Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research.

Empirical and theoretical discussions have suggested that crowding is experienced when situational density forces the blocking of goals, the interruption of behaviors, or cognitive overload to occur. However, no psychological principles have been employed to unify these explanations. The present article attempts to link the literature on human crowding with the experimental research on personal control. J. R. Averill's (1973) distinctions among behavioral, cognitive, and decisional control are discussed in the context of human crowding. A conceptual model is offered that suggests that crowding is an attributional label applied to a setting when situational density results in a loss or lack of personal control. (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attachment theory and psychotherapy integration: An introduction and review of the literature.

As an introduction to the special issue on attachment theory as a foundation for psychotherapy integration, this article will review the uses to which the theory has been employed by integrative theorists and clinicians during the past four decades. Reasons that this theory has been so influentially within psychotherapy integration are discussed, as are some of the models that are explicitly based on attachment theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy.

Criticisms of the integration of psychotherapy-outcome research performed by M. L. Smith et al (1980) are reviewed and answered. An attempt is made to account for the conflicting points of view in this disagreement in terms of certain issues that have engaged philosophers of science in the 20th century: the quality of the study, uniformity, and the incommensurability problem. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subsumption versus educational set: Implications for sequencing of instructional materials.

Compared the implications of educational set and subsumption for sequencing subject-matter presentations. Educational psychology undergraduates were taught in alternating instructional sequences. Sequence CF was a conceptually oriented lecture followed by a factually oriented self-study; Sequence FC was a factual self-study followed by a conceptual lecture. All Ss were taught in each sequence twice. An achievement test followed each sequence. Subsumption literature predicts superior performance in Sequence CF without interaction between instructional sequence and educational set. The educational set literature predicts an interation between sequence and set, in which conceptually set students would perform better in Sequence CF and factually set students in Sequence FC. Results are closer to the predictions derived from the educational set position than from the subsumption position. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impact of experimental design on effect size: Findings from the research literature on training.

This article examines whether differences in the equations commonly used to calculate effect size for single group pretest-posttest (SGPP) designs versus those for control group designs can account for the finding that SGPP designs yield larger mean effect sizes (e.g., M. S. Lipsey & D. B. Wilson, 1993). It was found that the assumptions of no control group effect and the equivalence of pretraining and posttraining dependent variable standard deviations required for these equations to produce equivalent estimates of effect size were violated for some dependent variable types. Results indicate that control group effects and inflation in the standard deviation of the posttraining dependent variable measure account for most of the observed difference in effect size. The most severe violations occurred when the dependent variable was a knowledge assessment. Methods for including data from SGPP designs in meta-analyses that minimize potential biases are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impact of counselor gender and counselor sex role orientation on perceived counselor characteristics.

Assessed the influence of counselor (C) gender (male or female), C sex role orientation (traditional or egalitarian), S's sex role orientation (masculine, feminine, or androgynous), and client problem type (sex role related or not sex role related) on female Ss' judgments of their comfort with disclosing to Cs and their perceptions of the C's attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness. Results show that (a) S's ratings of comfort in disclosing was greater with female rather than male and with egalitarian rather than traditional Cs; (b) female egalitarian Cs were perceived as most expert, whereas female traditional Cs were perceived as least expert, and (c) male traditional Cs were perceived as least trustworthy. The presence of C gender and C sex role effects and the absence of effects as a function of problem type and Ss' sex role orientation are discussed. Suggestions are made concerning the need for more consistent definition of sex role orientation and designation of problem type. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The reemergence of learning theory within instructional research.

Findings from the cognitive analysis of human performance in various domains are guiding development of instructional programs that aim to produce specified forms of competence. A detailed analysis of the principles, theory, and assumptions about learning and instruction that underlie a representative set of such programs indicates the significant issues in theories of learning that have begun to drive experimental work in instructional psychology. Through discussion of programs for the acquisition of proceduralized knowledge, the development of self-regulatory strategies, and the structuring of knowledge for problem solving, this article suggests that instructional experimentation is of increasing value to the interactive growth of learning theory and its applications. The article concludes by suggesting approaches to future integration of various theories of learning and of conditions that foster the acquisition of knowledge and skill. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression and gender: An international review.

This article reviews and updates major research findings on depressive disorders and gender relationships in the United States and abroad. It also considers some of the World Health Organization's assessment instruments that may clarify the relationship between depression and gender and its cross-cultural ramifications. With psychology converging across national boundaries and with gender being a variable in psychological research both nationally and internationally, gender and its relationship to depressive states is emerging as a focal point of interest and concern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dental materials: 1996 literature review. Part 2

This critical review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1996 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of the UK. It continues the series of annual reviews started in 1973 and published in the Journal of Dentistry. Emphasis has been placed upon publications which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, resin-bonded bridges and ceramo-metallic restorations, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, implants materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirteen articles have been reviewed.     

Leadership research and theory: A functional integration.

This historical overview of leadership theory and research with an eye for commonalities provides an opportunity for integration. Early unproductive research focused on personality traits and behaviors. A recognition of the more complex nature of the phenomenon resulted in the development of contingency theories that examined leader characteristics and behavior in the context of situational parameters. The 1970s brought an awareness that perceptions of leaders by followers and others, and perceptions of followers by leaders, were influenced by cognitive biases arising from prior expectations and information-processing schema. Ironically, attention was belatedly drawn to the study of female leaders, who were often the victim of cognitive biases and negative assumptions. Recent research has reflected on the role of cultural differences in leadership processes and has been drawn again into the search for outstanding leaders with universally effective characteristics. The article concludes with an integration of current knowledge in leadership effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Group therapy and the somatoform patient: An integration.

Recent reports and literature reviews suggest that psychotherapeutic interventions with somatoform patients have efficacy. From their clinical experience with somatoform patients, the authors identify helplessness as the central psychotherapeutic issue for these patients. They propose that effective group therapy interventions have their impact through the addressing and working through of this affect. They discuss paradigmatic stages in the group therapeutic process of addressing helplessness in somatoform patients. Technical issues regarding membership selection and leadership style with this intervention are proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An instructional study: Improving the inferential comprehension of good and poor fourth-grade readers.

Four classroom teachers provided instruction to improve the inferential comprehension of 40 good and poor 4th-grade readers, as determined by scores on the Stanford Achievement Test. The experimental treatment consisted of 3 parts: (a) making students aware of the importance of drawing inferences between new information and existing knowledge structures; (b) getting students to discuss, prior to reading, something they had done that was similar to the events in the text and to hypothesize what would happen in the text; and (c) providing students with many inferential questions to discuss after reading the selection. Results show that poor readers benefited significantly from the instruction, but good readers did not. This differential effect was attributed to the dissimilar aptitudes of good and poor readers and the dissimilar instructional methods that are used with good and poor readers in schools. Conclusions focus on the positive prospect of modeling successful instructional procedures on theoretical, basic research. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Presence of others and arousal: An integration.

A meta-analytic integration of research evidence revealed that there was, in general, a marginally significant, small tendency for the presence of others to decrease self-reports of arousal and a significant, small tendency for the presence of others to increase electrodermal responses. However, these effects were moderated by the type of situation and the type of others present. Arousal is increased on both measures in neutral situations for both coactor others and audience others; arousal is increased on both measures in aversive situations for audience others. In aversive situations, coactors rendered an increase in arousal on electrodermal responses but a decrease in arousal on self-report responses. Discussion considers theoretical accounts for these effects of the presence of others on arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal integration: An N of 1 study.

The term 'integration' deliberately embraces a dual meaning: the integration of the major systems of psychotherapy and the integration of the clinician. In this article, I address the origins of my integrative orientation and explicate several ways in which I embody that orientation in my personal life and professional career. My ordinal position and family of origin predisposed me to integration from the "get go." My integrative leanings were crystallized by formal training, which modeled the transtheoretical spirit and were subsequently strengthened by early research and friendships in the integration movement. I sketch how my ongoing research and practice continue in the integrative tradition, though not always invoking that term, and advance several directions for rejuvenating the movement. Pluralism, pragmatism, and customizing to the individual circumstance characterize not only my theoretical orientation but also my personal life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Termination of therapy: An effort at integration.

This article explores convergences and divergences among 3 different approaches to termination in therapy. Of particular concern are questions of what constitutes the "reality" of termination. Is refusal to taper off sessions or to keep the door open for potential resumption of the work a useful aid in helping the patient come to terms with the reality of termination's finality? Or is it a needless imposition on the patient of a particular view of the therapeutic process that happens to be held by the therapist? Also examined are the complexities of what it means for the process of termination to be pursued collaboratively and the implications for termination decisions of contemporary insights into the 2-person nature of the therapeutic process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of alcohol on human performance: An integration of research findings based on an abilities classification.

The tasks used in 41 studies of the effects of alcohol on human performance were classified in terms of the abilities required for task performance. For each category of task, median performance computed across all studies within the category was plotted as a function of both dosage and the time between alcohol administration and task performance. It was found that the curves relating performance to dosage differed as a function of the ability requirements of the task. The effects on performance of time from the start of drinking to the initiation of task performance also depended upon the particular abilities required by the task. Despite many differences among the specific tasks involved, their categorization according to ability requirements enabled an integration of results and the establishment of tentative functional relationships between performance, dosage, and time from ingestion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An emerging role for the national laboratories in materials research

The mission of the Department of Energy National Laboratories should be expanded to include as an item of high priority collaborative research in support of high technology industry, including the materials industry. There are numerous reasons for doing this. The original missions of the laboratories, other than those of the weapons laboratories, have been deemphasized or disappeared. The laboratories have superior facilities, often unique, and high quality staffs experienced in the interdisciplinary approach to problem solving. Perhaps most important, domestic industry, especially high technology industry, should have this resource available if it is to meet the challenge of remaining competitive.     

An emerging role for the national laboratories in materials research

The mission of the Department of Energy National Laboratories should be expanded to include as an item of high priority collaborative research in support of high technology industry, including the materials industry. There are numerous reasons for doing this. The original missions of the laboratories, other than those of the weapons laboratories, have been deemphasized or disappeared. The laboratories have superior facilities, often unique, and high quality staffs experienced in the interdisciplinary approach to problem solving. Perhaps most important, domestic industry, especially high technology industry, should have this resource available if it is to meet the challenge of remaining competitive. In this position he has responsibility for liaison to the three Department of Energy Laboratories managed by the University: the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He assumed this position in February, 1985. Dr. Kane received the B.S. degree in 1950 from Montana State University and the Ph.D. degree in 1955 from the University of California in Berkeley. Both degrees were in chemistry. He was at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1955 to 1974; at the time he left the Laboratory he was the Head of the Department of Chemistry and Materials Science. From 1974 until 1985 Dr. Kane worked in Washington,