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龚渊 《核标准计量与质量》2004,(Z1):70-76
核电厂事故风险是核安全的核心问题,PSA是目前公认的定量评价核电厂风险的最佳方法.秦山核电厂PSA项目组采用事件树与故障树相结合的方法,已基本开发出反映秦山核电厂设计、运行、维修和管理实际状态的PSA模型,并采集到相应的可靠性数据.秦山核电厂以PSA模型为基础,拟把PSA的成果应用到设计变更、维修计划、定期试验和设备分级等诸多领域,使PSA技术不仅在电厂的安全性、可靠性方面作出有益的贡献,而且在提高电厂的可利用率及经济性方面也起到积极的作用. 相似文献
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第三代核电技术(AP1000)引进中的概率安全评价(PSA)模型是用CAFTA程序建立的,而我院使用的是RiskSpectrum程序。在分析两个程序数据文件的基础上,开发CAFTA2RS转换程序,从CAFTA建立的PSA模型中提取相关信息,修正不符合RS程序的数据格式,将AANB和EQU等门类型转换为RS程序允许的门类型,并将长达数千页的大型故障树拆分成符合RS格式的4000多棵小故障树,实现CAFTA程序建立的PSA模型到RiskSpectrum程序的PSA模型间的自动转换。 相似文献
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为评估核电厂受辐照燃料在操作和贮存过程中存在的安全风险,本研究采用概率安全分析(PSA)的方法,以始发事件分析为起始点,对事件序列分析等相关技术要素进行研究,并给出燃料路径中燃料损坏和放射性释放风险的定量分析结果及见解。研究结果表明,燃料机械损坏频率高于燃料热力损坏频率约4个量级,但燃料机械损坏导致的潜在放射性释放后果要远小于燃料热力损坏。燃料热力损坏频率相对于堆芯损坏频率来说是较小的,但燃料热力损坏可能导致的潜在放射性物质释放量将会非常大,并伴有火灾、氢气爆炸等次生灾害发生。对于可能导致燃料热力损坏的始发事件,事故前期的缓解非常重要。通过对燃料厂房通风系统就地冷却机组的风机进行多样化设计,可以有效降低燃料热力损坏风险。 相似文献
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概率安全分析的发展及应用展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对于核动力厂,概率安全分析(PSA)是评价风险、认识风险和管理风险的有效工具.本文介绍了PSA技术在国内及国际上发展和应用情况,并结合我国实际对PSA的发展应用进行了一些展望. 相似文献
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《Packaging, Transport, Storage and Security of Radioactive Material》2013,24(3-4):299-305
AbstractIn 1985, the International Atomic Energy Agency issued revised regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material. Significant among the changes were major revisions to requirements for Low Specific Activity (LSA) material and Surface Contaminated Objects (SCOs). In preparation for the adoption of these requirements into regulations in the United States, it became apparent that guidance on how to apply these requirements, clarifying technical uncertainties and ensuring proper implementation, would be needed both by the regulators and those regulated. Thus, the US Department of Transportation and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with the assistance of staff from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, are preparing regulatory guidance for LSA material and SCO transport. The guidance will present examples of acceptable methods for demonstrating compliance with the revised rules. Ideas being investigated for inclusion in the pending guidance are discussed in this paper. Under current plans, the guidance will be issued for public comment prior to final issue of the guidance in 1997. 相似文献
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在对拉丁美洲国家辐射安全和辐射防护基础结构的状况作了一般的评价之后,一些国家应激参加了建立国家辐射源审管控制的示范项目,而有些则参加了加强国家管理计划的示范项目。所有这些活动的目的都是要实现以国际BBS为基础的、有效的可持续的辐射防护基础结构。本文概述了拉丁美洲示范项目国家在将近5年活动后 辐射防护现状。内容包括示范项目的实施,职业照射、医学照射、公共照射的控制,应急响应和废物安全问题。本文给出了在跨地区项目活动实施期间所得到的教训。 相似文献
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This contribution presents results of recent research and development activities in the field of Hazards PSA (HPSA). The reactor accidents at Fukushima Dai-ichi in March 2011 gave reason and indications for checking the risk assessment approach for internal and external hazards as currently described in the German PSA Guideline and its supplementary technical documents. A standardized approach for performing a comprehensive HPSA has been developed emphasizing the complete consideration of all potential failure dependencies induced by hazards. The systematic extension of the given plant model of Level 1 PSA is the real crux of the new HPSA approach. The extension is carried out for each hazard H using the corresponding hazard equipment list (H-EL) and the corresponding hazard dependency list (H-DL). Parts of the approach have already been tested.In the paper a successful application for the plant internal hazard fire is presented. A German licensee plans a system modification of the spent fuel pool cooling, therefore a Level 1 PSA has been carried out to compare the fuel damage frequencies for the existing and the modified version. It is outlined how the systematic (and partly automatic) extension of the fault trees is performed using a so-called Fire Equipment List (F-EL). The F-EL contains a compartment assignment for all relevant components and cables. The probability of a compartment failure by fire must be determined for any compartment mapped. This is the conditional probability that the components and cables within the compartment are inoperable due to the fire. 相似文献
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“许可证制度、协议州管理和全面监督检查”构成了美国放射源监管的主要模式框架。通过法规制定、许可证审查、监督检查、运行经验评估和实施监管支持活动,美国核管理委员会对放射性源在医学、工业、科研中的应用实施了有效的监管。了解美国放射源的监管体系,对于加强我国的放射源安全与保安的监管能力是有益的。本文简要介绍了美国的许可证制度、协议州管理和全面监督检查方面的情况。 相似文献
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《Packaging, Transport, Storage and Security of Radioactive Material》2013,24(3-4):331-338
AbstractIn 1985, the International Atomic Energy Agency issued revised regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material. Significant were major changes to requirements for Low Specific Activity (LSA) material and Surface Contaminated Objects (SCOs). As these requirements were adopted into regulations in the United States, it was recognised that guidance on how to apply these requirements to large, contaminated/activated pieces of equipment and decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) objects would be needed both by the regulators and those regulated to clarify technical uncertainties and ensure implementation. Thus, the US Department of Transportation and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with assistance of staff from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, are preparing regulatory guidance which will present examples of acceptable methods for demonstrating compliance with the revised rules for large items. Concepts being investigated for inclusion in the pending guidance are discussed in this paper. Under current plans, the guidance will be issued for public comment before final issuance in 1997. 相似文献
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核材料数据库可高效存储核材料数据,并有效发掘数据中的信息,其建设可推动核材料的研究与发展。在各国积极发展核材料数据库的背景下,为推动中国核材料领域数据库的发展,FDS团队正在发展核反应堆材料数据库NRMD(Nuclear Reactor Materials Database)。该系统包含查询、结果处理、信息管理和帮助四个模块,首次在设计上整合了裂变材料和聚变堆候选材料各类数据信息,可满足用户的性能查询、选材、可视化分析等多种应用需求。目前,核反应堆材料数据库已初步整合了我国现有的和部分国际上的核材料数据,保证了核材料数据信息的高效存储及有效利用,其有效应用和不断发展将有助于推动核材料的研发和核能系统的工程设计。 相似文献
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The object of this paper is to acquaint high energy physicists with the properties and numerous applications of microchannel plates as well as with the resulting improvements of particle detectors. Properties of channel electron multipliers and of microchannel plates are described. We review and discuss the major applications of these devices, with emphasis on high performance photomultipliers and on electronic imaging at high speeds and low light levels. 相似文献
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