Two-dimensional DOA estimation of coherent signals using acoustic vector sensor array

In this paper, we present two new methods for estimating two-dimensional (2-D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) of narrowband coherent (or highly correlated) signals using an L-shaped array of acoustic vector sensors. We decorrelate the coherency of the signals and reconstruct the signal subspace using cross-correlation matrix, and then the ESPRIT and propagator methods are applied to estimate the azimuth and elevation angles. The ESPRIT technique is based on the shift invariance property of array geometry and the propagator method is based on partitioning of the cross-correlation matrix. The propagator method is computationally efficient and requires only linear operations. Moreover, it does not require any eigendecomposition or singular-value decomposition as for the ESPRIT method. These two techniques are direct methods which do not require any 2-D iterative search for estimating the azimuth and the elevation angles. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.     

分布式电磁矢量传感器阵的二维测向算法

采用由分布式电磁矢量传感器组成的稀疏线阵,针对相干信号提出了一种扩展孔径2维波达角(Two Dimensional DirectionofArrival,2D DOA)估计算法.通过构造增强矩阵来消除信号的相干性,利用稀疏线阵包含的向量特性、x轴和y轴空间相位因子获得高精度无模糊估计.与传统算法相比,算法不但保留了传感器的向量特性,而且增大传感器各分量之间的间距以及传感器之间的间距来获得2D孔径扩展,具有更高的测向精度.仿真验证了本文算法的有效性.     

A novel spatially spread electromagnetic vector sensor for high-accuracy 2-D DOA estimation

In this paper, a new spatially spread electromagnetic vector sensor (SS-EMVS) is proposed by a two-step design. In addition, a novel DOA estimator with coarse-fine estimate combination is presented for the proposed array. The first step aims to make the configurations of SS-EMVS satisfy the “vector cross-product” estimator, leading to a coarse estimation of three direction-cosines. The second step focuses on extending the two dimensional (2-D) array apertures of SS-EMVS, resulting in two fine but ambiguous estimations on the direction-cosines by extracting inter-sensor phase-delay. Combination the coarse and fine estimations, the high-accuracy 2-D DOA estimation can be obtained by using the coarse estimation to disambiguate the fine estimation. The three- dipoles and loops of the proposed configuration are located separately, which are found to reduce mutual coupling as compared with collocated EMVS. Moreover, the new configuration is able to extend 2-D array aperture to improve the accuracy of 2-D direction-finding. Numerical Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

改进分离式电磁矢量阵列的两维波达方向估计

针对现有分离式电磁矢量传感器阵列的两维波达方向(Direction of Arrival, DOA)估计存在的两个问题:其一,当入射信号在时域上不具有旋转不变性时,现有算法失效;其二,无法实现阵列的两维孔径扩展导致两维DOA估计精度较差,提出了一种改进的分离式电磁矢量传感器阵列结构．首先利用所提阵列的空域旋转不变性代替时域旋转不变性得到其中一维方向余弦的高精度估计;其次结合矢量叉乘法与相位干涉法得到另一维的方向余弦高精度估计;最后对两维方向余弦进行三角操作得到目标的两维DOA估计．本文算法摆脱了对入射信号形式的依赖,实现了阵列的两维孔径扩展,使得两维DOA估计精度大大提高．仿真结果证明了本文算法的有效性．     

电磁矢量传感器阵列相干信号源波达方向和极化参数的同时估计:空间平滑方法

研究如何利用电磁矢量传感器阵列中隐含的冗余空域信息解决多个相干极化信号源的二维波达方向(DOA)和极化参数的同时估计问题。基于整个阵列中所隐含的多个空域旋转不变结构,将组成阵列的单个或多个电磁矢量传感器单元看作一个无模糊子阵,利用空间平滑方法对阵列数据进行预处理,以恢复信号协方差矩阵的秩特性。在此基础上,利用多信号分类方法(MUSIC)和旋转不变参数估计方法(ESPRIT)完成多个相干极化信号源的二维 DOA 和极化参数的同时估计。文中还讨论了成功进行信号解相干的必要条件,并通过计算机仿真验证和比较了所给方法的有效性及其辨识能力。     

Efficient method for estimating directions-of-arrival of partiallypolarized signals with electromagnetic vector sensors

We have developed a high-resolution ESPRIT-based method for estimating the directions-of-arrival of partially polarized signals with electromagnetic vector sensors, each of which provides measurements of the complete electric and magnetic fields induced by electromagnetic signals. The method is computationally efficient since unlike many high-resolution methods, it does not involve searching across a multidimensional array manifold. In addition, the method has two variants, of which one is applicable to scenarios where a priori information about the array system, such as the sensor positions, is unavailable     

高斯色噪声下的相干信号 DOA 高分辨率估计*

针对高斯有色噪声下的DOA估计问题,提出一种基于高阶累积量稀疏表示的DOA估计方法。该方法利用四阶累积量矩阵中的第一列生成最小冗余向量,利用扩展阵列的最小冗余导向矢量构造过完备字典。然后利用L1范数作为稀疏约束条件,建立最小冗余向量的稀疏模型进行DOA估计。该方法将求解四阶累积量的次数从M4次降为M2-M+1次。同时又能充分利用四阶累积量的优点,对高斯有色噪声具有良好的抑制能力,并使阵列孔径得到了扩展,估计信号个数能大于阵元数目。仿真实验和理论分析验证了该方法比MUSIC-like和MUSIC算法具有更好的性能,不需要任何处理可以直接应用到相干信号。     

A modified likelihood function approach to DOA estimation in thepresence of unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise using a uniformlinear array

The problem of modified ML estimation of DOAs of multiple source signals incident on a uniform linear array (ULA) in the presence of unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise is addressed here. Unlike previous work, the proposed method does not impose any structural constraints or parameterization of the signal and noise covariances. It is shown that the characterization suggested here provides a very convenient framework for obtaining an intuitively appealing estimate of the unknown noise covariance matrix via a suitable projection of the observed covariance matrix onto a subspace that is orthogonal complement of the so-called signal subspace. This leads to a formulation of an expression for a so-called modified likelihood function, which can be maximized to obtain the unknown DOAs. For the case of an arbitrary array geometry, this function has explicit dependence on the unknown noise covariance matrix. This explicit dependence can be avoided for the special case of a uniform linear array by using a simple polynomial characterization of the latter. A simple approximate version of this function is then developed that can be maximized via the-well-known IQML algorithm or its variants. An exact estimate based on the maximization of the modified likelihood function is obtained by using nonlinear optimization techniques where the approximate estimates are used for initialization. The proposed estimator is shown to outperform the MAP estimator of Reilly et al. (1992). Extensive simulations have been carried out to show the validity of the proposed algorithm and to compare it with some previous solutions     

六角形阵列相干信号二维DOA估计

提出了一种基于扩展重构相关矩阵去相干的二维DOA估计算法。针对六角形阵列的结构特点,首先对各个阵元的接收数据求其共轭矩阵来扩展阵列,扩展后的阵列分为3个六角形子阵列,以此为基础,求得各子阵列的自相关矩阵及互相关矩阵来扩展重构相关矩阵,从而实现解相干的目的,最后利用二维MUSIC算法进行DOA估计。该算法在不减少阵列有效孔径的前提下,增加了可估计相干源数目,并且能够得到较好的估计性能。最后,通过计算机仿真证实了该算法的有效性。      

相干宽带线性调频信号的波达方向估计新方法

提出了一种相干宽带线性调频(LFM)信号的波达方向(DOA)估计新方法。该方法利用LFM信号在分数阶Fourier域上的解线调特性,构造出新的解线调域阵列数据模型,然后结合传统的矩阵重构解相干以及MUSIC算法实现相干LFM信号的DOA估计。若同时存在多组相干LFM信号入射,则首先在不同的能量聚集域上将各信号组分离,然后逐一进行各组内相干信号的DOA估计。该方法充分地挖掘了观测信号所包含的时频信息,增加了可检测的DOA数目,提高了分辨性能和抗噪声性能。此外,该方法无冗余阵元与孔径损失,且适用于任意流型阵列。仿真结果显示,在DOA估计的均方根误差(RMSE)相同时,与传统方法相比,本方法可获得8dB左右的信噪比增益。     

A novel approach for DOA estimation in unknown correlated noise fields

The key of the subspace-based Direction Of Arrival （DOA） estimation lies in the estimation of signal subspace with high quality. In the case of uncorrelated signals while the signals are temporally correlated, a novel approach for the estimation of DOA in unknown correlated noise fields is proposed in this paper. The approach is based on the biorthogonality between a matrix and its Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse, and made no assumption on the spatial covariance matrix of the noise. The approach exploits the structural information of a set of spatio-temporal correlation matrices, and it can give a robust and precise estimation of signal subspace, so a precise estimation of DOA is obtained. Its performances are confirmed by computer simulation results.     

Efficient 2-D DOA estimation for coherent sources with a sparse acoustic vector-sensor array

This paper proposes a computationally efficient two-dimensional (2-D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm based extended-aperture for acoustic coherent signals impinging on a sparse acoustic vector-sensor array. The coherency of incident signals is decorrelated through matrix averaging and the signal/noise subspaces are reconstructed through a linear operation of a matrix formed from the cross-correlations between some sensor data, where the effect of additive noise is eliminated. Consequently, DOAs can be estimated without performing eigen-decomposition (into signal/noise subspaces), and there is no need to evaluate all correlations of the array data. The derived estimates are automatically matched by translating eigenvalues into real-valued ones, furthermore, the proposed method can achieve the unambiguous direction estimates with enhanced accuracy by setting the vector sensors to space much farther apart than a half-wavelength, and it is also suitable for the case of spatially nonuniform noise, which may be more realistic scenario for the sparsely placed sensors. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical examples.     

修正MUSIC算法对相关信号源的DOA估计性能

本文介绍了用修正ＭＵＳＩＣ算法提高相关信号源ＤＯＡ估计性能的方法。理论分析表明,采用该方法后,可将相关信号源的相关系数平均降低为原来的６３％,因而可改善ＭＵＳＩＣ算法对相关信号源的ＤＯＡ估计性能。且该方法不影响对非相关信号源ＤＯＡ的估计,计算量也无明显增加。计算机仿真实验结果验证了上述理论分析的正确性。     

Maximum-likelihood bearing estimation with partly calibrated arraysin spatially correlated noise fields

The problem of using a partly calibrated array for maximum likelihood (ML) bearing estimation of possibly coherent signals buried in unknown correlated noise fields is shown to admit a neat solution under fairly general conditions. More exactly, this paper assumes that the array contains some calibrated sensors, whose number is only required to be larger than the number of signals impinging on the array, and also that the noise in the calibrated sensors is uncorrelated with the noise in the other sensors. These two noise vectors, however, may have arbitrary spatial autocovariance matrices. Under these assumptions the many nuisance parameters (viz., the elements of the signal and noise covariance matrices and the transfer and location characteristics of the uncalibrated sensors) can be eliminated from the likelihood function, leaving a significantly simplified concentrated likelihood whose maximum yields the ML bearing estimates. The ML estimator introduced in this paper, and referred to as MLE, is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to a recently proposed subspace-based bearing estimator called UNCLE and rederived herein by a much simpler approach than in the original work. A statistical analysis derives the asymptotic distribution of the MLE and UNCLE estimates, and proves that they are asymptotically equivalent and statistically efficient. In a simulation study, the MLE and UNCLE methods are found to possess very similar finite-sample properties as well. As UNCLE is computationally more efficient, it may be the preferred technique in a given application     

Space-time fading channel estimation and symbol detection inunknown spatially correlated noise

We present maximum likelihood (ML) methods for space-time fading channel estimation with an antenna array in spatially correlated noise having unknown covariance; the results are applied to symbol detection. The received signal is modeled as a linear combination of multipath-delayed and Doppler-shifted copies of the transmitted waveform. We consider structured and unstructured array response models and derive the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the unknown directions of arrival, time delays, and Doppler shifts. We also develop methods for spatial and temporal interference suppression. Finally, we propose coherent matched-filter and concentrated-likelihood receivers that account for the spatial noise covariance and analyze their performance     

Information theoretic criteria for the determination of the numberof signals in spatially correlated noise

The problem of determining the number of signals in high-resolution array processing when the noise is spatially correlated (having an unknown covariance matrix) is examined. By considering a model in which two sensor arrays are well separated such that their noise outputs are uncorrelated, the authors develop a likelihood function whose maximum can be expressed in a very simple form involving the canonical correlation coefficients. This likelihood function and a choice of penalty functions constitute a number of new information theoretic criteria suitable for the determination of the number of signals in an unknown correlated noise environment. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the new criteria are applicable in the case when only one sensor array is available     

Maximum likelihood array processing in spatially correlated noisefields using parameterized signals

This paper deals with the problem of estimating signal parameters using an array of sensors. This problem is of interest in a variety of applications, such as radar and sonar source localization. A vast number of estimation techniques have been proposed in the literature during the past two decades. Most of these can deliver consistent estimates only if the covariance matrix of the background noise is known. In many applications, the aforementioned assumption is unrealistic. Recently, a number of contributions have addressed the problem of signal parameter estimation in unknown noise environments based on various assumptions on the noise. Herein, a different approach is taken. We assume instead that the signals are partially known. The received signals are modeled as linear combinations of certain known basis functions. The exact maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for the problem at hand is derived, as well as computationally more attractive approximation. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB) on the estimation error variance is also derived and found to coincide with the CRB, assuming an arbitrary deterministic model and known noise covariance     

智能天线系统中上行多用户相干信号的分离与DOA估计方法研究

本文研究了平主道中的窨特征估计问题。提出了一种工于循环累量的多用户空间牲针该算法用于智能天线中的ＳＤＭＡ实现。该算法构造了循环累量域四,通过对空间特征循环矩阵的特征分解可以得到用户信号的空间特征估计。并以此为基础,设计了用于上行多波束成形的窨滤波器组实现了上行多用户信号的分离,利用空间滤波器的空间频率响应确定共信道多用户信号的ＤＯＡ《     

基于双电磁矢量传感器的近场源多参数估计

基于双电磁矢量传感器(EVSs),提出一种新的近场源频率、波达方向(DOA)、距离和极化参数联合估计方法.该方法首先计算近场源的频率以及其在两个电磁矢量传感器处的二维DOA和极化参数,然后利用几何方法或搜索方法,得到近场源的距离估计.该方法仅需要两个电磁矢量传感器,节约了阵列孔径,适合于阵列孔径有限的场合.估计过程中仅需一次互相关以及特征分解等简单的运算,且各参数自动配对,节省了运算量.实验结果验证了该方法的有效性.