锆合金的热处理

核能工厂用的锆合金结构件在热轧后、冷加工前,在α+β区进行860～1000℃的固溶处理,最好在惰性气氛中处理。固溶处理后的合金以150～400℃/s的速率快速冷却到700℃以下,以便使合金的晶体结构保持为α+β相。锆合金用于原子能工     

热处理工艺对Ti60合金持久性能的影响

将α+β两相区变形的Ti60合金锻件分别在950、995、1015℃进行固溶处理,研究了固溶温度和冷却方式对Ti60合金微观组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明:Ti60合金的显微组织和持久性能受固溶温度和冷却方式的双重影响。950℃固溶处理,冷却方式对合金组织的影响较小,空冷试样的持久性能略低于油冷试样。995℃和1015℃固溶处理,随温度的升高组织中的初生α相含量降低,空冷组织中的初生α相尺寸略大于油冷组织;在实验温度范围内,Ti60合金的持久性能随固溶温度的升高而升高,且在相同固溶温度下,空冷试样在600℃、340 MPa下的持久寿命明显高于油冷试样。次生α相的含量和α板条/α集束的尺寸是影响Ti60合金持久寿命的重要因素,合金的持久寿命与二者成正相关。     

固溶温度对Ti-62A合金拉伸性能和断裂韧性的影响

Ti-62A合金是一种新型高强高韧损伤容限型钛合金,研究了固溶温度对Ti-62A合金30 mm厚板材的显微组织、拉伸性能以及断裂韧性的影响规律。研究结果表明:Ti-62A合金Φ720 mm铸锭经单相区和两相区多道次大变形轧制后所得的30 mm厚板材组织为典型的片层组织,由片层状的α相和β转变组织构成,组织均匀,片层状α相平均宽度约为2.5μm,长度在40～65μm之间。两相区固溶+时效处理后,合金的组织类型为片层状组织,即片层状的初生α相(αp)相与β转变组织,随固溶温度升高,合金中的初生α相(αp)相含量显著减少,β转变组织逐渐增多,次生α相(αs)片层宽度增大,同时合金的强度下降,塑性上升,当接近相变点时这种趋势变缓。单相区固溶+时效处理获得魏氏组织,晶粒粗大,晶界平直而清晰,其拉伸强度高于920℃和940℃固溶时的片层组织,但塑性显著降低;与900℃固溶时相比强度和塑性均降低。合金的断裂韧性随固溶温度的上升而逐渐升高,单相区固溶并时效后的魏氏组织的断裂韧性明显优于两相区固溶并时效后的片层组织。     

热压温度及热处理对铸造-热变形Nd-Fe-B永磁合金组织的影响

研究了热压温度和热处理对铸造-热压变形Nd-Fe-B永磁合金显微组织的影响,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察显微组织.结果表明,经过固溶处理Nd-Fe-B合金由主相Nd2Fe14B和富Nd相两相组成;较低的热压温度更为适用;热压后的热处理可以改善热压变形Nd-Fe-B永磁合金的边界显微结构.为最终获得高性能的热变形Nd-Fe-B永磁体提供了理论依据.     

热处理对TC21合金大规格棒材组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度对TC21合金380 mm大规格棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度影响初生α相含量以及形貌尺寸,固溶时间对显微组织没有显著的影响;冷却速度影响次生α相含量及尺寸,且对合金强度和塑性产生较大的影响。在890℃×2 h+FC固溶处理后进行610℃×4 h+AC时效处理,可使合金的强度和塑性得到良好的匹配。     

内燃机用粉末烧结Ti-21.5Nb合金组织与力学性能研究

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备内燃机用Ti-21.5Nb-2Zr-1.2Mo-0.1Y钛合金材料(Ti-21.5Nb), 并对其进行固溶和时效处理, 通过扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、万能拉伸测试仪等设备分析试样的微观形貌、组织结构、物相组成以及力学性能。结果表明: 采用等离子旋转电极法制备的预合金球形粉末相对密度较高, 并且未形成孔洞; 烧结试样和固溶试样都是由β相与α相组成, 放电等离子烧结Ti-21.5Nb合金和常规铸锭合金具有相同的相结构变化规律; 合金烧结组织由β等轴晶和一些小尺寸α相构成, 其中β等轴晶的粒径介于30~80μm; 在800 ℃下对烧结试样进行固溶时效处理, 得到的固溶组织主要是由β相构成, 同时在β相中还生成了椭球形α弥散组织; 在500 ℃下对Ti-21.5Nb固溶试样进行时效处理, 在合金基体中析出ω相, 而原先的α相全部消失; 在380 ℃时效处理时, 组织中只存在α相, ω相完全消失; 在800 ℃对Ti-21.5Nb合金进行固溶时效处理可以获得力学性能更优的钛合金材料。     

固溶温度对TB6钛合金微观组织的影响

分别在760、780、800、820℃对TB6钛合金锻棒进行固溶处理,采用X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜研究了合金在不同固溶温度下的相组成及微观组织随固溶温度的变化规律。结果表明,固溶温度为760、780℃时,TB6钛合金棒材中的初生α相含量较高,尺寸较大,能起到钉扎β晶界的作用,获得晶粒尺寸<5μm的β基体相;固溶温度为800℃时,大部分初生α相溶于β基体相中,剩余初生α相的体积分数仅约为2.65%,且β基体相晶粒尺寸增大,并出现热诱发α′′马氏体相;固溶温度为820℃时,TB6钛合金棒材中的初生α相已完全消失,β基体相存在大量呈纵横交错分布的针状热诱发α′′马氏体相。     

热处理对新型医用Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb钛合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

分析了不同热处理制度对新型医用Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:经(α+β)两相区固溶处理后,合金主要由初生α相和β相组成;初生α相尺寸短小,以颗粒状形式出现在晶粒内部和晶界附近。在实验参数范围内,升高固溶温度导致初生α相的体积分数降低,β相的体积分数增加。经β单相区固溶处理后,合金主要由单一β相组成;随着固溶温度升高,β相晶粒逐渐长大,晶粒尺寸约为25μm。经(α+β)两相区固溶+时效处理后,在β相基体上析出针状α相,尺寸细小,呈交叉排列。经β单相区固溶+时效处理后,在β相晶界附近和晶粒内部析出尺寸大小不一的细针状α相;晶界附近析出的α相具有一定的取向,晶粒内部析出的α相横纵交错,大小不均匀。经固溶处理后,合金获得中等水平的强度和较好的塑性;随着固溶温度的升高,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐减小,塑性和弹性模量逐渐增加。经(α+β)两相区固溶处理后,合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度之差(Rm-Rp0.2)较β单相区固溶处理后的大。经(α+β)两相区固溶+时效处理后的合金强度增量高于β单相区固溶+时效处理后的合金强度增量。在相同时效条件下,随着固溶温度升高,合金的强度和模量逐渐减小,延伸率基本保持不变。经780℃/30min固溶空冷+480℃/6h时效空冷处理后合金的弹性模量达最小值(E=64GPa),最接近于人体自然骨骼等硬组织的弹性模量。     

固溶和时效对47121β钛合金组织性能的影响

本文研究了回溶和时效处理对47121钛合金组织性能的影响。试验结果表明:在810℃～830℃固溶处理时,β相晶拉的分布是均匀等轴的,合金具有良好的冷加工性和成型性以及适中的机械性能。经450℃左右时效后,析出细小、弥散的α相质点。由于共格应力场的产生,阻碍了位错滑移,导致了合金宏观脆断。但在520℃～550℃时效后,α相质点长大,针状α相间距变宽,最高强度达130～150公斤/毫米~2,延伸率≥8％,断面收缩率≥25％。     

固溶时效对Ti-6Cr-5V-5Mo-4Al-1Nb合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了固溶温度、时效温度、时效时间对Ti-6Cr-5V-5Mo-4Al-1Nb(Ti-65541)合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,在β相变点以上固溶并时效后,合金中析出细小的次生α相,初生α相完全消失;在较低温度固溶并时效后,次生α相和初生α相同时存在。时效温度对合金强度和塑性的影响最为显著,固溶温度次之,时效时间的影响最弱。随着时效温度的升高,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度降低,塑性提高。随着固溶温度的提高,合金的强度提高,塑性降低。随着时效时间的延长,合金强度和塑性总体呈降低趋势。在740～760℃范围内固溶处理,在540～580℃范围内时效且时效时间在4～6 h内,可获得综合性能优异的Ti-65541合金。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)