Microwave balanced-mixer circuits using combline directional couplers

The use of 180° combline directional couplers in strip transmission line mixer circuits enables completely planar single and dual balanced devices to be produced. Results are presented for an X-band single-balanced mixer in triplate. A circuit is described for a planar dual balanced mixer.     

Design data for interdigital directional couplers

The letter presents graphical information relating the performance of interdigital microstrip directional couplers to the geometrical parameters of the circuit. The theoretical background is summarised, and a comparison is made with reported experimental results.     

Transmission-line directional couplers for impedance transforming

Normalized scattering parameters of a two-port circuit terminated in arbitrary impedances are derived and design equations of directional couplers for impedance transforming are derived. To verify the design equations, a microstrip directional coupler is designed at a center frequency of 2GHz, fabricated on a substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.5,H= 30mil, tan/spl delta/= 0.04) and measured. The measured performance shows good agreement with the simulated one.     

Multi-combline warped-mode directional couplers

A first report of multi-combline warped-mode directional couplers using three lines is presented. The technique outlined can be extended to many different designs and additional lines. The specific example given has been designed as a 3-way equal power splitter with a phase difference of 180° and 0° between the two outer lines and the central line. The coupler is fed from the central line at the input. The device exhibits significant coupling over the range 0.7 to 9 GHz, but with ripples at the lower frequencies and loss at the higher frequencies the most useful range is about 3 to 8 GHz.     

High-directivity microstrip directional couplers

The letter describes a simple method for improving the directivity of side-coupled microstrip couplers an unmetallised piece of the substrate material is cemented on top of the microstrip structure. The measured directivity ranges from 30 to 40 dB. The couplers are fully compatible with normal microstrip techniques.     

Interdigitated coplanar directional couplers

A new coplanar coupler is presented which is suitable both for hybrid and monolithic i.c. applications. Design charts deduced from a theoretical analysis are given and experirmental results concerning X- and J-band quadrature hybrids manufactured on alumina substrates are presented and discussed.     

Improved coupled-mode theory for nonlinear directional couplers

An improved coupled-mode equation for nonlinear directional couplers (NLDC) with Kerr-like nonlinear media is proposed. The method is based on the generalized reciprocity relation in which two sets of field solutions satisfying Maxwell's equations are for the NLDC and for the isolated nonlinear waveguide. That leads to a reasonable result that all the coefficients in the coupled-mode equations, including the coupling coefficient, become power dependent. For the NLDC with a self-focusing or self-defocusing nonlinear material, the authors examine how the coupling coefficient, the coupling length, and the guided power depend on the input power in the range of coupling stronger than in previous reports. It is found that the critical power at which the coupling length becomes infinity does not increase as much with the two guides for the case of self-focusing media     

Improved directional couplers for overmoded waveguide systems

The performance of multihole directional couplers can be considerably improved by placing a second hole structure to the existing one. The improvement may be aimed at directivity or at suppression of certain unwanted modes propagating either in forward or backward direction.     

Crosstalk of passive directional couplers

Crosstalk in directional couplers (DC's) is an important parameter for device and system performance. Although various crosstalk mechanisms have been studied through the course of integrated optics, the fundamental lower limit for crosstalk is still uncertain. In this paper, crosstalk mechanisms are reviewed and fundamental limits are discussed. A new model for optical scattering is presented, and the effect of bending loss variation between the two propagating modes in the taper region on the crosstalk is discussed     

Wavelength sensitivity in directional couplers

Measured and calculated crosstalk ratios as a function of wavelength are compared for proton exchanged and annealed LiNbO₃ directional couplers at λ=1550 nm. The analytical technique employed models the experimentally determined wavelength sensitivities reasonably well. The analytical technique is further used to predict comparable functions for titanium indiffused couplers, and these results are compared to other calculations taken from the literature. No significant difference in sensitivity is noted between the two waveguide forming techniques     

Mode selective directional couplers for overmoded waveguide systems

Two types of directional couplers for transverse electric (TE) modes are described: short and multihole couplers, respectively. They selectively pick one mode out of a mode mixture in an overmoded circular waveguide system. Unwanted modes are either statistically kept at low level or are suppressed by destructive interference in the coupling waveguide. Mode selectivity and directivity in multihole couplers oscillate up and down with an increasing number of holes, finally reaching a minimum of approximately 20 dB, unless there are competing modes with rational fractions of the beat wavelength. A multihole coupler for the TE₀₂ mode (28 GHz, 63.4 mm waveguide diameter, 41 holes) and a length of 1.6 m shows a calculated directivity of 68 dB and suppresses the unwanted modes TE₀₁ with 34 dB (24 dB), TE₂₂ with 37 dB (45 dB), and further modes TE_?m (?<5, m<6) with 17 dB to 34 dB in forward direction (figures in parentheses are for unwanted modes propagating in backward direction). A short directional coupler for the TE₀₁ mode (28 GHz, 63.4 mm waveguide diameter) with 16 holes and a length of 230 mm shows a directivity of 55 to 100 dB between 27.9 and 28.1 GHz, suppressing the TE₀₂ mode with 35 to 80 dB, the TE₀₃ mode with 30 to 65 dB, and the TE₂₂ mode with 30 to 70 dB.     

Coupled mode formulation for directional couplers with longitudinalperturbation

A grating-assisted directional coupler is investigated using an improved coupled-mode formulation for multi-waveguide systems with longitudinal perturbation. This approach is capable of handling three-dimensional structures as well as a complex index of refraction and nonisotropic media. The case of two coupled channel waveguides is closely examined, and a numerical analysis is carried out for several cases of slab structures     

High performance dual directional couplers for near-mm wavelengths

A low loss, high directivity dual directional coupler has been developed suitable for fabrication in waveguide bands up to WR3 (220-325 GHz). The design uses waveguide split on the E plane centerline with three waveguides running side by side and coupling holes made by drilling through all three guides. Construction is relatively simple and the resulting structure is very robust mechanically. Typical coupling is 15 dB, directivity is 25-30 dB, and the insertion loss of the WR3 coupler is 0.5 dB     

Evaluation of directional couplers for high power gyrotrons

The formalism for analysing weakly coupled, aperture-type, mode-selective directional couplers is applied to the geometry of an end-fire high power gyrotron. A design procedure based on the constraints of a highly overmoded circular waveguide is presented. Several designs for a — 60dB, 9.85GHz, TE₀₁ coupler are evaluated. Measurements of the forward and reverse coupling for the principal mode are found to be in good agreement with theory.     

Optimal design of grating-assisted directional couplers

In this paper, a rigorous leaky mode propagation method has been used to investigate the influence of the grating period and grating index profile on the design of grating-assisted directional couplers (GADC's). A detailed explanation of resonance condition and radiation loss in terms of electromagnetic field contribution in the grating region as a function of the grating period and profile is given. Optimal design parameters hare been found for well-defined structures in order to achieve either minimum coupling length or maximum coupling efficiency. A very fast method to extract the resonance condition in any grating-assisted structure by using a sinusoidal profile is proposed. Numerical results are presented for both moderately and strongly asymmetric structures in terms of normalized propagation constant, mode radiation loss, coupling length and coupling efficiency. Comparisons with grating period and coupling length predictions obtained by other methods are also shown. The rectangular profile with optimized duty cycle has been demonstrated to be the best choice in order to minimize the GADC coupling length     

Improved tolerance in optical directional couplers

Tolerance requirements in conventional synchronous-mode directional couplers are examined. It is proposed that the tolerance situation can be improved considerably by tapering one, or both, of the propagation coefficients, so that they intersect at one position. This model is examined numerically, and suggestions are made for the practical realisation of a device.     

Groove-guide directional couplers with improved bandwidth

An exact analysis of the coupling properties of uniformly coupled groove guides with unequal phase constants is developed and confirmed with measurements. The results are applied to the construction of directional couplers with considerably improved bandwidth.     

平行耦合线定向耦合器的设计

阐述了平行耦合线定向耦合器的工作原理和设计过程.根据耦合微带线和耦合带状线的主要特征,分别设计了频率为2.5GHz的平行耦合微带线定向耦合器和平行耦合带状线定向耦合器.根据给定耦合器的技术指标,确定耦合器的类型、结构.利用ADS软件环境设计了平行耦合线定向耦合器的电路模型,并对定向耦合器的S参数进行仿真、优化,已达到预期的设计要求.由仿真结果可以看出,在频带范围内,耦合带状线定向耦合器的耦合性能优于耦合微带线定向耦合器.     

Ultra-broadband transmission-line 90° directional couplers

In the letter, two new types of couplers are presented: an equal-ripple symmetrical 19-section bandpass coupler, where the bandwidth is more than double the bandwidth of the hitherto known symmetrical couplers, and a nearly equal-ripple continuously tapered highpass symmetrical coupler, where the coupling response shows an ultra-broadband behaviour.