避免灾难恢复失败的7种最佳实践

对很多企业而言,灾难恢复只准成功,不许失败.当企业财务受挫,甚至生存受到挑战时,lT专家们必须确保企业的灾难恢复计划切实可行.当执行灾难恢复计划时,为保证有效的业务连续性,企业的每一个部门、每一个人都需协同工作,否则,灾难恢复有可能导致另一场灾难,而不是有效的业务保障措施.     

The use of best design practices: An analysis of US navy contractors

Rapid and successful introduction of new products is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage for manufacturing firms. Organizations need to identify and manage those critical elements of the product development process (PDP) that have a positive influence on new product success. This research identifies the distinctive product development and design practices, policies and tools currently followed by companies (Navy contractors) that participated in an empirical research study known as the Best Manufacturing Practices Program. A summary of practices reported in the case studies is compiled using content analysis techniques, and the most interesting practices by individual companies are highlighted. We find numerous examples of sophisticated CAD techniques being used to enhance the development process, including expert system design advisers, computer simulation, and design databases. Companies are emphasizing the design policies of concurrent engineering and teamwork, and documenting design process knowledge into design manuals. Company effort still appear focused primarily on the phase of detailed design rather than the concept selection phase.     

An assessment of regional innovation system efficiency in Russia: the application of the DEA approach

Scientometrics - The main aim of this study is to compare Russian regions according to their ability to create new technologies efficiently and to identify factors that determine these differences...     

Improving diabetes care in a large health care system: an enhanced primary care approach

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted improvement strategy on diabetes quality of care in a defined population of patients. STUDY DESIGN: A multifaceted improvement strategy to enhance diabetes care was deployed to 18 primary care clinics serving 170,000 adults. Interventions empowered patient self-management, supported care team decision making, redesigned office systems, and maximized use of available information technology. Specific goals were to improve glycemic control and reduce cardiovascular risk in all adult diabetes patients. DATA SOURCE AND COLLECTION: Diabetes was identified through pharmacy and diagnostic data (estimated sensitivity 0.91, positive predictive value 0.94), and the target population ranged from 6,542 to 7,037 members over time. Trends in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipid LDL-cholesterol were analyzed monthly throughout 1999 in both cohorts and serial cross-sections. RESULTS: During 12 months, mean HbA1c improved from 7.86% to 7.47%, and the proportion of patients with HbA1c levels < 8% rose from 60.5% to 68.3%, and the proportion with HbA1c > 10% fell from 10.3% to 7.2%. The LDL test rate rose from 47.4% to 57.4%, and mean LDL fell from 120 mg/dl to 116 mg/dl. The proportion with acceptable lipid control (LDL < 130 mg/dl, or < 100 mg/dl with coronary artery disease) rose from 48.9% to 57.7%. All changes were significant at p < 0.01 or less. CONCLUSION: Clinically significant population-based improvements in diabetes care were observed during a 1-year period using a multifaceted "enhanced primary care" strategy.     

Case-based reasoning for selection of the best practices in low-carbon city development

Cities emit extensive carbon emissions, which are considered a major contributor to the severe issue of climate change. Various low-carbon development programs have been initiated at the city level worldwide to address this problem. These practices are invaluable in promoting the development of low-carbon cities. Therefore, an effective approach should be developed to help decision makers select the best practices from previous experience on the basis of the impact features of carbon emission and city context features. This study introduces a case-based reasoning methodology for a specific city to select the best practices as references for low-carbon city development. The proposed methodology consists of three main components, namely, case representation, case retrieval, and case adaption and retention. For city representation, this study selects city context features and the impact features of carbon emission to characterize and represent a city. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying it to the selection of the best practices for low-carbon development of Chengdu City in Sichuan Province, China.     

Using performance measures to identify plans of action to improve care.

BACKGROUND: Health care organizations dedicate enormous time and resources collecting data to measure the performance of physicians, hospitals, and other medical facilities. These measures may reflect outcomes, processes of care, patient perceptions of the quality of care, and resource utilization and cost. However, less thought is given to how the performance data should be used to improve care. The data must be translated into clinically relevant terms that assess the decisions of the clinical staff and the functioning of the systems that support the delivery of care. The processes of care are identified through record review, analysis of the system of care delivery, and patient interview, and are then further assessed to determine the underlying causes. EXAMPLES: Examples, drawn from case studies, are provided to illustrate how to identify and address components of care requiring improvement. DISCUSSION: Physician behavior is an important component of care in all performance measures. Modification of some patterns of behavior, including those of nursing and other support staff, may be needed to reduce some types of error. For this reason it is important to involve physicians in the process of discovering root causes. When the root cause involves the medical care system, an interdisciplinary approach will be needed. This may involve administrators, nurses, pharmacists, home care and discharge planners, and office personnel. One recommended approach to QI is to identify system errors and then design changes in the system to reduce that type of error. CONCLUSION: Performance measures must be translated into the components(s) of care that are implicated in the measure. Once this component has been identified as the reason behind the suboptimal measure, its root cause should be used to structure the most effective intervention.     

Dynamic Model of Social Systems: An application to the delivery of health services

A simultaneous equation model is constructed in order to describe the health services delivery system serving the state of Indiana. The model consists of a set of stochastic equations that describe the joint dependency of physician manpower and short-term general hospital beds on social, demographic, and economic characteristics of the population served. The model is validated with county data from Indiana and the dynamic behavior of the health services delivery system that results from feedback in the model, and the inclusion of lagged physician manpower variables is analyzed.     

An innovative approach to identify the knowledge diffusion path: the case of resource-based theory

This study presents an innovative approach for identifying the knowledge diffusion path of a target research field. We take the resource-based theory (RBT) as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology. Several survey studies have provided valuable summarization and commentaries to the RBT from different perspectives. These analyses are useful and pertinent for understanding the development of RBT. However, limited by the methodologies they used, previous scholars can only select part of the RBT literature to conduct the survey work. To eliminate the limitation, this study develops an innovative approach which can handle thousands of articles. This study analyzes a dataset including 2,105 theoretical developments, empirical studies, and review papers to explore the knowledge diffusion path of the RBT. Citation data are used to build the citation network. Main paths are then probed and visualized via social network analysis methodology. To figure out the total picture of the knowledge diffusion path, this study integrates various main path analyses to supplement the traditional approach. The traditional main path analysis investigates the knowledge diffusion from a local view. The global analysis provides a main path from a macro view. The key-route analysis helps explore and clarify a complete picture of the convergence-divergence phenomena. We believe that through this novel tool, new researchers can easily identify the papers that have made major contributions to RBT knowledge diffusion and uncover the interrelationships among them.     

How to identify emerging research fields using scientometrics: An example in the field of Information Security

In the highly competitive world, there has been a concomitant increase in the need for the research and planning methodology, which can perform an advanced assessment of technological opportunities and an early perception of threats and possibilities of the emerging technology according to the nation’s economic and social status. This research is aiming to provide indicators and visualization methods to measure the latest research trend and aspect underlying scientific and technological documents to researchers and policy planners using “co-word analysis”. Information Security field is a highly prospective market value. In this paper, we presented an analysis Information Security. Co-word analysis was employed to reveal patterns and trends in the Information Security fields by measuring the association strength of terms representatives of relevant publications or other texts produced in the Information Security field. Data were collected from SCI and the critical keywords could be extracted from the author keywords. These extracted keywords were further standardized. In order to trace the dynamic changes in the Information Security field, we presented a variety of technology mapping. The results showed that the Information Security field has some established research theme and also rapidly transforms to embrace new themes.     

An equilibrated method of fundamental solutions to choose the best source points for the Laplace equation

For the method of fundamental solutions (MFS), a trial solution is expressed as a linear combination of fundamental solutions. However, the accuracy of MFS is heavily dependent on the distribution of source points. Two distributions of source points are frequently adopted: one on a circle with a radius R, and another along an offset D to the boundary, where R and D are problem dependent constants. In the present paper, we propose a new method to choose the best source points, by using the MFS with multiple lengths R_k for the distribution of source points, which are solved from an uncoupled system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Based on the concept of equilibrated matrix, the multiple-length R_k is fully determined by the collocated points and a parameter R or D, such that the condition number of the multiple-length MFS (MLMFS) can be reduced smaller than that of the original MFS. This new technique significantly improves the accuracy of the numerical solution in several orders than the MFS with the distribution of source points using R or D. Some numerical tests for the Laplace equation confirm that the MLMFS has a good efficiency and accuracy, and the computational cost is rather cheap.     

An advanced diffusion model to identify emergent research issues: the case of optoelectronic devices

Scientific progress in technology oriented research fields is made by incremental or fundamental inventions concerning natural science effects, materials, methods, tools and applications. Therefore our approach focuses on research activities of such technological elements on the basis of keywords in published articles. In this paper we show how emerging topics in the field of optoelectronic devices based on scientific literature data from the PASCAL-database can be identified. We use Results from PROMTECH project, whose principal objective was to produce a methodology allowing the identification of promising emerging technologies. In this project, the study of the intersection of Applied Sciences as well as Life (Biological &; Medical) Sciences domains and Physics with bibliometric methods produced 45 candidate technological fields and the validation by expert panels led to a final selection of 10 most promising ones. These 45 technologies were used as reference fields. In order to detect the emerging research, we combine two methodological approaches. The first one introduces a new modelling of field terminology evolution based on bibliometric indicators: the diffusion model and the second one is a diachronic cluster analysis. With the diffusion model we identified single keywords that represent a high dynamic of the mentioned technology elements. The cluster analysis was used to recombine articles, where the identified keywords were used to technological topics in the field of optoelectronic devices. This methodology allows us to answer the following questions: Which technological aspects within our considered field can be detected? Which of them are already established and which of them are new? How are the topics linked to each other?     

An application of bibliometrics to the history of electricity

A bibliometric analysis is performed on the articles on or relating to electricity that appeared in thePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London from their commencement, in 1665, to the year 1800. The views of eminent scientists of the 18th century of the scientific advance, state of the art and prospects in electricity are given and commented. Agreement between the bibliometric data and scientists' views is ascertained.     

如何识别认证工作中的风险

当前社会无论是日常生活还是各行各业,人们都已经认识到风险的影响和危害,并开始积极采取措施进行控制和管理,使之成为一项新兴的能够带来可观效益的管理科学。一、风险的作用原理可以这样讲,只要人们在从事有目的的活动,就一定会有风险伴随,因为所有的活动都是处于自然、经济、社会、政治等复杂多变的环境中,完全避开或者     

An approach to identify the optimal configurations and reconfiguration processes for design of reconfigurable machine tools

A reconfigurable machine tool (RMT) is a special machine that can deliver different machining functions through reconfiguration processes among its configurations during the machine utilisation stage. In this research, a new approach is developed to identify the optimal configurations and the reconfiguration processes for design of the RMTs. In this work, a generic design AND-OR tree is used to model different design solution candidates, their machine configurations and parameters of these configurations. A specific design solution is created from the generic design AND-OR tree through tree-based search and modelled by different machine configurations. For a reconfiguration process between two machine configurations, a generic process AND-OR graph is used to model reconfiguration operation candidates, sequential constraints among operations and operation parameters. A graph-based search is used to generate all feasible reconfiguration process candidates from the generic process AND-OR graph. The optimal design is identified by multi-level and multi-objective hybrid optimisation. A case study is developed to show how this new approach is used for the optimal design of a RMT.     

The application of machine learning to structural health monitoring

In broad terms, there are two approaches to damage identification. Model-driven methods establish a high-fidelity physical model of the structure, usually by finite element analysis, and then establish a comparison metric between the model and the measured data from the real structure. If the model is for a system or structure in normal (i.e. undamaged) condition, any departures indicate that the structure has deviated from normal condition and damage is inferred. Data-driven approaches also establish a model, but this is usually a statistical representation of the system, e.g. a probability density function of the normal condition. Departures from normality are then signalled by measured data appearing in regions of very low density. The algorithms that have been developed over the years for data-driven approaches are mainly drawn from the discipline of pattern recognition, or more broadly, machine learning. The object of this paper is to illustrate the utility of the data-driven approach to damage identification by means of a number of case studies.     

The impact of staffing and the organization of work on patient outcomes and health care workers in health care organizations

BACKGROUND: Numerous reports in the popular press express concern about the restructuring or lowering of staffing levels in health care organizations and the impact on the quality of patient care. Overtime and other extended shifts also represent work stresses for health care workers. This article reviews the research literature on the relationships among staffing, organization of work, and patient outcomes, and it discusses research findings on the relationship between staffing and the health of health care workers. RESEARCH ON STAFFING, ORGANIZATION, AND PATIENT OUTCOMES/STAFF WELL-BEING: Safe staffing level requirements have been identified for nursing homes, but only in extremely limited cases for hospitals, home care, or other health settings. There is little information about the impact of staffing levels and the organization of work on health personnel or on patient outcomes. There is almost no information about staffing and patient outcomes in home health and ambulatory care. Much of the research on staffing and quality has been discipline specific; future research should reflect the interdisciplinary nature of health care delivery rather than the impact of a particular occupation. RESEARCH USE: Research is conducted to increase the scientific base per se and to inform decision making. Who should decide staffing levels and the organization of work? Professionals, employers/owners, the government, and consumers all have significant interest in staffing levels and the organization of care. Improving health care quality requires research about the critical staffing and organization of work variables. This requires obtaining appropriate data, conducting the research, and widely disseminating the findings.     

Using quality management to balance the economic and humane imperatives in behavioral health care

The authors describe how quality management can be used to achieve an ethical balance between economic pressures and high-quality patient care.     

如何鉴别茅台酒商标的真伪

茅台酒产于贵州省仁怀市茅台镇,茅台酒厂始建于1704年,茅台酒历史悠久,是中华文化酒的典型代表。60年前,新中国成立时,茅台酒就成为国宴用酒,是我国酒中之冠,素有“国酒”之称。一瓶茅台酒价值数百元,不法分子受利益的驱使,制假贩假的违法活动屡禁不止。本文结合司法鉴定工作实践,以“飞天”商标为例谈一谈如何对可疑茅台酒商标进行真伪鉴别。     

An approach to the application of subjective probabilities in level 2 PSAs

Accident Progression Event Trees are commonly used in Probabilistic Safety Assessments (PSAs) for nuclear power plants, chemical process plants and offshore installations. Their quantification necessitates the application of subjective probabilities in dealing with certain issues, such as physical phenomena. Although the subjective probability concept has been widely used in PSAs, its acceptability remains questionable mainly due to the current lack of formalism in the process of subjective probability derivation. A procedure was developed for the Sizewell ‘B’ Level 2 PSA to improve the traceability and scrutability of this process. The key elements include:

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  • issue decomposition

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  • supporting data derivation

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A brief discussion of this procedure and two illustrations are provided in this paper.     

An application of the Brown-Morrish theorem to force transmitting devices

A simple model is used to optimize the design of permanent magnet, coaxial, force couplers. Two configurations (with and without flux-closure yokes) are analyzed and design parameters are given for maximizing either coupling force or stiffness per unit volume of magnetic material. The model is also modified to the case of magnetic bearings. By means of the theorem of Brown and Morrish, it is shown that the performance of yokeless radially and axially magnetized couplers or bearings is the same. The technological implications of this result are noted.