Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most widely used among spices. It is valued for its distinct biting quality attributed to the alkaloid, piperine. Black pepper is used not only in human dietaries but also for a variety of other purposes such as medicinal, as a preservative, and in perfumery. Many physiological effects of black pepper, its extracts, or its major active principle, piperine, have been reported in recent decades. Dietary piperine, by favorably stimulating the digestive enzymes of pancreas, enhances the digestive capacity and significantly reduces the gastrointestinal food transit time. Piperine has been demonstrated in in vitro studies to protect against oxidative damage by inhibiting or quenching free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Black pepper or piperine treatment has also been evidenced to lower lipid peroxidation in vivo and beneficially influence cellular thiol status, antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes in a number of experimental situations of oxidative stress. The most far-reaching attribute of piperine has been its inhibitory influence on enzymatic drug biotransforming reactions in the liver. It strongly inhibits hepatic and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Piperine has been documented to enhance the bioavailability of a number of therapeutic drugs as well as phytochemicals by this very property. Piperine's bioavailability enhancing property is also partly attributed to increased absorption as a result of its effect on the ultrastructure of intestinal brush border. Although initially there were a few controversial reports regarding its safety as a food additive, such evidence has been questionable, and later studies have established the safety of black pepper or its active principle, piperine, in several animal studies. Piperine, while it is non-genotoxic, has in fact been found to possess anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor influences.     

黑木耳、青椒复合果酱的研制

本试验采用黑木耳、青椒为主要原料，就黑木耳、青椒复合果酱的生产工艺、产品配方及青椒中VC的保存进行了试验研究，确定了可行的工艺流程、最佳的配方组合、较好的VC保存方法。得到了一种营养强化、风味独特的新型果酱。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano‐Encapsulated Black Pepper Oleoresin using Hydroxypropyl Beta‐Cyclodextrin for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications

Previous studies have reported antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of black pepper oleoresin which is associated to its phenolic compounds and piperine. The ability of cyclodextrins to form an inclusion complex with a guest molecule could improve black pepper oleoresin application, bioavailability, and stability in foods. Hydroxypropyl beta‐cyclodextrin (HPBCD) inclusion complex with black pepper olereosin were synthesized using the kneading method and characterized for its physico‐chemical properties and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Inclusion complex size was 103.9 ± 7.6 nm and indicated to be a polydisperse system. The entrapment efficiency was 78.3 ± 3.6%, which suggests that other constituents in black pepper oleoresin have higher affinities for HPBCD than piperine (major compound in black pepper oleoresin). Thermograms showed the disappearance of oxidation peaks of black pepper oleoresin, proving complex formation with HPBCD. Phase solubility results indicated 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex formation and an increase of black pepper oleoresin aqueous solubility with HPBCD concentration. Nano‐encapsulation with HPBCD did not affect (P > 0.05) total phenolic content; however, it enhanced (P < 0.05) black pepper oleoresin antioxidant activity. Black pepper oleoresin and its inclusion complex were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Both free and encapsulated black pepper oleoresin effectively inhibited bacterial growth within the concentration range tested. Black pepper oleoresin encapsulated in HPBCD was able to inhibit Salmonella at lower (P < 0.05) concentrations than its corresponding free extract. Therefore, black pepper oleoresin‐HPBCD nanocapsules could have important applications in the food industry as antimicrobial and antioxidant system.     

松茸多糖的研究进展

松茸多糖是目前具有良好发展前景的真菌多糖之一,近年已成为国内外的研究热点。松茸多糖的含量较少,提取率不高,因此,提高松茸多糖的提取率及应用的提取方法称为其研究的主要问题。综述了松茸多糖的提取方法、结构分析及生物活性等方面的研究进展。     

Optimisation of sourdough bread incorporation into wheat bread by response surface methodology: Bioactive and nutritional properties

The optimisation of the quantity of sourdough (A) prepared with two different fermentation methods, [spontaneous fermentation (F1) vs. starter of lactic acid bacteria‐added fermentation (F2)], instant active dry yeast (B) and wheat bran (C) for a nutritionally improved bread formulation has been studied by evaluating the bioavailability and bioactive properties. The bread produced according to the optimised formula and fermentation types of F1 (OB_F1) and F2 (OB_F2) was compared with control bread (CB). The optimised levels for F1 were 11.45% for sourdough, 1.10% for dry yeast and 1.58% for wheat bran and for F2 6.99% for sourdough, 1.02% for dry yeast and 38.84% for wheat bran. The addition of sourdough significantly (P < 0.05) affected antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, in vitro ash and protein digestibility, and enzyme resistance starch contents of bread. The F1 fermentation method was found to be more effective in terms of bread properties examined.     

扇贝加工废液多糖提取优化及生物活性的研究

目的优化扇贝加工废液多糖的提取条件,并研究其生物活性。方法以多糖纯度为指标,对比胃蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶及碱性蛋白酶对扇贝加工废液中多糖酶解的效果。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验法对扇贝加工废液多糖提取工艺进行优化。结果木瓜蛋白酶为最佳反应酶,最佳酶解条件为酶解时间4 h,酶解pH 6,酶解温度60℃,加酶量为2.5%,此条件下提取物多糖纯度为62.23%。采用膜分离技术,对所提取多糖进一步纯化,得到纯度为84.75%的扇贝废弃液多糖。在多糖浓度为8mg/mL时,废弃液多糖对-OH的清除能力达到87.53%,对DPPH自由基的清除能力达到53.36%;在废弃液多糖浓度为800μmol/L时,巨噬细胞NO生成量达到了13.05μmol/L。结论扇贝蒸煮液可提取得到较高纯度多糖,并具有较强的抗氧化作用及良好的免疫调节作用。     

Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Polyphenols: in vitro and in vivo Evidences and Possible Mechanisms of Action: A Review

Abstract: Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) is a distinctive berry with a high content of polyphenol compounds and possesses one of the highest in vitro antioxidant activities among fruits. The bioavailability of aronia polyphenols seems to be low, but there is ample evidence for chokeberry health benefits including antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic effects. This review presents the available information for the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of chokeberry polyphenols and explains the possible mechanisms of action in vivo in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress‐related diseases. The review shows the available data for chokeberry antioxidant activity in vitro, in isolated cells and cell lines, and in vivo, in both human subjects and animals. It is evident that in vivo antioxidant action of chokeberry extends far beyond radical scavenging and includes suppression of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, inhibition of prooxidant enzymes, restoration of antioxidant enzymes, and probably cellular signaling to regulate the level of antioxidant compounds and enzymes. The original contribution of this work is that it compiles the available information up to date and outlines the gaps and future directions in the assessment of chokeberry antioxidant action in vivo.     

雅津蛋白桑多糖的分离纯化及生物活性研究

采用纤维素酶法提取桑叶多糖,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最优提取工艺参数;并采用Sephadex G-100型葡聚糖凝胶进行初级纯化,比较纯化前后多糖的抗氧化能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。结果表明,纤维素酶法提取的最优工艺为提取液pH 6.0、酶解温度50℃、酶浓度1.0%、酶反应时间50min;纯化后的桑叶多糖具有更高的总抗氧化能力、DPPH·和·OH清除能力;但纯化后的桑叶多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果低于纯化前的。优选得到的纤维素酶法提取桑叶多糖工艺具有较好的提取效果,且纯化后的桑叶多糖具有更强的抗氧化活性。     

壳聚糖纳米粒子的制备方法及其作为药物递送载体的应用

虾青素（Astaxanthin,AST）是一种脂溶性叶黄素类胡萝卜素,具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节活性。然而,因其口服生物利用度较差,临床应用有限。近年来,为了提高虾青素的生物利用度,各种类型的纳米制剂被广泛研究。其中纳米乳液、脂质体、固体脂质纳米颗粒、壳聚糖纳米颗粒和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物（poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）,PLGA）纳米颗粒已被证明可有效提高虾青素的口服生物利用度。本综述中,基于体外和体内研究数据和结果,总结了不同类型的纳米制剂对于提高虾青素口服生物利用度的研究进展,为今后虾青素口服剂型的开发提供参考,实现其在临床中的应用价值。

     

Biopolymer nanoparticles: a strategy to enhance stability,bioavailability, and biological effects of phenolic compounds as functional ingredients

Phenolic compounds are abundant in nature and have multiple beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiallergenic, anticancer, and antiatherosclerotic properties. For this reason, phenolics are becoming relevant functional ingredients for several industries, mainly the food industry, derived from food consumer exigencies and regulations. However, the use of their beneficial properties still presents some limitations, such as chemical instability under environmental and processing conditions, which leads to structural changes and compromises their biological activities. They also present poor water solubility and sensitivity to pH changes, decreasing their bioavailability in the organism. The technologies for extraction and stabilization of these compounds have evolved rapidly in the development of different delivery systems to encapsulate sensitive active molecules. Biopolymeric nanoparticles are biodegradable polymer-based colloidal systems with sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 nm, and different techniques can be carried out to develop them. These systems have emerged as a green and effective alternative to improve stability, bioavailability, and biological effects of phenolic compounds. This comprehensive review aims to present an overview of recent advances in encapsulation processes of phenolic compounds within biopolymer nanoparticles as delivery systems and the impact on their physicochemical properties and biological effects after encapsulation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.     

The Emerging Australian Date Palm Industry: Date Fruit Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds and Valuable Processing By‐Products

Date palm is a popular and high‐revenue crop, and the consumption of date fruits is no longer limited to the Middle Eastern countries. Date fruit has gained interest due to its nutritional value and taste, and date seeds have recently been identified as sources of valuable bioactive ingredients. Australia has excellent agronomic conditions for cultivating date palm, and the value of this crop has been identified by the Australian government and private sectors. However, more work needs to be done to raise awareness of this industry among potential investors and researchers in order to develop a sustainable date palm industry in Australia. Several date varieties have been successfully grown at a small scale in Central and Southern Australia. Medjool and Barhee have been among the most recommended varieties due to their high market potential in domestic and international markets. Date seeds have also been recognized as a source of valuable functional ingredients including dietary fiber and natural antioxidants. Date seed extracts have shown very good bioactive properties potentially useful in treating some neurodegenerative diseases, and possibly cancer. The utilization of date seeds, which is an abundant by‐product of date processing, could improve profitability and financial security of this industry. This review discusses the emergence of the date fruit and seed industry in Australia and its associated benefits to farmers and consumers.     

Applications of argentation solid phase extraction to the capsaicinoids: Purification of commercial standards and isolation of homodihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl) from ‘Bhut Jolokia’

Argentation solid phase extraction was employed to purify commercial standards of capsaicin (6-ene-8-methyl) and dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl). The purity was improved from 96.7% to 99.6% and from 89% to 96%, respectively, with 75% and 60% yield, respectively. Reversed phase solid phase extraction, argentation solid phase extraction, and preparative liquid chromatography with a C30 phase were used to isolate capsaicinoids from the fruits of ‘Bhut Jolokia’ peppers. The compounds capsaicin (6-ene-8-methyl) and dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl) comprised 74% and 21% of the total mass of capsaicinoids, respectively. The remaining 5% of the capsaicinoids mass included the compounds: nordihydrocapsaicin (7-methyl), N-vanillylnonanamide, two homocapsaicin isomers, N-vanillyldecanamide, and two homodihydrocapsaicin isomers. All but one of these compounds were identified by comparison to known standards. The presence of homodihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl) was confirmed by its absorbance at 280 nm, electrospray ions at m/z 322 and m/z 137, elution just prior to homodihydrocapsaicin (9-methyl), and a carbon-13 NMR spectrum that matched predicted chemical shifts.     

蛋黄卵磷脂的结构、提取、功能与脂质体研究进展

综述蛋黄卵磷脂的分子结构、提取方法、功能活性,以及在脂质体方面的最新研究现状。蛋黄卵磷脂结构主要是以甘油为骨架,通过酰基键与磷酸和脂肪酸连接而成的一种磷脂类两亲分子,根据碱基基团的不同,蛋黄卵磷脂包括了磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸和磷脂酰甘油等6种。目前,提取蛋黄卵磷脂的方法主要有溶剂提取法和超临界萃取法;蛋黄卵磷脂具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、神经保护和心脑血管保护等功能的生理活性;此外,还简单介绍了蛋黄卵磷脂脂质体的种类和应用现状。为蛋黄卵磷脂产品的开发提供良好的参考。     

Application of Green Technology for the Acquisition of Extracts of Araçá (Psidium grandifolium Mart. ex DC.) Using Supercritical CO2 and Pressurized Ethanol: Characterization and Analysis of Activity

Brazil is home to a wide variety of flora, including several lesser known species, such as araçá that were processed in this study using two green technologies consecutively: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for nonpolar fraction and pressurized liquid extraction. For polar fraction, the experiments followed a central composite design involving ethanol as solvent, with temperature and static time in each bath as independent variables. Both extracts were analyzed for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Total phenolics content (TPC) was determined for all ethanol extracts. In the araçá essential oil (AEO) obtained by SFE, the extraction yield was 2.33%. The three major compounds of AEO were α‐pinene (20.75%), p‐cymene (20.50%), and o‐cymene (20.05%). In ethanol extracts, the high yield (14.49%) was obtained at 74 °C/6 min and the major TPC (136.95 mg GAE/100 g) at 60 °C/9 min. Ethanol extracts presented good antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 6.37 mg/mL) at 74 °C/6 min. AEO was unable to reduce DPPH? concentration by 50%. Both extract types presented an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus, while only the ethanol extracts presented effect against Listeria monocytogenes. This work had the aim to present the innovation of the use of a whole typical Brazilian fruit that gives rise to extracts with excellent properties for employment in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.