粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响

为研究粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响,在不同粒径的小麦面粉中分别添加0%、5%和10%的面筋蛋白制作中式面条,烘干研磨后分离出大颗粒与小颗粒面条,研究面条样品的形貌特征、结构特性热力学特性和淀粉体外消化特性。结果表明,随着面条中面筋蛋白含量增加,面条表面的平滑度增强,糊化温度升高而焓值降低,且蒸煮后面条中形成的面筋网络面积增加。体外消化动力学结果显示随着面粉粒径的减小或面筋蛋白含量的增大,淀粉消化程度降低。     

不同蛋白对马铃薯面条食用品质的影响

本研究通过在马铃薯面条原料粉中添加一定比例小麦蛋白、花生蛋白、大豆蛋白制作面条,探讨了三种蛋白对马铃薯面条食用品质的影响。结果表明:三种蛋白均会降低马铃薯面条的亮度值,且随蛋白添加量的增加,马铃薯面条亮度值降低,但大豆蛋白对马铃薯面条亮度值的影响小于小麦蛋白和花生蛋白。同时,三种蛋白均可显著改善马铃薯面条的食用品质,降低其蒸煮损失,增强其拉伸阻力、硬度、粘合性和咀嚼性,且小麦蛋白对面条品质的改善作用最为显著,大豆蛋白次之。扫描电镜结果表明,添加小麦蛋白后马铃薯面条面筋网络形成更加致密,空隙率更小。电子鼻检测结果表明,小麦蛋白和花生蛋白对马铃薯面条的气味无显著影响,而大豆蛋白会使马铃薯面条中的氮氧化合物等豆类腥味物质增加。由此可见,三种蛋白中,小麦蛋白对马铃薯面条的食用品质改善效果最佳。     

复合改良剂对面条品质的影响

面条是我国人民的传统主食,它在人们日常生活中占有重要地位。随着现代生活水平的不断提高,人们不仅对面条的外观品质和营养价值有了较高要求,而且对面条的内在品质如弹性和韧性等性能的要求也越来越高。由于地区差异等原因,我国通用小麦粉蛋白质含量较低,质量较差,制出的面条普遍存在不耐煮,易糊汤,口感发粘,咬劲差等不足。因此,我们在研究改进制面工艺的同时,有必要对面条品质改良剂进行深入研究。国内制面业目前采用的面条改良剂主要有复合碱,复合磷酸盐、增稠剂、乳化剂、变性淀粉、食盐及谷朊粉等,添加方式多为自行搭配。由于多数厂家仅对单一品种添加剂的性能有所了解,使用上存在很大盲目性,往往达不到产品要求,产品成本也增加较大。本文采用复合磷酸盐、硬脂酰乳酸钠、谷朊粉、谷氨酰胺转胺酶进行试验,研制复合型面条改良剂配方。     

面粉品种对手工空心面品质的影响

为了探讨面粉品种与手工空心面品质的关系,优选出做空心挂面的面粉品种,测试了3种具有代表性小麦面粉的主要品质特性,及用这些面粉制作的手工空心挂面的食用指标,对面粉品质与手工空心挂面品质的关系进行了较为全面的研究。结果表明:面粉水分含量、蛋白质含量,湿面筋含量,沉淀值对制作的空心挂面品质影响较大,其含量相对较高的适合制作空心面。     

小麦及其面粉成分与面条品质相关性研究

结合粮食加工厂实际需要和实验室条件,从小麦籽粒物理性状与出粉率的关系、小麦粉成分与面条评分的关系、小麦粉的流变特性与面条评分的关系、小麦粉淀粉特性指标与面条评分的关系四个方面,对影响面条食用品质的相关性因素进行探讨;通过研究,发现蛋白质和淀粉共同影响面条食用品质;在14个小麦品种中以藁城8901、济南20、百农64、周麦12、白硬冬1号制面效果较好.     

添加淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响

研究3种常用淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响,为马铃薯米粉加工提供参考依据。分别将0%、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的玉米、小麦和马铃薯淀粉添加到马铃薯全粉占比30%的米粉中,测定米粉蒸煮、色差、质构和拉伸性能指标的变化。结果:添加不同淀粉使得米粉的含水量显著减小(p<0.05);玉米、小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉可使米粉透射比显著增大(p<0.05);10%玉米淀粉能使碘蓝值显著增大(p<0.05);添加10%玉米、5%小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉,能使吐浆值显著减小(p<0.05);但3种淀粉对断条率影响均不显著。添加10%玉米、10%小麦和5%马铃薯淀粉能使米粉亮度L*显著减小(p<0.05),色度值a*和b*亦发生不同改变。5%~15%玉米淀粉可有效改善米粉硬度、峰值负载,但添加量达到20%时峰值负载形变量显著减小(p<0.05);小麦淀粉可改善弹性,添加10%~15%可有效改善硬度,15%和20%可改善峰值负载和咀嚼性;马铃薯淀粉可提高米粉硬度,但添加量达20%时米粉变得黏连。在实际生产中建议玉米和小麦淀粉添加量分别为5%和10%。     

马铃薯全粉在面条中的应用研究

将马铃薯全粉添加到小麦粉中,并辅助添加谷朊粉,制成马铃薯全粉面条。从质构特性、微观结构和面条的理化性质三个层面对三个不同马铃薯全粉添加比例的面条组别进行研究,发现马铃薯全粉对面团的力学性质,面筋网络的形成和构造以及面条的蒸煮参数和外观都会产生一定的影响。结果表明：马铃薯全粉添加量为20%（g/g）,谷朊粉添加为0.03%（g/g）时,总体指标最好;马铃薯全粉对面团的作用具有双向性,马铃薯淀粉对面团的影响偏负向,但是其中的多糖和蛋白质可能对面团和面筋网络有正向影响,同时谷朊粉的添加对面团的稳定性和面条的质量有改善作用。     

Effect of starch and non-starch components on water migration,microstructure, starch retrogradation and texture of flat rice noodles made from different rice varieties

Effects of starch and non-starch components on rice noodle quality, water migration during rehydration, texture, microstructure and starch retrogradation of dried rice flour and rice starch noodles made from five rice varieties with similar high amylose contents were examined. Rice noodle qualities depended mainly on starch properties and to a lesser extent on the presence of non-starch components. Elongation of rice flour noodles was lower than rice starch noodles due to the presence of non-starch components that interrupted the starch network. Non-starch components reduced cooking loss of flour noodles in some varieties. Water migration in rice flour noodles with a looser microstructure was faster than in rice starch noodles. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging revealed different water migration speeds in rice flour noodles among varieties, related to noodle microstructure and retrogradation properties. For production of good quality rice noodles, manufacturers should consider not only amylose content but also non-starch components.     

Moisture profiles of wheat noodles containing hydroxypropylated tapioca starch

Wheat noodles were prepared using flour to which hydroxypropylated tapioca starch was added, and the effect of this addition on the moisture distribution within the noodles during cooking was examined using a digital image processing technique. The addition of the modified starch slightly increased the moisture content and narrowed the flat distribution near the noodle surface. The distribution features reflected the changes in the water absorption behaviour caused by the properties of the modified starch and the reduction in the gluten content. Addition of the modified starch lowered Young's modulus and the energy for 99% strain of the noodles in the texture analysis to, at maximum 35% and 65%, and decreased the breakability of the noodles. These changes in the moisture distribution and textural properties have been ascribed to changes in both the state of the starch granules near the surface and the structure of the gluten network.     

生芽对小麦食品加工品质的影响

小麦生芽不仅会造成不完善粒比例偏高、等级下降,还可能会影响食品加工品质。研究了不同萌发阶段的生芽粒对小麦馒头和面条加工品质的影响。结果表明:以胚芽或胚根是否突破表皮为划分依据的"发芽粒"和"萌动粒"对小麦粉和食品的影响各不同;一定程度的萌动会提高制粉品质,生芽对面筋品质影响相对较小,对淀粉品质影响较大,表现为生芽率高则降落数值和RVA黏度显著降低;明显出芽的小麦对馒头品质影响显著,对面条品质影响较小;萌动小麦对馒头和面条品质的影响均较小;通过测定小麦籽粒降落数值可以初步判断生芽对蒸煮食品加工品质的影响,降落数值不低于131 s或不低于175 s时,对面条或馒头品质不会有太大影响。     

Starch Swelling Power,Grain Hardness and Protein: Relationship to Sensory Properties of Japanese Noodles

The starch swelling power tests have been reported to be a promising method for predicting the eating quality of Japanese white salted noodles. The relationships between starch swelling power and noodle eating quality were examined for a range of commercial Australian-wheat cultivars from two growth seasons. Starch swelling power was found to be dependent on the cultivar, growth site and growth season of the wheat. Analyses of the first season's samples showed highly significant relationships between swelling power and most noodle quality parameters (r² = 0.16–0.45, p<0.01). the inclusion of wheat protein and wheat softness (PSI) with starch swelling power in multiple regression equations provided improved relationships to most noodle quality parameters (r² = 0.25–0.62, p<0.01). When tested on data from the second growth season, the predictions were useful, especially for the noodle parameters elasticity and eating quality.     

小麦淀粉特性的探讨

逐一分析了小麦淀粉的结构、组成、糊化特性、黏度参数与面条品质、膨胀势等性状的关系,提出面条品质改良,与小麦糊化特性紧密相关,不仅考虑蛋白质品质,同时也要重视淀粉特性的影响。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对小米制面性能及淀粉体外消化的影响

研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)处理对小米面团的制面性能和淀粉体外消化的影响及其内在机理。添加15%的谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面团用于制备面条,通过色差仪、质构仪、蒸煮实验和体外模拟消化,测定小米面条的色泽、质构、蒸煮特性和淀粉消化速率。结果表明,小米面团经TGase处理,降低了小米面条的蒸煮损失,提高了面条弹性,但减小了面条的黄色值(b~*)。而且,TGase处理显著降低了含谷朊粉小米面条的淀粉消化速率,使快消化淀粉(RDS)含量降低而抗性淀粉(RS)含量增加,但对含蛋清粉小米面条的淀粉消化影响不明显。此外,SDS-PAGE和游离氨基含量分析表明,TGase可以催化含谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面条中的蛋白质发生交联反应。扫描电镜显微图像(SEM)显示TGase处理使淀粉颗粒被更好的包裹在网络结构中。核磁共振成像(MRI)发现小米面条中添加TGase可以减缓储藏过程中的水分迁移和面条结构的劣变。     

燕麦、荞麦面条品质提升研究进展

燕麦、荞麦等杂粮营养价值高但缺乏面条制作中需要的面筋蛋白。因此,为兼顾营养与口感的需求,燕麦、荞麦面条制作时通常需要与小麦粉复配,并从原料预处理、加工工艺等方面改良品质。本文从原料预处理（预糊化、灭酶、脱脂、发酵）和加工工艺改进（配方、和面方式、成型方式等）两个方面对燕麦、荞麦面条品质改良的研究现状进行了综述。 在此基础上,深入讨论了当前燕麦、荞麦面条研究中存在的问题,并对其未来的研究前景进行了展望。     

超声协助面团加工对鲜湿面品质的改善作用

针对传统制面工艺中存在的一些问题,本实验采用自行设计的振板式超声设备加工面团,利用物性分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和综合加权评分等方法进行分析,考察超声作用时间和功率、面坯压强和厚度等因素对鲜湿面品质的影响,探讨超声协助面团加工技术对鲜湿面质构特性的改善作用。结果表明,超声处理对鲜湿面品质有显著改善作用。当超声处理时间30 s、超声功率330 W、面坯压强94.0 Pa、面坯厚度3 mm时,鲜湿面的综合加权评分最高,与对照组相比,此时鲜湿面的弹性和硬度分别显著增加了19.5%和降低了18.1%。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,经超声处理后的鲜湿面断截面处网络更加完整和致密,孔径也更小,淀粉颗粒更均匀和紧密地被包裹在面筋网络结构中,说明超声作用可以获得更稳定和致密的面筋网络结构。综合来看,超声协助面团加工技术能明显改善鲜湿面的品质,本研究可为面制品的生产提供新的思路。     

小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条的品质

本文通过对小麦样品中淀粉的理化特性指标及面条品质指标的测定，研究了小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条品质的关系，得出直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、膨胀势与面条品质呈正相关；降落值与面条品质呈负相关。     

几种面粉添加剂的作用机理及研究进展

综述了食品添加剂单甘脂、谷氨酰胺转胺酶、谷朊粉、沙蒿胶、马铃薯淀粉的作用机理及国内外研究进展情况。单甘酯可提高面团弹性、韧性和强度;谷氨酰胺转胺酶能提高面筋含量,降低延伸性;谷朊粉吸水后能形成具有网络结构的湿面筋;在面条加工中利用沙篙极强的黏结力可改善面团的流变特性;添加马铃薯淀粉可使面条表面光亮蒸煮时间明显缩短。     

Relationships between Physical Starch Properties and Yellow Alkaline Noodle Quality

Physical properties of starch were found to be significantly correlated with the eating quality of yellow alkaline noodles. Starch was isolated from 23 Australian wheats and analysed for granule size distribution, swelling power, and viscosity measurements with a Rapid Visco Analyzer. Most starch parameters were found to be highly correlated with noodle smoothness and firmness. These relationships were improved when wheat protein content, grain hardness, and wheat Falling Number were added in multiple regression equations. Swelling power and viscosity measurements were also performed on the corresponding flour (60% extraction) and meal samples. Their relationships to noodle quality were generally better than the corresponding starch results. This outcome is of potential benefit to wheat breeders seeking a small scale test to select wheats for their suitability for making yellow alkaline noodles.     

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CORN NOODLES CONTAINING GELATINIZED STARCH, TRANSGLUTAMINASE AND GUM

ABSTRACT

Effects of gelatinized corn flour addition level (40, 60 and 80%), gum (locust bean gum or xanthan gum, 3%) and/or transglutaminase (TG, 0.5%) on quality characteristics of corn noodle were investigated. Gelatinized corn flour was used as a binder for remaining untreated corn flour (60, 40 and 20%). Corn noodles were evaluated in terms of cooking properties (cooking loss, total organic matter (TOM), water absorption, swelling volume and maximum force), color, sensory and pasting properties. Noodle sample containing gelatinized corn flour at level of 80% exhibited best cooking and sensory properties. Gum and/or TG were added to this noodle formula. Gum improved noodle quality in terms of some cooking properties. Improving effect of xanthan gum was more obvious. Covalent crosslinks catalyzed by TG caused significantly lower cooking loss and TOM values. Gums generally caused increases in Rapid ViscoAnalyzer viscosity values of noodles. Gum and/or TG show great promise in processing of gluten‐free corn noodle.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Celiac disease occurs in about one in 300 people in Europe. Lack of gluten in cereals that are safe for gluten‐free food causes major problems in dough processing and product quality. Technological difficulties in production and lack of awareness of number of celiac patients in need of gluten‐free products might restrict researches related to gluten‐free food. In recent years, various approaches to overcome the technological problems are arising. Searching for ingredients that have ability to mimic properties of gluten in production of gluten‐free food is the most common approach. We report herein beneficial effects of gelatinization, gum (locust bean gum, xanthan gum) and/or transglutaminase (TG) in gluten‐free corn noodle production. They have major improving effects in noodle quality and show great promise as a processing aid in bulk manufacture of gluten‐free corn noodle. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating utilization of TG in gluten‐free corn noodles.     

The effects of acetylated potato starch and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on the quality of instant fried noodles

The objective of this study has been to investigate the effects of two ingredients i) acetylated potato starch (APS) and ii) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the textural attributes and eating quality of instant noodles. Using low-protein soft wheat flour (Australian Soft) as the base material, samples of noodles incorporating varying proportions of APS and CMC were evaluated for product texture, colour and fat uptake. The variables were studied using a central composite design and textural characteristics were assessed using the TA-XT2, colour by the Minolta Chroma Meter. The results were analyzed by response surface methodology and showed that the two variables enhance the hardness and reduce adhesive values of cooked instant noodles. Electron microscopy also demonstrated the development of a more continuous network structure within the noodles. The addition of CMC had weakened the noodle inner structure and reduced the cohesiveness values of the cooked instant noodles. In contrast, APS provides hardness but does not affect cohesiveness. Marginal observable difference was found in product colour for the various treatment combinations, with a slightly dull appearance, viz less white and less yellow compared with the control. Trials to produce the lowest fat uptake rating indicated that 10% APS was optimal. The results may provide a basis for modifying formulations for use with low-protein soft wheat flours to provide eating quality and colour attributes to meet the preferences of specific customer groups. The conclusion of this study is that the combined use of APS and CMC primarily affects the textural attributes of hardness and adhesiveness rather than the other quality parameters of instant noodle that have been assessed. In addition, APS has the potential to enhance the performance of low-protein soft wheat flours for instant noodle manufacture.