热解过程可以分为水分析出、挥发分析出和矿物质及焦炭分解三个阶段,提高升温速率可以促进污泥的热解转化效率,同时对挥发分析出温度、最大失重速率等热解特性参数有显著的影响。升温速率越高,污泥的最大失重速率越大,对应的失重峰宽增大。采用Py-GC-MS方法对污泥热裂解产物进行了分析,其中主要气体产物是CO_2,其余产物主要包括苯类及其化合物、含氮化合物、杂环化合物、酯类化合物、羧酸、含硅化合物和醚类化合物等。     

植物化工醇废液热解动力学研究

为了研究植物化工醇废液的热解反应机理,将废液置于氮气气氛下进行加热反应。利用热重分析仪考察了不同升温速率对废液热解反应影响,得到了TG/DTG曲线。实验结果表明废液热解反应有五个波动峰,以及蒸发、热解和无机盐反应三个过程,利用Coats-Redfern法计算了动力学参数,热解过程活化能和频率因子均最小,无机盐反应过程最大,活化能大小与升温速率和反应阶段有关。改变升温速率并不会明显改变热解反应特性,热解过程主要是挥发分析出,失重比和失重速率均最大。     

城市污泥与水稻秸秆混合热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对污泥、稻杆及其两者混合物的热解特性和热解协同作用进行研究,混物中稻杆的掺混比例分别为30%、50%和70%,在不同的升温速率(10℃/min,20℃/min,30℃/min和40℃/min)下进行热重实验,同时采用Flyn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)两种方法研究它们的动力学特性。结果表明:污泥、稻杆以及两者混合物的热解均可以分为三个不同阶段,污泥的综合脱挥发分指数低于稻杆,平均活化能Eα高于稻杆,稻杆的挥发分析出特性较好,热解反应容易进行。当稻杆掺混比例为70%时,反应的平均活化能Eα最小,分别为243.28 k J/mol(FWO法)和246.12 kJ/mol(KAS法),用FWO法和KAS法计算出的平均活化能值具有较高的一致性。     

Transesterification of jojoba oil,sunflower oil,neem oil,rocket seed oil and linseed oil by tin catalysts

The methanolysis of jojoba oil has been studied in the presence of tin powder, dibutyltin diacetate (C₄H₉)₂Sn(OOCCH₃)₂, dioctyltin diacetate (C₈H₁₇)₂Sn(OOCCH₃)₂, dibutyltin oxide (C₄H₉)₂SnO, dioctyltin oxide (C₈H₁₇)₂SnO, diphenyltin oxide (C₆H₅)₂SnO, dibutyltin chloride dihydroxide (C₄H₉)₂Sn(OH)₂Cl, butyltinhydroxide hydrate (C₄H₉)Sn(=O)OH.xH₂O, Ni nanoparticles and Pd nanoparticles act as catalysts. Among these, 1 weight % of dibutyltin diacetate shows the maximum conversion. Then, methanolysis of sunflower oil, neem oil, rocket seed oil and linseed oil into methyl esters studied in the presence of 1% dibutyltin diacetate as a catalyst and was compared their percentage conversions. The experimental yield for the conversion of jojoba oil, sunflower oil, neem oil, rocket seed oil and linseed oil into biodiesel was found to be 71%, 51%, 50.78%, 40.90% and 39.66%, respectively. The experimental yield of the conversion of jojoba oil into methyl esters was found to be increased up to 96% by increasing reaction time, without emulsion formation. The synthesis of jojoba seed oil biodiesel (JSOB), soybean oil biodiesel (SOB), neem oil biodiesel (NOB), rocket seed oil biodiesel (RSOB) and linseed oil biodiesel (LSOB) was confirmed by NMR (¹H & ¹³C) and FT-IR analyses of biodiesel.     

大豆绝缘油的制备与性能研究

以市售大豆油为原料,通过活性白土减压吸附、碱性Al2O3降酸、微孔滤膜真空抽滤和减压蒸馏深度净化等精炼工艺过程,制备出一种环保型植物绝缘油。理化与电气性能测试结果表明,其闭口闪点达230℃,水分含量低于10 mg/L,酸值(KOH)降低至0.02 mg/g,90℃介质损耗因数tanδ为0.23%,体积电阻率ρ达8.66×1010Ω.m,击穿电压大于60 kV,关键性能指标满足"变压器油(GB2536-90)"标准对500 kV超高压电气设备用油的要求。     

Co-integration of ICE Gas oil and Crude oil futures

In this paper, the relationship between Gas oil and Brent Crude oil futures prices is investigated. The analysis is based on daily price series for five different contract lengths traded on ICE Futures Europe. The price series and their first differences are tested for stationarity. Linear relationships between the pair-wise Gas oil and Crude oil contracts are then tested for co-integration. A co-integrated relationship is found for the 1 and 2 month contracts covering data from 1994 to 2009, and Error Correction Models are established to estimate the relationships. No co-integrated relationships are found for the 3, 6 and 12 month contracts covering the period 2002-2009, nor for the 1 and 2 month contracts for this period. The futures prices for this period are collected from a volatile market, including hurricane Katrina, the economic boom and the following financial crises which might explain these results. Thus, in such volatile periods the spread between Gas oil and Crude oil is likely to deviate, and it might take several years until it reverts to its equilibrium value. For energy traders and hedgers, this will imply that exposures to the crack spread should be treated with great care in such market environments.     

网电钻机用传动箱供油系统的设计与改进

针对YOT750D型与YOT700型调速型偶合器减速箱供油润滑系统故障,从设计的角度出发,分析了机破的原因,提出改进措施,使设计方案更趋于合理,为传动箱的可靠性设计提供了更好的设计思路。     

The paradox of oil reserve forecasts: The political implications of predicting oil reserves and oil consumption

In the light of the outstanding importance of hydrocarbons for global energy, the controversy over peak oil has become both pressing and emotionally charged. Two conflicting parties – alarmists and optimists – hold irreconcilable positions. The shaping of the future energy policy is presently based on modeling results and geological considerations only. We show that the existing predictions of the energy crisis are increasingly mixed-up with value-judgments. The value analysis of those forecasts allows us to suggest that at least part of the estimations are implicit reflections of predictors’ ends and values, and do not demonstrate a real ability to anticipate future conditions. Paradoxically, the question of oil reserves depletion is better understood when predictions are viewed as an instrument to impose the predictors’ values and intervene in the currently bustling oil market. The intervention in the oil prices may occur in either direction becoming a tool to justify values rather than an instrument for the acquisition of knowledge.     

Biodiesel production from mixed soybean oil and rapeseed oil

The biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) was prepared by transesterification of the mixed oil (soybean oil and rapeseed oil) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst. The effects of mole ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and reaction time on the yield were studied. In order to decrease the operational temperature, a co-solvent (hexane) was added into the reactants and the conversion efficiency of the reaction was improved. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained by this experiment: methanol/oil mole ratio 5.0:1, reaction temperature 55 °C, catalyst amount 0.8 wt.% and reaction time 2.0 h. Under the optimum conditions, a 94% yield of methyl esters was reached ∼94%. The structure of the biodiesel was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. The sulfur content of biodiesel was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), and the satisfied result was obtained. The properties of obtained biodiesel from mixed oil are close to commercial diesel fuel and is rated as a realistic fuel as an alternative to diesel. Production of biodiesel has positive impact on the utilization of agricultural and forestry products.     

Assessment of the relationship between oil prices and US oil stocks

This paper qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes the relationship between US monthly ending oil stocks position with that of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil prices from February 1995 to July 2004. The paper concludes if other things are held constant, WTI is inversely related to the petroleum products (PPP), combined petroleum products and crude oil (CPPP), crude oil alone (Crude), total oil stocks including petroleum products, crude oil and strategic petroleum reserves SPR (Total), total gasoline (TGO), total distillate (TDO). It could not establish a statistically significant and negative relationship with SPR when run alone. One percent increase (decrease) in CPPP, PPP, Crude, Total, TGO and TDO leads to decrease (increase) in WTI, respectively, by 0.70, 0.43, 0.37, 0.97, 0.26 and 0.21 percent. Oil prices are largely influenced by total crude and Crude and PPP inventories levels while modestly with variations in gasoline and distillate stocks levels. Despite a healthy increase of over 22 percent in SPR from January 2001 to April 2004, it did not result in easing of oil prices. Primarily because SPR are meant for security of supply concern and are only released under extreme conditions by the President of United States, they are neither meant for the purposes of balancing supply–demand gap nor for the stability of oil prices. The aggressive SPR buildup in recent years is related to international terrorism, geopolitical situation in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq, that encourages US government to enhance its SPR to meet any short-term eventuality. The analyst must keep a close eye on CPPP and the total oil stocks variation to forecast WTI in the short run whilst gasoline and distillate influence oil prices modestly in the short run. SPR, on the other hand, are expected to play a pivotal role in balancing oil prices and in providing a critical resource for the economy in case of any major shortfall in the long run.     

Production and evaluation of biodiesel from mixed castor oil and waste chicken oil

Biodiesel was developed from an unconventional feedstock, i.e. an equivalent blend of castor bean and waste chicken oil through the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification with methanol. The process variables including the alkaline catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the alkaline catalyst type were investigated. The highest yield of biodiesel (97.20 % ~ 96.98 % w/w ester content) was obtained under optimum conditions of 0.75 % w/w of oil, 8:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 60°C temperature, and a duration of 30 min. Properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied those specified by the ASTM standards. The results thus indicated that the suggested blend oils are suitable feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The process was found to follow pseudo first-order kinetics, and the activation energy was found to be 8.85 KJ/mole.     

The production of fuel from,and the thermal stability of,sunflower oil,corn oil,and canola oil

Frying of sunflower, corn, and canola oils was carried out for seven running days at 175°C in this study. Fatty acid composition, free fatty acid, viscosity, iodine value, peroxide value, density, pH, saponification value, refractive index, average molecular weight, color, and the higher heating value of these oils have been analyzed. While the contents of free fatty acid, viscosity, saponification value, peroxide value, and colors (red and yellow) increase with the frying times, the contents of average molecular weight, iodine value, pH, and the higher heating value decreased for all oils in this work. However, reduction in the higher heating value is relatively low. This work indicated that recycling as a fuel of these oils can make a major economic contribution.     

Performance and emission analysis of compression ignition engine using biodiesels from Acid oil,Mahua oil,and Castor oil

Research on and use of biodiesels for engines is growing continuously in the present era. Compression ignition (CI) engine performance for biodiesels of blends B20 from Acid oil, Mahua oil, and Castor oil is experimentally investigated. The engine performance analysis in the form of brake‐specific fuel consumption, brake‐specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and air fuel ratio are compared with diesel as base fuel. Emission characteristics like CO, CO₂, NOx, and opacity are comparatively studied in detail for the considered biodiesels. The entire study is compared with the performance of engine when pure diesel is chosen as fuel. From the complete analysis it was observed that the BTE was higher for Acid oil and Mahua oil among the biodiesels used. And regarding CO emissions, Mahua oil showed lower effect than other biodiesels. Upto 6% increase in EGT of Mahua oil was obtained at no load and for other loads the percent reduced. For all the biodiesels the % enhancement in Co, CO₂, and NOx was more than 60% at highest load compared with diesel.