Effects of Ca addition on tensile properties and microstructures of hot-extruded AZ91 alloy tube

As-cast AZ91＋XCa （X=0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, mass fraction） magnesium alloys were extruded into tube at 380℃ with an extrusion ratio of 6：1. The tensile properties and microstructures of extruded AZ91＋XCa alloy tubes were investigated. The mierostructural observation indicates that Ca can obviously refine both α-Mg grains and Mg17Al12 phase of AZ91 magnesium alloy. XRD analysis shows that the microstructure of AZ91＋0.5Ca alloy consists of a-Mg solid solution and Mg17Al12 phase, while AZ9 I＋1.5Ca alloy contains additionally Al2Ca phase. The tensile experimental results show that for the AZ91 alloy, the addition of Ca has little influence on the ambient temPerature tensile properties but can improve the elevated temperature tensile properties. For the extruded AZ91＋XCa alloys, the elevated temperature tensile strength decreases, and elongation increases with increasing the Ca content. The improvement in elevated temperature tensile strength of the alloy can be attributed to the presence of a Ca-containing phase, which can increase the microstructural stability of the alloy at elevated temperature.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6A1-4RE-0.4Mn alloy

Mg-6Al--4RE-0.4Mn （mass fraction, %, RE=Ce rich mischmetal） alloy was prepared by steel mould casting technique. Solid solution and artificial aging （T6） were carried out. The microstructure and mechanical properties of both as-cast and T6 treated alloys were investigated at room temperature and 423 K. It is found that the intermetallic compounds of the as-cast and T6 treated alloys were mainly composed of Al11RE3, Mg17Al12 and Al6REMn6. The Vickers hardness （Hv） of the as-cast alloy is 63 and it increases to 70 after T6 heat treatment. T6 heat treatment plays a slight role in the tensile properties at room temperature, but the yield strength and elongation of T6 state at 423 K are distinctly improved. The yield strength and elongation of the as-cast alloy at 423 K are 71 MPa and 18%, respectively, and the values increase after T6 heat treatment, which is attributed to Al11RE3, Mg17Al12 and Al6REMn6 precipitates that impede the dislocation movement and gliding of grain boundaries effectively.     

Influence of aging modes on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy after solid solution and aging treatments were studied by using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) as well as tensile testing. The results indicated that β-Mg17Al12 phase was getting to distribute discontinuously along the grain boundary after treated at 395℃ ageing for 12 h followed by water-cooling, but it did not dissolve into α-Mg completely. The residual β-Mg17Al12 phase distributed along the grain boundary and had block-like or island shapes. The size of α-Mg was getting to be coarsening but not significantly. The β-Mg17Al12 precipitates appeared in discontinuous and continuous patterns from supersaturated α-Mg solid solution after aged at 200℃. The precipitation patterns were associated with the aging time essentially. The tensile strength and elongation of the alloy increased significantly but the hardness and yield strength decreased after solid solution treatment. However, with the prolonging of aging time, the hardness and strength of alloy increased while the ductility decreased.     

Redistribution and re-precipitation of solute atom during retrogression and reaging of A1-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

The redistribution and re-precipitation of solute atom during retrogression and reaging of three different A1-Zn-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys were investigated. The results of hardness and tensile strength test indicate that after pre-aging at 100 ℃ or 120 ℃ and retrogressing at 200 ℃ for various time and re-aging treatment, the hardness and strength of the alloys are all larger than those under pre-aging condition, some of them even exceed the value under peak aging（T6） condition. TEM observation shows that the PFZ formed during retrogressing in short time becomes narrow and even disappears after re-aging treatment. However, the PFZ formed during retrogressing for a long time does not narrow after re-aging treatment. It is suggested that the redistribution and re-precipitation of solute atom during re-aging treatment result in the narrowing and even disappearance of the PFZ formed during retrogression, which reinforces the grain-boundaries and presents the value of tensile strength exceeding peak-aging strength in the RRA condition, while the precipitates in the matrix of the alloys still keep or even exhibit a more dispersed distribution, and a greater effect of precipitation strengthening is obtained.     

Aging characteristics and high temperature properties of Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr

The microstructures and tensile propert;.es of Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr alloys were investigated by OM, SEM and mechanical property tester. The results show that the microstructure of as-cast sample is a typical dendritic structure, the grain size of extruded sample is finer than that of the as-cast because of recrystallization. The aging response of extruded specimens is quick and marked when the samples are aged at 200 to 250℃ for different time, and the peak aging hardness is about HVI20. The tensile strengths at 25,200, 250 and 300℃ are 375,364, 329 and 286 MPa, respectively. The maximum elongation is higher than 18% at 300 ℃. The fracture mode is mainly microvoid coalescence fracture combining with brittle cleavage fracture at room temperature, and microvoid coalescence fracture at 250-300℃.     

Paint-bake response of AZ80 and AZ31 Mg alloys

Aging behaviors of extruded and rolled AZ80 and AZ31 Mg alloys were investigated under conditions similar to the paint-bake cycle currently used in automotive industry.Artificial aging at 170℃ from 0.5 to 12 h was conducted on solution-treated specimens to study the effects of aging on mechanical properties.SEM observations and EDS data show thatβ-phase of Al12Mg17 precipitates continuously or discontinuously fromα-Mg matrix and distributes along grain boundaries of the AZ80 alloy during artificial aging.Data of tensile tests and Vickers hardness tests show that an optimum mechanical property is achieved after baking at 170℃ for 6-8 h when Vickers hardness,tensile strength,and elongation are increased by 6.35%,15.30%,and 7.88%,respectively, while the AZ31 alloy does not exhibit significant hardening behavior over the aging period.     

Effects of solution and aging treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy welded joints

The effects of solution and aging treatments on the microstructures and mechanical properties of tungsten inert gas arc welded AZ61 magne-sium alloy joints were investigated by microstructural observations,microhardness tests and tensile tests.The results showed that the solution treatment led to the β-Mg17Al12 particles dissolved into the α-Mg grains.Hence,the microhardness of the fusion zone and the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints were the lowest.With the increase of the aging temperature,the volume fraction of the β-Mg17Al12 particles in the fusion zone increased and this enhanced the microhardness of the fusion zone gradually.Also,the elongation of the welded joints was in-creased slightly with the increase of the volume fraction of the β-Mg17Al12 particles.However,the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints increased at first and dropped at 190 ?C due to cracks formed at the boundaries of the β-Mg17Al12 particles.     

Variation of the mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys tested at different temperatures

The high-temperature mechanical properties of 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe and 95W-4.5Ni-0.5Co alloys were investigated in the temperature range of room temperature to1100℃.The yield strength and tensile strengths declined gradually,and the ductility of both alloys increased as the testing temperature was increased to 300℃.All the three properties reached a plateau at temperatures between 300 and 500℃ in the case of 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe and at temperatures between 350 and 700℃ in the case of 95W-4.5Ni-0.5Co.Thereafter,the ductility as well as yield and tensile strengths decreased considerably.     

Single-aging characteristics of 7055 aluminum alloy

The microstructures and properties of 7055 aluminum alloy were studied at different single-aging for up to 48 h using hardness test, tensile test, electrical conductivity measurement, XRD and TEM microstructure analysis. The results show that at the early stage of aging, the hardness and strength of the alloy increase rapidly, the peak hardness and strength are approached after 120 ℃ aging for 4 h, then maintained at a high level for a long time. The suitable single-aging treatment of 7055 alloy is 480 ℃, 1 h solution treatment and water quenching, then aging at 120 ℃ for 24 h. Under those condition, the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and electrical conductivity of the studied alloy are 513 MPa, 462 MPa, 9.5% and 29%（IACS）, respectively. During aging, the solid solution decomposes and precipitation occurs. At the early aging stage of 120 ℃, GP zones form and then grow up gradually with increasing ageing time. η′ phase forms after ageing for 4 h and η phase starts to occur after 24 h aging.     

Effect of Partially Substituting Ca with Mischmetal on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Mn-Based Alloys

Mg-2Al-1.2Ca-0.2Mn(at%)-based alloys with Ce-rich mischmetal(MM) substitution of 0–0.6 at% for Ca were hot extruded at 400 °C. The effect of MM substitution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded alloys was investigated. The as-cast Mg-2Al-1.2Ca-0.2Mn alloy is mainly composed of a-Mg, Mg_2Ca and(Mg,Al)_2Ca phases and Al_8Mn_5 precipitates, whereas the substitution of MM brings about the formation of Al_(11)MM_3, Al_2MM phases and Al_(10)MM_2Mn_7 particles with the absence of (Mg,Al)_2Ca phase. The volume fraction of MM-containing phases increases with increasing MM contents. All of the extruded alloys exhibit bimodal microstructure comprising fine dynamically recrystallized grains with almost random orientation and coarse deformed grains with strong basal texture. Dense nanosized planar Al_2Ca and spherical Al–Mn phases precipitate inside the deformed grains. High tensile yield strengths of~ 350 MPa and moderate elongations to failure of 12% are obtained in all extruded alloys; the MM substitution induces negligible difference in the tensile properties at ambient temperature, while the highest MM substitution improves the strength at 180 °C due to the better thermal stability of the fragmented MM-containing phases.     

热处理对轧制AM50+xCa组织及力学性能的影响

研究了固溶、时效对轧制AM50＋xCa（x=0.1％,2％,质量分数）镁合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：合金轧制后,随着固溶时间的增加,Mg17Al12相通过原子扩散弥散嘲溶到镁基体中;而Al2Ca相比较稳定,部分变细,逐渐断开并出现球化现象。随着时效时间的增加,Mg17Al12相以细粒状从过饱和的镁基体中析出;而Al2Ca相比较稳定,其数量和形状变化极小。固溶处理后,合金硬度和拉伸强度有所下降;时效处理后,合金硬度增加到峰值后下降,拉伸强度略有升高。固溶、时效处理肟轧制AM50和AM50＋1Ca镁合金的颦性有所增加;而轧制AMSO＋2Ca镁合金固溶后塑性有所增加,时效后塑性有所下降。     

锶及固溶处理对AM50镁合金组织和高温力学性能的影响

研究了添加不同含量的锶(Sr)及固溶处理(T4)对AM50镁合金显微组织和高温(150℃)拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:当Sr加入量为0.7wt%和1.4wt%时,AM50合金中形成了层片状的Al4Sr新相,而Mg17Al12相被抑制形成,固溶处理使Al4Sr相由层片状转变为颗粒状。当Sr加入量为2.8wt%和3.5wt%时,AM50合金中形成了骨骼状的Sr5Al9新相,固溶处理使热稳定性较高的Sr5Al9相由骨骼状向层片状和颗粒状转变。加入Sr能细化晶粒并显著提高合金在150℃下的拉伸性能,固溶处理明显提高了AM50-2.8Sr和AM50-3.5Sr合金高温下的抗拉强度,但对AM50-0.7Sr和AM50-1.4Sr合金高温拉伸性能影响较小。     

添加Ca和Sr元素对ZK61镁合金组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、Vickers硬度计及拉伸试验机等观察并研究了添加Ca和Sr元素及热处理工艺对ZK61镁合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:单独添加Ca元素时,在ZK61-xCa合金α-Mg基体上析出了形状不规则的MgZn和MgZn2相;复合添加Ca、Sr元素时,在α-Mg基体上形成了沿晶界分布的Mg17Sr2新相。当固溶温度和时间为350℃×12 h,时效温度和时间为200℃×12 h时,合金的组织与性能达到最优。当元素Ca=1.0%,Sr=0.5%时,热处理后合金的性能最优,其抗拉强度为141.9 MPa,伸长率为15.6%,维氏硬度为51.6 HV。     

Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and properties of Mg-10Zn-5Al-0.1Sb high zinc magnesium alloy

To improve the strength,hardness and heat resistance of Mg-Zn based alloys,the effects of Cu addition on the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10Zn-5Al-0.1Sb high zinc magnesium alloy were investigated by means of Brinell hardness measurement,scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),XRD and tensile tests at room and elevated temperatures.The results show that the microstructure of as-cast Mg-10Zn-5Al-0.1Sb alloy is composed of α-Mg,t-Mg32(Al,Zn)49,φ-Al2Mg5Zn2 and Mg3Sb2 phases.The morphologies of these phases in the Cu-containing alloys change from semi-continuous long strip to black herringbone as well as particle-like shapes with increasing Cu content.When the addition of Cu is over 1.0wt.%,the formation of a new thermally-stable Mg2Cu phase can be observed.The Brinell hardness,room temperature and elevated temperature strengths firstly increase and then decrease as the Cu content increases.Among the Cu-containing alloys,the alloy with the addition of 2.0wt.% Cu exhibits the optimum mechanical properties.Its hardness and strengths at room and elevated temperatures are 79.35 HB,190MPa and 160MPa,which are increased by 9.65%,21.1% and 14.3%,respectively compared with those of the Cu-free one.After T6 heat treatment,the strengths at room and elevated temperatures are improved by 20% and 10%,respectively compared with those of the as-cast alloy.This research results provide a new way for strengthening of magnesium alloys at room and elevated temperatures,and a method of producing thermally-stable Mg-10Zn-5Al based high zinc magnesium alloys.     

Comparison of as-cast microstructure,tensile and creep properties for Mg-3Sn-1Ca and Mg-3Sn-2Ca magnesium alloys

The as-cast microstructure,tensile and creep properties of Mg-3Sn-1Ca and Mg-3Sn-2Ca magnesium alloys were investigated and compared by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction analysis and tensile tests. The results indicate that the as-cast microstructures of Mg-3Sn-1Ca and Mg-3Sn-2Ca alloys are different.The former is mainly composed ofα-Mg,eutectic CaMgSn and solid state precipitation of Mg 2 Sn,whereas the latter is mainly composed ofα-Mg, primary CaMgSn,eutectic CaMgSn and Mg2Ca phases.As a result,the two alloys obtain different tensile and creep properties. Mg-3Sn-1Ca alloy shows relatively higher ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature and 150℃than Mg-3Sn-2Ca alloy,however,the yield strengths of Mg-3Sn-1Ca alloy at room temperature and 150℃are relatively low.In addition,the creep properties of Mg-3Sn-1Ca alloy at 150℃and 70 MPa for 100 h are obviously lower than those of the Mg-3Sn-2Ca alloy.     

ZM81-xSn (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10)变形镁合金的组织演变和力学性能

通过对不同Sn含量的ZM81合金的微观组织和力学性能的测得,研究了Sn在ZM81合金中的存在形式和作用机制及不同添加量对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：Sn元素主要以Mg2Sn共晶相形式存在,能够细化铸态组织;热挤压过程中,Sn添加能够起到抑制动态再结晶和晶粒细化的作用;T6处理,尤其是双级时效,能显著提升挤压态合金的力学性能,其中ZM81-4Sn合金具有最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为416MPa、393MPa和4.1%。实验合金高强度主要源于MgZn2和Mg2Sn析出相的双重时效强化效果;相比单级时效,双级时效态合金的析出相细小弥散,因此其力学性能更优。     

Cr-Bi对Mg-8Zn-4Al合金铸态组织及时效沉淀相演变的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段研究了Bi、Cr-Bi复合添加对Mg-8Al-4Zn合金铸态组织及时效沉淀相演变的影响。结果表明:Cr-Bi复合添加能有效改善合金的铸态组织,使连续网状相断开呈短杆或颗粒状。Bi、Cr-Bi复合添加的合金经350℃×12 h+160℃时效,其沉淀硬化曲线呈现典型的温时效。Cr-Bi复合添加的合金时效初期硬化速率较高,20 h就达到峰值硬度的97%,时效48 h达到峰值硬度92.44 HV,过时效阶段硬度下降速度比较缓慢。Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.5Bi合金经350℃×12 h+160℃×120 h时效后主要有MgZn2、Mg3Bi2和单Bi相,呈短杆或细小颗粒状弥散分布在基体上;Cr-Bi复合添加的合金经350℃×12 h+160℃×144 h时效后,除短杆或细小颗粒状的MgZn2相外还有Cr、Al12Cr3等沉淀相,没有发现粗大的MgZn相,且沉淀相与单独添加Bi经120 h时效的合金相比更加细小、致密、弥散均匀分布。     

挤压及时效处理对铸造Mg94Zn25Y25Mn1合金组织与力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等研究了Mg94Zn25Y25Mn1合金正挤压及随后200℃等温时效过程中的组织与力学性能变化。结果表明：Mg94Zn25Y25Mn1合金挤压过程发生动态再结晶,晶粒明显细化,颗粒状的形（Mg3Zn3Y2）相弥散分布,晶界处X相和晶内的14H相发生了小角度变形扭折;挤压态Mg94Zn25Y25Mn1合金经时效50h处理后,可以实现组织均匀化,消除大部分挤压缺陷,抗拉强度高达345MPa,伸长率为22．5％左右。     

Ca对ZA63合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过合金制备、微观分析和力学性能测试等方法研究了Ca对ZA63合金微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,当加入Ca元素后,舍金晶粒细化,半连续网状的τ相变为细小粒状或棒状,颗粒状τ相更为细小,并形成了细小高熔点Al_2Ca相.随着Ca含量的增加,固溶时效态合金在室温、150℃和175℃温度下的抗拉强度和延伸率基本上呈先升高后降低的趋势.当Ca含量为1.0%时,合金在各温度下的抗拉强度和延伸率都达到最大值.