Plane strain compression of silicon-iron single crystals

Six different orientations of Fe-3 wt% Si single crystals have been deformed in plane strain compression (using a channel die) up to true strains of 0.5. The finite strain behaviours, i.e. the shape changes, lattice rotations and stress-strain curves, are compared with the predictions of the generalized Taylor analysis of partially constrained crystal deformation. The influence of the relative critical resolved shear stresses on the {110} and {112} 〈111〉 glide systems has been systematically examined. It is shown that for most crystals under multiple slip conditions the shape changes and lattice rotations are consistent with the hypothesis of glide on {112} being somewhat easier than on {110}. Comparison with previous work on b.c.c. crystals undergoing large strains leads to the suggestion that: (i) under conditions of single or colinear slip, glide on {110} is easier than on {112}; (ii) under conditions of intersecting 〈111〉 slip directions, glide on {112} is easier than on {110}. For silicon-iron, the critical resolved shear stresses on the {112} 〈111〉 systems, relative to those on the {110}〈111〉 systems are found to be 0.93 and 0.96 for the twinning and anti-twinning senses, respectively.     

DP590双相钢不同工艺下组织与微观织构的EBSD研究

借助场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等测试手段研究了DP590双相钢不同工艺下的显微组织与微观织构。结果表明,从热轧、冷轧到连退过程组织发生了明显的变化,由热轧态的块状铁素体和少量珠光体组织转变为退火态的铁素体和少量的马氏体,晶粒尺寸由8μm细化至6μm。从热轧、冷轧到连退过程织构同样发生了显著的变化,随着工艺过程的进行,旋转立方织构逐渐减弱,但减弱幅度不大,相应的（001）<110>晶粒逐步减少;不利于深冲性能的α织构先增强后减弱,其最强组分（112）<110>的取向密度在冷轧阶段达到最大值,相应的（112）<110>晶粒先增加后减少;有利的γ织构逐渐增强,其最强组分（111）<112>的取向密度在连退阶段达到最大值,相应的（111）<110>晶粒和（111）<112>晶粒均逐步增加,但（111）<112>晶粒要多于（111）<110>晶粒。     

Textures and plastic anisotropy in γ-TiAl

A polycrystalline alloy of composition Ti-36 wt % Al consisting mainly (about 95 vol. %) of γ-TiAl has been deformed in compression at 450°C as well as in rolling at 1040°C. The textures of the deformed specimens were measured and analyzed in terms of orientation distribution functions (ODFs). The textures after hot rolling show a cube-like component (100) [010] with an alignment of the c-axis with the transverse direction. A comparison of measured compression textures with those simulated on the basis of the Taylor theory of polycrystal deformation leads to the following conclusions. Both the “easy” {111} 〈110〉 and “hard” {111} 〈101〉-slip modes of deformation occur in γ-TiAl at 450°C. The critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) for these two slip modes differ by a factor of less than 2, the CRSS for {111}〈110〉-slip being higher than that for {111}〈101〉-slip. The rolled specimens show a pronounced plastic anisotropy, which can only be explained on the basis of microstructural considerations.     

Simulation de la texture de deformation en traction uniaxiale et calcul du coefficient de lankford R(α) de toles d'aciers extra doux—application au cas non orthotrope

Two calculations to simulate the plastic behaviour of b.c.c. materials are presented. The first one allows to calculate the plastic deformation textures and so the O.D.F. F(g) in Euler space G (gϵG). The second one allows to calculate the Lankford factor R(α) of a polycrystalline sheet in all cases of symmetry of the texture. Previous works were principally devoted to orthotropic symmetry. Both calculations use the two slip systems {110}〈111〉 and {112}〈111〉 in the Taylor approximation with variable ration of critical resolved shear stresses for the two slip planes {110} and {112}.     

Formation of crystallographic texture in titanium nickelide single crystals during rolling

The texture formation in the single crystals of the Ti-48 at % Ni-2 at % Fe alloy rolled at a temperature of 350°C up to a strain of 80% in eleven different initial orientations is examined. There are three stable initial orientations that remain unchanged in rolling: {011}〈011〉, {111}〈011〉, and {111}〈112〉. The TiNi single crystals are shown to be deformed by means of a combined action of slip in systems {011}〈001〉 and twinning in systems {114}〈221〉 and {118}〈441〉. The types of formed rolling texture in the single crystals depend on their initial orientation and strain.     

Compression creep of 〈110〉-oriented single crystals of nickel-base superalloy CMSX-2

Compression creep tests along a 〈110〉 stress axis have been performed on single crystals of Ni-base superalloy CMSX-2. The analysis of the experiments show that, on the one hand, the compression creep rates are lower with this stress axis than with 〈110〉, at 1023 and 1123 K; on the other hand, {111} glide is overriding at these temperatures. However, dislocation pile-ups were detected on {100} planes. This suggests that cube slip has an influence on the compression creep behaviour.     

Effects of Rolling Parameters on Texture and Formability of High Strength Ultra-Low Carbon BH Steel

 The effects of hot rolling and cold rolling parameters on texture and r (plastic strain ratio) value of high strength ultra low carbon bake hardening (ULC-BH) steels are studied with orientation distribution function (ODF) structural analysis method. After hot rolling, the high strength ULC-BH steel sheet has weak γ-fiber with uniform orientation distributions, and weak α-fiber, of which {445}<110> component forms a high intensity peak at coiling temperature of 750 ℃. After cold rolling, both {111}<110>-{111}<112> intensity on the γ-fiber and {111}-{112}<110> intensity on the α-fiber enhanced. As a result of substitutional solute elements Mn and P being added to the steel, strong {112}<110> deformation texture component is observed on α-fiber, especially at 80% cold rolling reduction, and this leads to the strong {111}<112> recrystallization texture after annealing. The increase of cold rolling reduction shifts the maximum intensity on the γ-fiber from {111}<112> to {111}<113>. After annealing, a very strong γ-fiber is obtained, with intensity peak at {111}<112> component when cold rolling reduction reaches 80%. Increasing coiling temperature and cold rolling reduction improve γ-fiber intensity and r value, resulting in good deep drawability.     

Deformation banding and copper-type rolling textures

It is shown by a crystallographic etching technique applicable to copper that deformation banding is an important deformation mode in f.c.c. metals and alloys. In a cold rolled coarse grain copper, deformation banding forms in a three dimensional manner dividing the grain on average into over 600 regions of different orientations. The influence of this important, but long ignored deformation mode, is studied by incorporating it into the Taylor model. The predicted textures from the new model are better than those from other existing models in mainly two respects. Firstly, the DB model predicts the co-existence of the three major f.c.c. rolling texture components, namely {123}〈634〉 or S component, >112>〈111〉 or C and >110>〈112〉 or {f}B{/f}. The existing models are deficient in that they predict either C and S or B, but not their co-existence. The second point is that textures predicted by the existing models are always too sharp compared to the experimental textures. The DB model predicts texture peaks with larger spread and hence more realistic texture sharpness. Another feature of the model is that only two independent slip systems, instead of five, are required to accomodate the imposed shape change, which agrees with experimental observation.     

The orientation dependence of deformation mode and structure in stoichiometric NiAl single crystals deformed by high temperature steady-state creep

Single crystals of stoichiometric NiAl having predetermined orientations have been deformed by steady-state creep in the temperature range 750° to 1055°C, the stresses being varied from 1.76 to 7.02 kg mm_-2. In crystals oriented 7.5 deg from [101], only (100) slip was observed; the primary slip plane was 100 although secondary slip occurred on 110. As predicted by elastic anisotropy considerations, dislocations on 100 with b = α(100) have a zig-zag shape with the segments aligned along (110). On 110 they tend to lie along (111) and (112). Cross-slip of short segments having screw orientations can occur between l00 and 110, giving rise to dipoles and prismatic loops. Crystals with tensile axes 14 deg from [1ll] slip in all three (100) directions on both cube and dodecahedral planes. Characteristic structures are dislocation entanglements, dipoles, loops, and networks containing nodes. Often two (100) type dislocations react and form a segment of (110) dislocation. Crystals approximately 19 deg from the cube orientation slip in both the (100) and (110) directions, and the contribution of (110) slip to the total glide strain increases at higher temperatures. The (110) dislocations are mostly pure screw as predicted by elastic anisotropy. Two sets of α(100) dislocations with mutually perpendicular Burgers vectors can form a network of twist or mixed character. If the contact plane is not one of the cube planes, the network is lozenge shaped, and small (110) segments form at the node points. Slip in the (111) direction was not observed with certainty; (100) slip occurred in all specimens, and (110) slip only in crystals reasonably close to the cube orientation.     

退火工艺及压下率对超低碳CSP冷轧薄板织构的影响

在实验室用电阻炉模拟了包钢CSP工艺生产的以62.0%和71.4%压下率冷轧的1.9 mm和1.0 mmCD01钢(0.047%C)和SPCC钢(0.041%C)冷轧板的700℃罩式退火工艺。结果表明,冷轧板退火后主要以{111}〈110〉和{111}〈112〉织构为主;71.4%压下率冷轧板快速升温退火后{112}〈110〉取向密度最大,且大角度晶界所占比例较大,织构密度较大,织构主要集中在γ取向线附近。     

Effect of Austenite Pancaking on the Microstructure,Texture, and Bendability of an Ultrahigh-Strength Strip Steel

The effect of austenite pancaking in the non-recrystallization regime on microstructure and texture evolution and thereby on bendability was investigated in an ultrahigh-strength strip steel with a martensitic-bainitic microstructure. The results indicate that an increase in rolling reduction (R _tot) below the non-recrystallization temperature, which improves the strength and toughness properties, increases the intensities of the ~{554}〈225〉 _α and ~{112}〈110〉 _α texture components along the strip centerline and of the ~{112}〈111〉 _α component at the surface region. Even with the highest R _tot of 79 pct, the bendability along the rolling direction was good, but the preferred alignment of rod-shaped MA constituents along the rolling direction led to a dramatic decrease in the bendability transverse to the rolling direction, with severe cracking occurring even at small bending angles. The early cracking is attributed to localization of the strain in narrow shear bands. It is concluded that the R_tot value has to be limited to guarantee successful bendability.     

二次冷轧压下率对镀锡板组织和性能的影响

 为了开发二次冷轧镀锡板,采用硬度计、拉伸试验机、光学显微镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了二次冷轧压下率对镀锡板组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着二次冷轧压下率提高,试验钢的硬度和强度提高,各向异性增加,伸长率降低,当二次冷轧压下率为20%时可获得较高的硬度和伸长率的匹配。同时二次冷轧压下率对织构影响明显,当压下率为20%～40%时,α取向线中最高取向密度出现在{223}〈110〉～{445}〈110〉之间,可达到6.2,并且随变形量增加,γ取向线中{111}〈110〉取向密度逐渐从3.1降低到2.7,{111}〈112〉取向密度逐渐从4.9提高到5.3。     

Texture Development in the Ni47Ti44Nb9 Shape Memory Alloy During Successive Thermomechanical Processing and Its Effect on Shape Memory and Mechanical Properties

For improving the shape memory performance and mechanical properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs), crystallographic texture and second phase are generally induced in SMAs by suitable thermomechanical processing. For this purpose, the development of texture in the Ni₄₇Ti₄₄Nb₉ SMA during successive processing (e.g., hot forging, hot rolling, cold rolling, and heat treatment) and the effects of texture, grain size, and β-Nb particle precipitation on recoverable strains and tensile properties were studied. In the hot-forged and hot-rolled Ni₄₇Ti₄₄Nb₉ alloy rods, intense 〈111〉 fibers are formed, and water quenching from 873 K and 1123 K (600 °C and 850 °C) leads to the decrease in intensity of 〈111〉 fiber in the hot-rolled rod. When the hot-forged rod is hot-rolled into sheet, intense {001} and weak {123} fibers appear, but grain growth leads to the disappearance of {001} fiber and {110}〈001〉 becomes the strongest component. Cold-rolling deformation of the hot-rolled sheet promotes the development of γ-fiber and the convergence of {332} and {123} fibers to {233}〈110〉 and {123}〈121〉 components, respectively, and the intense component is turned into {111}〈110〉; in this case, the recoverable strain (ε _SRS) and tensile yield strength (σ _YS ) exhibit an anisotropy. When the quenching temperature is 1123 K (850 °C), some weaker components appear, the anisotropy of ε _SRS disappears, and the difference level in σ _YS along the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD) becomes smaller. Therefore, an appropriate heat-treatment temperature should be selected to maintain the deformation texture and also to obtain fine grains for different thermomechanical processing.     

Crystallographic Reconstruction Study of the Effects of Finish Rolling Temperature on the Variant Selection During Bainite Transformation in C-Mn High-Strength Steels

The effect of finish rolling temperature on the austenite-(γ) to-bainite (α) phase transformation is quantitatively investigated in high-strength C-Mn steels using an alternative crystallographic γ reconstruction procedure, which can be directly applied to experimental electron backscatter diffraction mappings. In particular, the current study aims to clarify the respective contributions of the γ conditioning during the hot rolling and the variant selection during the phase transformation to the inherited texture. The results confirm that the sample finish rolled at the lowest temperature [1102 K (829 °C)] exhibits the sharpest transformation texture. It is shown that this sharp texture is exclusively due to a strong variant selection from parent brass {110} \( \left\langle {1\bar{1}2} \right\rangle \) , S {213} \( \left\langle {\bar{3}\bar{6}4} \right\rangle \) and Goss {110}〈001〉 grains, whereas the variant selection from the copper {112} \( \left\langle {\bar{1}\bar{1}1} \right\rangle \) grains is insensitive to the finish rolling temperature. In addition, a statistical variant selection analysis proves that the habit planes of the selected variants do not systematically correspond to the predicted active γ slip planes using the Taylor model. In contrast, a correlation between the Bain group to which the selected variants belong and the finish rolling temperature is clearly revealed, regardless of the parent orientation. These results are discussed in terms of polygranular accommodation mechanisms, especially in view of the observed development in the hot-rolled samples of high-angle grain boundaries with misorientation axes between 〈111〉γ and 〈110〉γ.     

Measurement and prediction of plastic anisotropy in deep-drawing steels

R-values and yield stresses were measured as a function of inclination with respect to the rolling direction on 15 steels selected from four basic types [high-strength low-alloy (HSLA), Al-killed drawing quality (AKDQ), interstitial-free (IF), and rimmed]. Orientation distribution functions (ODF’s) were also determined for these steels, using both X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. The series expansion method was employed for predicting the plastic anisotropy of the rolled sheets. Comparison with the experimental measurements indicates that the “pancake” relaxed constraint model is a more accurate predictor of behavior than the Taylor, Sachs-Kochendörfer, or two other relaxed constraint models. The best quantitative agreement is obtained when the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) ratio for glide on the {112} (111) and {110} (111) slip systems (t₁₁₂/t₁₁₀) is 0.95. A “lath” relaxed constraint model (with ?₂₃ relaxed), associated with the same CRSS ratio, leads to good results for steels with elongated microstructures.     

JSP-双机可逆冷轧条件下IF钢织构研究

针对济钢现场工艺条件下生产的Ti-IF钢,利用X’Pert ProxX射线衍射宏观织构分析方法,研究了中薄板坯热连轧轧制及随后的冷轧、退火工艺过程中织构的变化规律。IF钢冷硬板主要织构类型为{111}〈110〉、{111}〈112〉和{001}〈110〉,其中{111}〈110〉织构强度达到12;再结晶退火后的IF钢退火板,主要织构类型为{111}〈110〉和{111}〈112〉,{111}〈110〉织构强度提高到15.37。济钢生产的Ti-IF钢获得了对板材成形最有利的{111}//ND织构。     

Fe-6.5%Si合金温轧后退火过程中再结晶行为

用电子背散射技术观察了700℃温轧板在退火过程中的组织及织构演变以了解其再结晶行为.结果表明,温轧织构由强的（111）〈112〉、较弱的〈110〉∥RD及Goss组成,再结晶织构与之相似.〈110〉∥RD及（111）〈112〉新晶粒首先形成于与之构成小角度晶界的形变晶粒的晶界附近,而在角隅及组织不均匀区等位置孕育出与周围晶粒构成大角度晶界的晶核,择优取向不明显.退火过程中（111）〈112〉在形变组织中累积,最终转化为（111）〈112〉再结晶晶粒.分析认为,温轧后退火是不均匀组织在低储存能驱动下的再结晶过程.（112）〈110〉及（111）〈112〉形变拉长晶粒多发生连续再结晶从而退火织构与形变态相似.在角隅区形成核心进而发生不连续再结晶,核心取向的统计性及不连续晶核的长大弱化再结晶织构,其中Goss晶粒多以此方式形成于（111）〈112〉晶粒内部.      

X-ray diffraction study of the structural evolution in a grade 1469 (Al-Cu-Li) alloy during the production of hot-rolled sheets

X-ray diffraction is used to study the structural changes in a grade 1469 (Al-Cu-Li) alloy with a high lithium content that occur during the production of hot-rolled sheets according to the ingot → pressed strip → hot-rolled sheet schedule. In the pressed strip, a multicomponent Bs {110}〈112〉, Cu {211}〈111〉, and S {123}〈111〉 texture forms, which is typical of articles pressed from such alloys, and an unusual intense single-component texture of the Ex₁ {011}〈111〉 type forms in the hot-rolled sheets. Its formation is stimulated by cross rolling of the sheets. The low strength characteristics of the hot-rolled sheets after heat treatment are related to an elevated heating temperature used for quenching and to the oriented precipitation of the lamellar particles of the hardening T ₁ phase.     

The Formation of the {112}<111> Shear Texture in Hot-Rolled Sheets of Electrical Steels

Due to the friction between rolls and sheet surface, shear texture inevitably occurs in the surface layer of the hot-rolled sheets in electrical steel. The shear texture contains Goss texture {110}<001>, brass texture {110}<112>, and copper texture {112}<111>. The existence of shear texture and its corresponding microstructure affect the texture distribution in the subsequent normalized sheets, cold-rolled sheets, and final sheets. Electron backscattered diffraction and reaction stress model are used herein to study the formation conditions of {112}<111> orientation in the hot-rolled sheets. The results show that initial rotated cube orientation tends to rotate around transverse direction to the copper orientation during hot rolling due to the shear action. Different shear orientations can be formed in different regions of an initial coarse columnar grain during hot rolling, because of the change in surrounding environment reaction and the difference of the shear strain at different thickness positions. The thinner the hot-rolled sheet is, the smaller the dynamic recrystallization region with shear orientation, and there is almost no copper texture in the thinnest hot-rolled sheet. The simulation results show that the copper texture is easy to form under the action of σ₂₃ and σ₂₂ reaction stresses.     

Invariant line strain and needle-precipitate growth directions in Fe-Cu

A detailed theory of precipitate needle growth based on the invariant line hypothesis is presented for f.c.c. ⇌ b.c.c. alloy systems. The basic concept that coherent needle axes lie on cones of unextended lines is applied to semicoherent needles and it is shown that loss of coherency and growth is possible only for those needles lying at the intersection of a cone of unextended lines with a matrix slip plane. For these needles shear dislocation loops can relieve the coherency stresses. Owing to the different slip geometries, 〈561〉 needle directions clustered around 〈110〉 directions are predicted for b.c.c. Cr precipitate needles in an f.c.c. Cu matrix, and 〈557〉 and 〈656〉 directions clustered around 〈111〉 for the inverse case of f.c.c. Cu in b.c.c. Fe. Precise experimental measurements on both the alloy systems are in excellent agreement with the predictions. Differences observed in the incidence of 〈557〉 and 〈656〉 needles in Fe-Cu are related to the relative efficiency of the available matrix slip systems in providing transformation strain relief. It is concluded that the two factors that govern the precipitate crystallography are strain minimization and crystallographic strain relief.