国家标准《慢回弹软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料》的制定

简述了慢回弹海绵的起源、定义、特性及应用领域,详细介绍了国家标准《慢回弹软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料》的制定过程和标准内容,研究了慢回弹海绵各项性能的测定方法和影响因素.     

聚氨酯/咖啡渣泡沫的发泡行为和慢回弹性能研究

利用废弃生物质咖啡渣（CFG）填充反应改性制备具有慢回弹特性的聚氨酯泡沫,对其发泡行为,泡沫的回弹特性、力学性能和隔热性能进行研究。结果表明,CFG参与聚氨酯聚合的链增长反应,同时减少二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)与水反应产生的发泡气体量。此外,CFG含量对泡孔结构和泡沫性能具有影响作用。在40 %（质量分数,下同）的CFG填加量时,聚氨酯泡沫的开孔率从57 %降低至15 %;其拉伸强度和模量分别提高至0.15 MPa和33.5 MPa,热导率降低至0.050 W/（m·K）;在37 ℃下,其回弹时间大于3 s,具有良好的慢回弹特性;CFG填充改性具有对慢回弹聚氨酯泡沫泡孔结构和性能的调控效应。     

植物油多元醇基慢回弹泡沫的温度敏感性研究

通过动态机械热分析(DMA)和40%压缩硬度(CLD40%)对植物油多元醇基慢回弹泡沫温度敏感性的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,增加植物油多元醇的用量,增加泡沫密度,有利于减小植物油多元醇基慢回弹泡沫的温度敏感性;增加异氰酸酯指数会增加植物油多元醇基慢回弹泡沫在低温下的温度敏感性;与TDI基慢回弹泡沫相比,MDI基慢回弹泡沫的温度敏感性较小。     

高羟值聚醚的比例对慢回弹型聚氨酯软泡复原时间的影响

改变聚醚组分中高羟值聚醚的比例,进行慢回弹型聚氨酯软质泡沫塑料(慢回弹型聚氨酯软泡)的复原时间对比试验。结果表明,当聚醚组分中高羟值聚醚多元醇的比例控制在30%~70%时,慢回弹型聚氨酯软泡的复原时间为4~8s,不仅很好地满足了其回复性能,而且在此范围内其密度和硬度均能达到其使用要求。     

慢回弹POP的合成及其在泡沫中应用

采用自制高效分散剂和选用不同引发剂合成慢回弹聚合物多元醇(POP),获得了固体质量分数24%的慢回弹POP。考察了分散剂的用量和不同引发剂及用量等因素的影响,并以该慢回弹POP和软泡聚醚制备慢回弹泡沫,检测其性能。结果表明,使用慢回弹POP可以明显改善泡沫开孔性并适当提高慢回弹泡沫的力学性能。     

模塑胀气慢回弹聚氨酯泡沫稳定剂的开发

通过对胀气慢回弹发泡市场主要原料聚醚、异氰酸酯的了解,开发了适用于这些原料的泡沫稳定剂WD557。在适当配方体系下,与进口泡沫稳定剂在泡沫制品芯密度、球回弹、透气性、回复时间、泡孔状况等方面进行了比较。结果表明,WD557基本达到了国外产品的水平,可用于胀气慢回弹模塑发泡的生产。     

MDI基聚氨酯慢回弹床垫泡沫的舒适性研究

通过对不同泡沫密度、不同异氰酸酯指数的MDI基聚氨酯慢回弹泡沫进行舒适因子、温度敏感性、透气性、压力分布等测试，研究了MDI基聚氨酯慢回弹床垫泡沫的舒适性。结果表明，增加泡沫密度有利于提高慢回弹泡沫的舒适因子，也有利于减小慢回弹泡沫的温度敏感性；MDI基聚氨酯慢回弹泡沫在较宽的密度及异氰酸酯指数范围内具有良好的透气性，且压力分布均匀，舒适性较高。     

第三讲 聚氯酯软质泡沫塑料

一、前言 聚氨酯软泡系列产品主要包括块状海绵、高回弹泡沫（职）、自结皮泡沫、慢回弹泡沫、微孔泡沫以及半硬质吸能泡沫等。这类泡沫仍占聚氨酯产品总量的50％左右。应用面日渐扩大的一个大品种，它已涉及到国民经济的各个领域：家电、汽车、家装、家具、火车、轮船、航天等诸多领域。     

中外泡沫灭火剂标准对比

在介绍主要泡沫灭火剂及其研发历程的基础上,着重开展了国家标准GB 27897—2011《A类泡沫灭火剂》与美国消防协会(NFPA)标准、GB 15308—2006《泡沫灭火剂》与国际标准化组织(ISO)标准的对比。研究发现,国家标准与ISO标准均包括抗冻结、融化性、沉淀物、比流动性、pH值、张力、扩散系数、发泡倍数和析液时间等指标,相关试验方法和要求基本一致;但与NFPA标准相比,国家标准仅从灭火性能和存放角度出发,设立了凝固点、抗冻结、融化性、比流动性、腐蚀性、pH值、表面张力、润湿性、析液时间、隔热防护性能等指标,缺少环境影响方面的控制指标,试验方法中关于温度和样品混合比的要求也不尽相同。因此,国家标准应借鉴NFPA标准,进一步完善毒理性等相关指标。     

含THEIC聚酯多元醇的合成及在慢回弹泡沫中的应用

以含氮原料三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯(THEIC)、二元醇与二元酸缩聚，合成了含异氰脲酸酯环聚酯多元醇(PE-T)。将PE-T与高环氧乙烷(EO)含量聚醚多元醇、接枝聚醚(POP)、磷系阻燃剂、硅油、水及催化剂等助剂的混合物作为多元醇组分，与MDI基异氰酸酯按异氰酸酯指数为0.7混合，制备慢回弹聚氨酯泡沫。红外分析表明，PE-T中含有三嗪环、羟基和酯基，GPC分析得出PE-T的数均官能度约为3.2。讨论了PE-T用量对慢回弹泡沫的阻燃性、耐热性、回复能力和力学性能的影响。结果表明，随着多元醇组分中PE-T含量提高，慢回弹泡沫的阻燃性能明显提高，热降解残炭量上升，热降解速率下降。随着PE-T含量提高，慢回弹泡沫的回复时间增加，力学强度提高，伸长率下降。     

泡沫驱提高采收率的研究进展

本文介绍了国内外泡沫驱提高采收率技术的一些研究进展,主要包括氮气泡沫驱、二氧化碳泡沫驱和空气泡沫驱。综述了各种泡沫驱提高采收率的矿场应用现状和机理研究进展,并指出了泡沫驱的当前研究热点和未来发展方向。     

Surfactant Recovery from Water Using Foam Fractionation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of foam fractionation to recover surfactant from water. A simple continuous mode foam fractionation was used and three surfactants were studied (two anionic and one cationic). The effects of air flow rate, foam height, liquid height, liquid feed surfactant concentration, and sparger porosity were studied. This technique was shown to be effective in either surfactant recovery or the reduction of surfactant concentration in water to acceptable levels. As an example of the effectiveness of this technique, the cetylpyridinium chloride concentration in water can be reduced by 90% in one stage with a liquid residence time of 375 minutes. The surfactant concentration in the collapsed foam is 21.5 times the feed concentration. This cationic surfactant was easier to remove from water by foam fractionation than the anionic surfactants studied.     

Protein Recovery from Sweet Potato Starch Wastewater by Foam Separation

In this study, an inclined foam separation column was designed to effectively recover protein from sweet potato starch wastewater. The effects of the influent protein concentration, pH, air flow rate, influent volume, foaming time, and inclined column angle on foam separation performance were assessed. The optimum foam separation conditions consisted of influent protein concentration 4.51 mg/mL, pH 4, air flow rate 0.15 mL/min, influent volume 500 mL, foaming time 100 min, and inclined column angle 30°. In these conditions, protein recovery percentage and enrichment ratios were 84.1% and 1.3, respectively. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) of the residual solution (620 and 950 mg/mL, respectively) were lower than those of the original (influent) solution.     

Study on Streptomycin Sulfate Recovery by Batch Foam Separation

The feasibility of foam separation as a technique was assessed for the recovery of streptomycin sulfate from the waste solution by using an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experimental parameters examined were SDS concentration, superficial gas velocity, initial pH, and liquid loading volume. The results showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant for foam separation had good foaming quality and could effectively concentrate streptomycin sulfate of the aqueous solution by technology of foam separation. The enrichment ratio and the recovery rate of streptomycin sulfate were 4.0 and 85%, respectively under the best operating conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration 0.4 g/L, superficial gas velocity 300 mL/min, liquid loading volume 300 mL and initial pH 6.0 when streptomycin sulfate concentration was 0.5 g/L.     

泡沫分离法回收酶法生产生物柴油中的液体脂肪酶

采用泡沫分离法对酶法生产生物柴油过程中的水相脂肪酶进行回收并富集. 通过正交实验考察了液体脂肪酶溶液中pH值、通气速度、初始酶浓度对富集比、酶蛋白回收率和酶活回收率的影响. 结果表明,气速10 L/(L×h)、进料酶浓度0.2 g/L及pH 7.0时蛋白回收率和酶活回收率接近100%,相应的富集比为3.67;初始酶浓度对富集比和蛋白回收率有显著影响,回收过程中脂肪酶活性无损失. 甲醇的存在能显著提高回收速率,甘油的存在降低了富集比,而生物柴油的存在影响了泡沫的稳定性,要形成稳定的泡沫,生物柴油含量需小于0.01%.     

注蒸汽热采技术研究进展

在研究大量文献的基础上,总结了注蒸汽采油的机理,概述了稠油注蒸汽热采的研究现状与发展趋势,着重探讨了稀油注蒸汽热采的应用前景、研究现状以及稀油注蒸汽热采还需要深入研究的课题。研究认为：稠油注蒸汽热采已是比较成熟的技术,在稠油开发中占有重要的地位,其发展趋势为利用天然气、溶剂、高温泡沫、聚合物等来改善注蒸汽热采效果;稀油油藏水驱、聚驱后转注蒸汽热采具有可行性,今后需重点解决的问题包括采用煤或核能生产蒸汽、采用水汽交注、蒸汽泡沫等方法提高稀油油藏注蒸汽热采的采收率。     

Recovery of surfactant from an aqueous solution using continuous multistage foam fractionation: Influence of design parameters

A multistage foam fractionation column with bubble cap trays was used to recover a surfactant from water at low concentrations. The effects of design parameters—including the number of bubble caps, foam height, and tray spacing—were first investigated under steady state conditions using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as the model surfactant. An increase in bubble caps per tray significantly increased the separation efficiency, both in terms of the enrichment ratio and recovery of the CPC and of the separation factor (ratio of foamate concentration to effluent concentration). The increase in bubble caps per tray also increased the foam production rate, leading to increasing the adsorptive transport. An increase in tray spacing increased both the enrichment ratio and the residual factor of the CPC, whereas the CPC recovery and liquid entrainment in foam were reduced. An increase in foam height produces drier foams, leading to decreasing bulk liquid transport.     

Recovery of Surfactant from an Aqueous Solution Using Continuous Multistage Foam Fractionation: Mixed Surfactant System

A continuous multistage foam fractionation column with bubble caps was used for surfactant recovery from mixed surfactant solutions containing polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl (OPEO₁₀) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and the effects of air flow rate, foam height, and feed flow rate were investigated under a steady state of conditions. For the mixed surfactant system, the effect of synergism in the surfactant adsorption density was found. For separation efficiency, the total residual factor remained unchanged with an increasing feed molar fraction of OPEO₁₀ (α), suggesting that the addition of OPEO₁₀ does not increase the total separation efficiency. The residual factor of CPC increased with an increasing molar fraction of OPEO₁₀ (α), while the residual factor of OPEO₁₀ was lower for the mixed surfactant systems. A competitive removal was found in that the OPEO₁₀ can compete with CPC for the bubble surface. The total separation factors and enrichment ratio of mixed surfactant systems were in-between the two single surfactant systems at a long foam residence time and, in contrast, showed antagonism at short foam residence. This is due to the difference in liquid entrainment in foam at long and short foam residence times.     

Study on Riboflavin Recovery from Wastewater by a Batch Foam Separation Process

Abstract

A batch recovery of riboflavin via foam separation from industrial simulative wastewater was studied using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The experimental parameters examined were the surfactant concentration, air flow rate, pH, and foam height. Under optimal operating conditions obtained through an orthogonal experiment, the maximum enrichment ratio of 48.7 was achieved for riboflavin along with 99.3% removal efficiency. The optimal operating conditions had the concentration of CTAB at 0.3 g/L, air flow rate at 400 ml/min, foam height at 90 cm, and pH at 12. Therefore foam separation proved to be an effective method to recover the riboflavin in terms of the good enrichment and removal efficiency.     

Solution Properties and Displacement Characteristics of in situ CO2 Foam System for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) foam flooding has been shown to enhance oil recovery. However, large-scale adoption has been restricted by issues with transportation of CO₂ and equipment corrosion. In situ CO₂ foam generation can possibly overcome these issues. In this article, a CO₂ sustained-release system was first optimized for the CO₂ production rate and production efficiency. Then, the dissolution capacity and plug-removing ability of the sustained-release system were evaluated. Visual experiment and parallel sand pack flooding tests were conducted to verify the formation, propagation of in situ CO₂ foam, and the feasibility of this technique. The results indicated that the sustained-release system had benign ability to lower injection pressure and improve injectability. Moreover, in situ CO₂ foam flooding could obtain high oil recovery due to favorable mobility control ability, interfacial tension reduction capacity, and heterogeneity improvement. All the experiments demonstrated that the in situ CO₂ foam technique has great potential for enhanced oil recovery in the Bohai oilfield.