景洪水电站对下游近坝河段通航条件的影响

在模型比尺为1∶100的正态物理模型基础上,对考虑橄榄坝修建前后澜沧江景洪水电站8个日调节工况方案进行了模拟,通过在坝址下游约6.4 km河段内影响通航水流条件的关键河段布设测站,实测非恒定流水流特征参数,分析影响船舶安全航行和靠泊的重要非恒定流特征参数,研究景洪水电站各个日调节工况对坝址下游近坝河段通航水流条件的影响.研究结果表明,电站运行工况的流量最大日变幅以及小时变幅是影响下游水位变化特征参数的重要因素,所有工况下景洪水电站下游河段水位日最大变幅、小时最大变幅及20分钟最大变幅均呈沿程递减的趋势.     

关于一维非恒定流方程的差分格式,底摩擦项形式和数值稳定性的关系

本文分析了一维非恒定流方程的差分格式、底摩擦项形式和数值稳定性之间的各种关系,论证了:(a)在格式中加入底摩擦项并不一定提高稳定性;(b)非对称型格式和中心差分格式应采用不同形式的底摩擦项;(c)一维非恒定流方程的一阶迎风格式和矢通量分裂格式的线性稳定性条件。     

FORCE CHARACTERISTICS AND VORTEX SHEDDING OF A PITCHING FOIL IN SHEAR FLOWS

The objective of this study is to deal with unsteady force acting on a pitching foil in shear flow and to study the relation of the force characteristics with vortex shedding near the foil. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the vorticity and stream-function formulation were solved with the fourth-order essentially compact finite difference schemes for the space derivatives and a fourthorder Runge-Kutta scheme for the time advancement. The force characteristics and vortex shedding of the pitching foil in shear flows were investigated. The effects of some typical factors, including the incoming flow shear, the oscillating frequency and amplitude, on the vortex shedding and force behavior were analyzed and discussed.     

STUDIES ON THE NUMERICAl SIMULATION OF UNSTEADY FLOWS

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COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY PARTIALLY FILLED FLOWS IN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

The partially filled pipeflows encountered in drainage systems belong to a family of unsteady flow problems capable of numerical solution via the method of characteristics.The defining equations in terms of flow depth,velocity and surface wave speed are developed and numerically solved by characteristic-difference method with time-lineinterpolation scheme.Boundary conditions for inflow,outflow,moving hydraulic jump and junctions are developed both experimentally and numerically.Full scale model experiments were carried out and it was consequently clarified that numerical model is capable of predicting flow characteristics in realistic drainage networks.     

Effect of channel shape on selection of time marching scheme in the discontinuous Galerkin method for 1-D open channel flow

One-dimensional open channel flows are simulated using the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method. Three different explicit time marching schemes, including multistep/multistage schemes, are evaluated for different channel shapes for accuracy and efficiency. The Forward Euler, second-order Adam-Bashforth(multistep), and second-order total variation diminishing(TVD) Runge-Kutta(multistage) time marching schemes are utilized. The role of monotonized central, minmod, and zero TVD slope limiters for each of the time marching scheme is investigated. The numerical flux is approximated using HLL function. The accuracy and robustness of different time marching schemes are evaluated for steady and unsteady flows using analytical and measured data. The unsteady flows include dam break tests with wet and dry beds downstream of the dam in prismatic(rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and parabolic cross-sections) and non-prismatic(natural river) channels. The steady flow test involves simulation of hydraulic jump in a diverging rectangular channel. The various schemes are evaluated by comparing accuracy using statistical measures and efficiency using maximum possible time step size as well as CPU runtime. The second-order Adam-Bashforth time marching scheme is found to have the best accuracy and efficiency among the time stepping schemes tested.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER TWO SIDE-BY-SIDE CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

In the present paper, the unsteady, viscous, incompressible and 2-D flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders was simulated using a Cartesian-staggered grid finite volume based method. A great-source term technique was employed to identify the solid bodies (cylinders) located in the flow field and boundary conditions were enforced by applying the ghost-cell technique. Finally, the characteristics of the flow around two side-by-side cylinders were comprehensively obtained through several computational simulations. The computational simulations were performed for different transverse gap ratios (1.5≤T/D≤4) in laminar (Re=100,200) and turbulent (Re=104) regimes, where T and D are the distance between the centers of cylinders and the diameter of cylinders, respectively. The Reynolds number is based on the diameter of cylinders,D. The pressure field and vorticity distributions along with the associated streamlines and the time histories of hydrodynamic forces were also calculated and analyzed for different gap ratios. Generally, different flow patterns were observed as the gap ratio and Reynolds number varied. Accordingly, the hydrodynamic forces showed irregular variations for small gaps while they took a regular pattern at higher spacing ratios.     

FINITE-VOLUME TVD ALGORITHM FOR DAM-BREAK FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThepropagationofborewavesorthemove mentoffreesurfaceflowscausedbydambreak ing ,orsuddenopeningorclosingofasluiceinachannelhasincreasedinterestinenvironmentalandhydraulicengineering .Generallyitcanbede scribedbytheShallowWaterEquations (SWE )throughtheintegrationoftheNavier Stokesequationsoverdepthwiththeassumptionsofhydrostaticpressuredistributionandmildchannel bedslope .ManyclassicaltechniquesthatwereusedforsolvingtheSWEcanbefoundinthepaststudies .However ,whendiscon…     

A SPLIT-CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR 1-D UNSTEADY FLOWS

An efficient and accurate solution algorithm was proposed for 1-D unsteady flow problems widely existing in hydraulic engineering. Based on the split-characteristic finite element method, the numerical model with the Saint-Venant equations of 1-D unsteady flows was established. The assembled finite element equations were solved with the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. In the semi-implicit and explicit scheme, the critical time step of the method was dependent on the space step and flow velocity, not on the wave celerity. The method was used to eliminate the restriction due to the wave celerity for the computational analysis of unsteady open-channel flows. The model was verified by the experimental data and theoretical solution and also applied to the simulation of the flow in practical river networks. It shows that the numerical method has high efficiency and accuracy and can be used to simulate 1-D steady flows, and unsteady flows with shock waves or flood waves. Compared with other numerical methods, the algorithm of this method is simpler with higher accuracy, less dissipation, higher computation efficiency and less computer storage.     

多层建筑物排水（污）系统非恒定流数学模型

建筑物污水排放系统中的水流为非恒定流，研究其系统中的非恒定流波的传播现象不但对预估管道中的各种水流现象，进行最优设计有着紧密的联系，同时对进一步研究管道中固体物的运动机理及水气两相流问题也有着重要的意义。本文通过应用特征差分方法，数值求解圣维南方程组，对管道中非恒定流进行了分析并建立了相应的计算机程序；对建筑物排污系统常见的边界情况进行了研究，并建立了无量纲的经验公式，这些公式作为边界条件与计算机程序相结合，可直接用于多层建筑物排水系统的模拟及预估     

河网对流输移问题的求解及应用

本文针对平原河网地区，河道纵横交错，水流流向顺逆不定、水流中输送的物质浓度属非稳态非均匀变化等特点，推导得到了适用于各种流动情况下，求解河网对流输移问题隐式差分方程的一套计算公式，及相应的河网计算方法，运用这一方法进行数值求解，不仅能反映上述各种特点，还具有所需的计算机内存少，计算速度快，易于掌握及应用方便等优点。     

滨海山丘区城市小流域设计洪水计算方法研究

我国滨海山丘区城市上游有山丘区,洪水下泄速度较快;下游受到潮水的顶托作用,内河洪涝水无法外排入海,洪涝灾害频发。城市化的进程也改变了原有下垫面的产汇流特性,既不能采用原有天然流域设计洪水计算方法,也不能采用城市排水的计算方法。论文针对快速城市化中的滨海山丘区的特点,分析了城市市政排水计算公式、水利推理公式和非恒定流法之间的区别,提出了利用推理公式、管道汇流和非恒定流法相结合计算小流域设计洪水的方法。以赣榆县柘汪-石桥片区为例,分别采用上述3种方法计算其设计洪水。结果表明:非恒定流方法的计算结果比推理公式方法小,该方法比较符合滨海山丘区的洪水特性,可为城市建设和河道规划提供依据。     

基于一维运动波理论的坡面汇流和沟道汇流数学模型研究

一维运动波理论常用于坡面汇流和沟道汇流的模拟,根据坡面汇流和沟道汇流的特点,采用不同形式的运动波控制方程组来分别描述坡面汇流和沟道汇流过程。采用Mac Cormack格式开发了坡面汇流模型,采用线性离散和非线性离散的显式有限差分格式开发了沟道汇流模型,通过3个典型的算例对各模型进行了验证。验证结果表明,开发的沟道汇流模型是成功的;空间步长的尺度对数值解精度有较大影响,步长越小,数值解精度越高;在沟道汇流模型中,线性求解和迭代求解两种方法的计算结果基本一致。     

平原城市自排区排涝模数计算方法研究

针对平原城市自排区的排涝特点,通过分析几种排涝计算方法的原理及计算结果,提出了适用于平原城市自排区排涝模数计算的一维非恒定流法。以安徽省宿州市主城区为例,分别采用平均排除法、割平头法和非恒定流法计算其排涝模数。结果表明：非恒定流法更适用于平原自排区排涝模数的计算,为城市排涝提供了依据。     

长距离输水系统的神经网络模型研究

常规特征线算法在仿真模拟长距离有压输水系统流量调节过渡过程时，存在计算时间较长等不足，故无法很好地满足实时控制和优化调度的需要．本文利用人工神经网络(ANN)所具有的高度非线性全局作用、良好的自适应性及联想记忆功能等优点，将人工神经网络引入到过渡过程的分析中，建立合适的神经网络模型，并通过该模型得出一系列计算成果．该成果与传统算法所得的结果相比较表明，人工神经网络在过渡流的分析中是可行的，并具有明显的优势．     

Gate Regulation Speed and Transition Process of Unsteady Flow in Channel

The operation methods of channel and the speed of gate regulation have great influence on the transformation of flow in water conveyance channels. Based on characteristics method, a 1-D unsteady flow numerical model for gate regulation was established in this study. The process of water flow was simulated under different boundary conditions. The influence of gate regulation speed and channel operation methods on flow transition process was analyzed. The numerical results show that under the same conditions, with increasing regulation speed of the gate, the change rates of discharge and water level increase, while the response time of channel becomes shorter, and ultimately the discharge and water level will transit to the same equilibrium states. Moreover, the flow is easier to reach stable state, if the water level in front of the sluice is kept constant, instead of,behind the sluice. This study will be important to the scheme design of automatic operation control in water conveyance channels.     

三维方腔拖曳流的数值模拟

本文推导出一种适用于定常和不定常粘性不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的分裂步方法。采用Taylor-Galerkin有限元格式进行求解，对有限元等式中关于速度的时间项进行三点向后差分，深入考虑粘性不可压缩流Navier-Stokes方程中对流项的作用，利用二阶Taylor展开完成时间项向空间项的转化，采用张量分析的方法推导了N-S方程分裂步方法的有限元离散格式，并采用低Reynolds数三维方腔拖曳粘性流^[23][24]作为基本算例，检验了这种分裂步方法的稳定性和有效性，同时与大涡模拟相结合对Reynolds数为10000的三维方腔拖曳湍流流场进行了相关的分析，进一步揭示了方腔回流运动的非定常非对称性、流动结构表现为竖轴环流与立面环流相叠加、流速沿垂线分布相对均匀等流动规律，显示了该方法与大涡模拟相结合能够有效地捕捉涡系及其时变过程。     

丁坝布置方位角对河道水流流态的影响分析

采用数值模拟的方法研究不同布置方位角下丁坝群的近体流场分布情况。结果表明绕丁坝的近场流动具有强三维非恒定特性。下挑丁坝对水流流态影响较小,正挑或上挑的丁坝有利于促使泥沙在坝裆之间快速落淤,同时有利于集中水流,壅高水位。该文对丁坝的正确布置形式以及坝址周围河底、堤防的维护具有指导意义。     

解明渠非恒流的混合网格法

根据小的依赖区内各元波波峰运动轨迹相似的假定，提出了解明渠非恒流的混合网格法，即首先用自然网格定出其结点的位置，然后再用固定网格求出其结点的水情。混合网格法综合了自然特征线网格法和固定网格法的优点，物理概念清楚，稳定性易于满足，计算格式为显式，无须迭代，计算速度快。     

Development of Multiple Leakage Detection Method for a Reservoir Pipeline Valve System

The detection of multiple leakages in pipeline systems has been one of the challenging issues for the control of water loss in water distribution systems. Inverse transient analysis can be a useful principle for predicting leakage through the calibration of location and leakage quantity, based on the pressure reflection that originates from an abnormal boundary condition. In this study, an innovative leakage detection method is proposed to address unknown conditions on multiple leakage dimensions through introduction of revised leakage expressions based on a frequency domain approximation. A multiple leakage function was modified for an efficient representation of multiple abnormalities at a reservoir pipeline valve system. An iterative metaheuristic scheme (IMS) was designed to handle an optimization scheme for multiple leakages using a pressure response for a discharge impulse introduced through value manipulation. In order to address unsteady friction in hydraulic transients combined with multiple leakages, both one-dimensional and two-dimensional models were used to derive leakage expressions for turbulent and laminar flow conditions. An isolated multiple leakage function (IMLF) was proposed to exclusively encapsulate the impact of leakages and unsteady fiction. Considering uncertainties in the hydraulic transient propagation, data noise, and multiple local optima issues in large parameter calibrations, three advanced schemes were modularized to improve detectability of IMS. Several hypothetical examples were presented to show the potential of IMS, validity of three advanced schemes, and robustness in multiple leakage prediction compared to existing approaches.