壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

以壳聚糖(CTS)和丙烯酸(AA)为原料进行接枝共聚,制得高吸水性树脂.通过单因素及正交试验考察AA∶CTS比值、引发剂用量及交联剂用量对树脂吸水性能的影响,确定最佳合成条件.利用红外光谱对产品结构进行表征.结果表明,当AA∶CTS为10∶1,引发剂用量为单体质量的3.5％,交联剂用量为单体质量的0.35％,所制得的树脂吸水率最高,其吸蒸馏水率可达964 g/g,吸盐水率可达58g/g.     

机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的制备与性能研究

以机械活化木薯淀粉、丙烯酸为主要原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸(AA)中和度和单体淀粉质量比等因素对吸液性能的影响。结果表明:制备机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的最适宜工艺条件为引发剂用量为0.6%,交联剂用量为0.12%,丙烯酸中和度为80%,单体淀粉质量比为10∶1。在此条件下,树脂吸去离子水倍率为930.67g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为90.57g/g。对产物进行红外分析的结果表明活化木薯淀粉与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应。     

淀粉接枝系高吸水吸油树脂的合成

对淀粉与丙烯酸等接枝共聚制备高吸水吸油树脂进行了初步的研究,采用乳液聚合的方法,以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,以丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为单体,研究了单体配比,引发剂用量,淀粉与单体比,交联剂用量等对淀粉改性制备高吸水吸油树脂性能的影响因素.     

微波辐射合成耐盐性羟乙基纤维素高吸水性树脂

以羟乙基纤维素为原料,丙烯酰胺和马来酸酐为接枝单体,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸胺为引发剂,采用微波辐射技术合成一种新型耐盐型羟乙基纤维素-丙烯酰胺-马来酸酐接枝共聚高吸水性树脂,探讨了微波辐射功率、混合单体AM/MAA比例、羟乙基纤维素浓度、交联剂以及引发剂用量对树脂吸盐水能力的影响.最佳合成条件为:微波辐射功率为400W且间歇加热12min、AM/MAA摩尔比为0.45,羟乙基纤维素浓度为3.0%、交联剂用量为2.0%、引发剂用量为0.15%,制得的高吸水性树脂最大吸盐水率达167g·g-1.     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水性树脂

用硝酸铈铵作引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂及引发剂用量、中和度、反应温度以及反应时间等对吸水率的影响。得到的最佳反应条件为:交联剂和引发剂与丙烯酸的摩尔比分别为0.95×10-5和4.8×1-0 3,中和度71%,反应温度45℃,反应时间2 h。制得的高吸水树脂在室温下30 m in每克吸蒸馏水和自来水分别约为其自身质量的1000和200倍。     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂的制备

采用N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺作交联剂,过硫酸铵作引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂.研究了高岭土的添加量、丙烯酰胺用量、中和度、引发剂用量以及交联剂用量等对吸水率的影响.得到的最佳反应条件为:中和度为70%,丙烯酰胺、高岭土、引发剂和交联剂量分别为丙烯酸单体质量24%、18%、0.96%和0.09%.制得的高吸水性树脂在室温下30min每克吸蒸馏水和自来水分别约为其自身质量的890倍和290g倍.     

玉米秸秆基高吸水性树脂的合成及其性能的研究

采用水溶液聚合法将丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基化铵(DAC)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)3种单体接枝到纤维素骨架中合成玉米秸秆基两性高吸水性树脂。研究单体用量、秸秆用量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和中和度对高吸水性树脂吸液率的影响。通过扫描电镜图、红外光谱图对其形貌进行表征。实验结果表明,在秸秆、AA、AM、DAC的质量分别为1、5、1和0.5g,引发剂用量占单体比率为1.2%,交联剂用量占单体总量比率为0.1%,中和度为75%,反应时间为3h,反应温度为60℃的合成条件下,制备的高吸水性树脂(SAR)吸液率达最大,其吸水率为235.9g/g,0.9%NaCl溶液的吸收率为31.3g/g。     

海藻接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

采用海藻为原料与丙烯酸接枝共聚制备了高吸水性树脂。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了产物的结构。考查了丙烯酸中和度、丙烯酸用量、引发剂和交联剂的用量以及反应温度等各因素对产物吸水率的影响。结果表明,所得树脂的吸水率可达618g/g,吸盐水率(0.9%的NaCl水溶液)达到120g/g,其吸水速率适中,热稳定性和在室温下的保水性均较好,是一种新的环保型高吸水性树脂。FT-IR初步表明了丙烯酸与海藻的接枝聚合作用。     

高岭土复合聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)高吸水树脂的制备及性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法制备高岭土复合聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)高吸水树脂,用红外光谱对树脂的结构进行表征。在将聚合反应与树脂的干燥同时进行的基础上探讨了交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体配比、丙烯酸中和度、高岭土添加量等条件对树脂吸液性能的影响。结果表明:当丙烯酸中和度75%、单体配比3.5:1、高岭土添加量15%、交联剂用量0.02%、引发剂用量0.8%时,树脂的吸液性能整体最好,吸水倍率达698g·g-1、吸盐水倍率110g·g-1。红外光谱结果表明,丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺单体与高岭土的-OH发生了接枝共聚反应。     

耐盐性淀粉接枝丙烯酸类高吸水性树脂的制备及表征

以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备了淀粉接枝丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)单体的高吸水性树脂。探讨了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、原料配比、丙烯酸中和度、反应条件等对吸水率的影响。最佳条件下,制得对蒸馏水的吸水率为802.6g/g,对0.9%NaCl溶液吸水率为153.7g/g的高吸水率树脂。用FT-TR对产物进行了表征。结果显示:制备出了高吸水性树脂。该树脂充分利用淀粉的经济性和可降解性等特性,具有环保、吸水率高、耐盐性好等优点。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。