Note-taking and passage style.

High-formality and low-formality versions of a passage were read by 120 undergraduate education students who either took notes for a presentation to professionals or to students, or simply read the text. A free-recall test showed superiority for notetakers and for those reading low-formality text. Despite passage style and type of instruction, Ss took essentially verbatim notes, but in recall, informal material was paraphrased significantly more than formal prose. A conditional probability analysis showed that an idea unit was more likely to be recalled if it had been written in notes than if it had only been read. Results support the encoding function of note-taking and its relation to informal prose. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Doxorubicin in pregnancy: possible transplacental passage

Two pregnant women with lymphoproliferative disorders were treated with doxorubicin-containing regimens. Both patients delivered shortly after a dose of doxorubicin. One child was healthy and the other was stillborn. Measurements of anthracycline levels in placental, cord, and fetal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography suggest that doxorubicin may be transported across the placenta.     

Terrestrial passage theory of the moon illusion.

Reviews theories of the celestial, or moon, illusion and asserts that they have neglected geometric characteristics of movement along and above the surface of the earth. It is suggested that the illusion occurs because the characteristics of terrestrial passage are attributed to celestial passage. In terrestrial passage, the visual angle subtended by an object changes discriminably as an essentially invariant function of elevation above the horizon. In celestial passage, by contrast, change in visual angle is indiscriminable at all elevations. If a terrestrial object gains altitude, its angular subtense fails to follow the expansion projected for an orbital course: Angular diminution or constancy is equivalent to distancing. On the basis of terrestrial projections, a similar failure of celestial objects in successive elevations is also equivalent to distancing. It is argued that the illusion occurs because of retinal image constancy, not—as traditionally stated—despite it. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Test anxiety and the passage of time.

Conducted 3 experiments with 168 female and 108 male undergraduates to assess the relationship of test anxiety and achievement-oriented instructions to time perception. Ss were rated as high-, middle-, or low-test-anxious using the Test Anxiety Scale. After being given either achievement-orienting or neutral instructions, Ss waited for an undesignated period of time and then performed an intellective task. The dependent measures were Ss' estimates of the duration of the waiting and performance periods and their scores on the assigned task. High-test-anxious Ss' time estimates were significantly greater than the estimates of the other Ss, and their performance was at a relatively low level. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that highly anxious persons under stress experience cognitive interference and preoccupation that makes time pass slowly and results in poor performance. Implications are discussed particularly in terms of the need for training programs capable of fostering improved cognitive skills requiring self-control. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Requirements for passage of T lymphocytes across non-inflamed retinal microvessels

Although activated T lymphocytes can migrate through unstimulated neural endothelium to perform immune surveillance or initiate inflammation, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. In this study, we have used intravital scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to show that circulating, activated T cells induce early changes in the retinal venules that enable T cell diapedesis in the absence of cell rolling, and without any reduction in shear stress within the venules. Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated T cells, but not naive T cells, were able to penetrate the normal blood-retinal barrier (BRB) 8-16 h after adoptive transfer. A minimum number (> or =1 x 10(5) cells/mouse) of Con A-activated T cells needed to be transferred before lymphocytes crossed the normal BRB. Cell rolling and reduction of shear stress did not occur in normal retinal venules and post-capillary venules. In contrast, in mice with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), in which the BRB has broken down, 45% of blast cells were rolling in retinal venules. Cell rolling correlated with significantly reduced shear stress. Both naive and Con A-activated T cells could cross the disabled barrier, with Con A-activated T cells migrating faster and in greater numbers than naive cells. Adoptive transfer of Con A-activated cells into normal recipient mice induced limited and transient breakdown of the BRB and up-regulation of ICAM-1 but not P-selectin. Pretreatment of Con A-activated cells with anti-LFA-1 significantly suppressed T cell infiltration in normal recipient mice. Our data indicate that critical to immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS) is the ability of activated T cells to interact with the endothelium, up-regulating ICAM-1 and inducing transient breakdown of the barrier.     

Cerebrospinal fluid passage of intravenous magnesium sulfate in neurosurgical patients

The presence of immune molecules induced by microorganisms in the haemolymph of Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies has been investigated. Injections of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus into female sandflies induced anti-bacterial activity in the haemolymph. Inhibition zone assays showed that haemolymph from E. coli and M.luteus injected sandflies differentially inhibited M.luteus growth. This differential effect was specific to M.luteus infection since anti-E.coli activity was similar in haemolymph from both E.coli or M.luteus injected sandflies. Haemolymph following injection of either bacteria showed the induction of a 4 kDa peptide. Haemolymph from M.luteus injected sandflies also contained a 33 kDa polypeptide which was absent in haemolymph from E.coli and control uninfected insects. Sandflies, in common with other insects, were shown to possess general and specific humoral immune responses to the presence of microorganisms.     

Increased susceptibility of late passage human diploid fibroblasts to oxidative stress

Three strains of human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-3, TIG-7, and MRC-5, were serially cultivated. The susceptibility of early-passage and late-passage cells at 20-30 and 60-70 population doubling levels, respectively, to hydrogen peroxide, the superoxide radical (exposure to the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system), or linoleic acid hydroperoxide was examined for lactate dehydrogenase release. The susceptibility of late-passage cells to such oxidative stress was considerably enhanced compared with early-passage cells. The concentration of reduced glutathione in late-passage cells was lower by 24-44% on a per-cell-number basis and by 86.0-94.5% on a per-protein-quantity basis than in early-passage cells. In addition, the activity of catalase in late-passage cells was lower by 19-46% compared with early-passage cells. There was, however, no difference between the mRNA levels of catalase in early-passage and late-passage cells. The activities and mRNA levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in late-passage cells were all higher than in early-passage cells. These results suggest that late-passage cells are more susceptible to oxidative stress than early-passage cells presumably because of decreases in cellular reduced glutathione concentration and catalase activity, and that their primary defense against oxidative stress is reduced glutathione.     

Timing of postprandial dyspeptic symptoms and transpyloric passage of gastric contents

BACKGROUND: Patients with functional dyspepsia often experience early satiety and discomfort after a meal. The role of early gastric emptying in symptom generation is not known. Our aim was to relate timing of symptoms and early postprandial emptying in functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Twelve patients with functional dyspepsia were investigated during 3 min of fasting, during 3 min of ingesting 500 ml of a meat soup, and during the first 10 min postprandially by means of duplex sonography. RESULTS: Gastric emptying commenced on average 52 sec after the start of ingestion. Transpyloric movements of gastric contents unrelated to peristalsis (that is, alternating transpyloric emptying and reflux within a common chamber created by the terminal antrum, the pylorus, and the duodenal bulb) appeared before peristaltic-related emptying, which commenced after on average 116 sec. In all patients epigastric, meal-related discomfort was experienced after the commencement of transpyloric emptying, on average after 143 sec. A negative correlation was found between intensity of fullness and duration of presymptomatic transpyloric movements of gastric contents (that is, the duodenal 'tasting' period). CONCLUSIONS: The early occurrence of meal-related symptoms suggests that gastric distension is the main factor in symptom generation. However, the onset of symptoms after the commencement of gastric emptying suggests that intestinal tasting receptors are involved in symptom generation. The inverse relationship between the duration of the tasting period and symptom intensity suggests that the time allowed for duodenal tasting might be too short in patients with FD.     

爆轰波三波点擦除烟迹表面积碳机制

为理解三波点在壁面及端面积碳留下记录的确切机制,推动对螺旋爆轰内部结构的研究,采用端面烟熏玻璃与内壁烟膜结合的实验方法记录胞格结构,并得到不稳定、较稳定及稳定预混气的侧壁及端面爆轰记录.2H₂+O₂+3Ar给出了清晰精细的端面结果,其单头螺旋结果表明相对于结果近似的侧壁结果,内部螺旋结构并非固定.进而从附着碳粒的粒度尺寸分析出碳迹附着原理并结合五种预混气的反应特性,确定键能足以克服碳迹吸附在表面的力时才能擦除烟迹.另外预混气中的碳分子也会导致烟迹堆积而影响端面结果,反射激波的强度也影响记录的清晰度.最终确定烟迹擦除机制受预混气影响,应针对预混气选用表面粗糙度载体和积碳颗粒尺寸,并给出了记录爆轰结构的方法.     

Lymphosarcoma of the frontal sinus and nasal passage in a cow

A 5-year-old cow was evaluated because of a 2-week history of ataxia and other vague neurologic signs. Previous treatments included intravenous and orally administered calcium, but improvement was not seen. Bilateral mucoserous nasal discharge and a pair of firm, smooth masses caudodorsal to the eyes were found on the frontal bones on physical examination. The cow's condition deteriorated rapidly within 48 hours; head pressing and inability to rise were observed. The frontal sinuses were radiographically normal. Trephination of the frontal sinuses revealed a space-occupying mass that was interpreted on histologic examination to be lymphosarcoma. Other evidence of neoplasia was not discovered on gross necropsy or histologic examination. Primary lymphosarcoma has not been described at this location in cows. Clinically it resembles chronic frontal sinusitis, and trephination may be necessary to differentiate the 2 diseases.