核主泵用斜波纹面型密封环超精密磨削方法

提出基于三轴联动杯形砂轮线接触磨削原理的核主泵用斜波纹面型密封环加工方法,它采用一个工件轴、一个摆动轴、一个直线轴、一个砂轮轴和一个宽度较窄的杯形砂轮.其原理为选择适当的砂轮半径、砂轮倾斜角度和砂轮轴线与摆动轴线交点到密封坝面中心距离使磨削接触弧线是斜波纹面上且以其内、外周边为边界的一条曲线的精确逼近,联动控制工件轴、摆动轴和直线轴的运动使磨削接触弧线两端点分别在斜波纹面内外周边上进而通过磨削接触弧线扫掠运动形成高精度斜波纹面,在砂轮轴与工件轴平行时磨削密封坝面.其优点是砂轮端面形状不变化,不存在砂轮修形和形状测量难题,砂轮端面磨损对斜波纹面面形精度的影响可以忽略,能够实现核主泵用斜波纹面型密封环的高面形精度、低表面粗糙度加工.     

核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面超精密磨削

提出采用工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削原理来加工核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面新方法,对密封环圆锥面的径向轮廓误差随砂轮半径、回转台与砂轮中心距,砂轮俯仰角、砂轮侧偏角的变化规律进行深入分析,发现选择适当的机床结构参数,采用工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削原理加工核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面时,由磨削原理引入的径向轮廓误差极小,为纳米量级。根据最小径向轮廓误差和最小磨削接触弧长原则确定了核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面的超精密磨削实现策略。在工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削机床上实现了核主泵用碳化硅密封环圆锥面的高精度、低表面粗糙度磨削,测得周向跳动、径向轮廓误差和表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.16 m、0.15 m和3 nm。     

复杂曲面碳化钨密封零件精密磨削实验研究

碳化钨为典型的碳化物陶瓷材料,具有广泛的应用前景。其具有高硬度、高脆性及很高的耐磨性,所以难以采用传统的车削、铣削等工艺进行加工。在碳化钨工件上加工出复杂的曲面结构,并保证工件的面形精度及表面粗糙度则更加困难。为获得高表面质量的复杂曲面碳化钨密封工件,采用杯形金刚石砂轮单点磨削的方法实现碳化钨材料加工;设计压电陶瓷驱动柔性铰链微进给机构精确控制砂轮切深方向运动,从而实现复杂曲面加工的成形运动;探索最优工艺参数获得高面形精度和低表面粗糙度。分析了碳化钨磨削加工材料去除机理,以此指导柔性铰链精密进给机构设计,并规划杯形砂轮改善面形精度及表面粗糙度的磨削方法。实验结果表明:采用青铜基及树脂基杯形砂轮以45°倾角单点磨削碳化钨样件,其表面粗糙度值Ra由初始的500nm减小到15nm,面形精度RV值达到0.25μm。该装置可以在普通机床上磨削出高质量的碳化钨工件。     

金属结合剂砂轮精密成形磨削T15工具钢零件的实验研究

采用金属结合剂金刚石砂轮对T15工具钢进行成形磨削加工实验,获得了形面精度保持性好的成形磨削砂轮,并用其进行长时间磨削加工,得到了满足形面加工精度要求的加工试件.实验表明,采用电火花修形方法对金属结合剂砂轮进行精密修形,可获得满足成形磨削加工要求的砂轮轮廓;在成形磨削过程中,凹槽侧面磨损率始终最大,而砂轮回转面的磨损最为稳定.     

电镀金刚石砂轮高效精密修整及熔融石英磨削试验研究

大尺寸光学玻璃元件主要采用细磨粒金刚石砂轮进行精密/超精密磨削加工,但存在砂轮修整频繁、工件表面面形精度难以保证、加工效率低等缺点。采用大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行加工则具有磨削比大、工件面形精度高等优点,然而高效精密的修整是其实现精密磨削的关键技术。采用Cr12钢对电镀金刚石砂轮(磨粒粒径151 μm)进行粗修整,借助修整区域聚集的热量加快金刚石的磨损,可使砂轮的回转误差快速降至10 μm以内。结合在线电解修锐技术,采用杯形金刚石修整滚轮对粗修整后的电镀砂轮进行精修整,砂轮的回转误差可达6 μm以内,轴向梯度误差由6 μm降至2.5 μm。通过对修整前后的金刚石砂轮表面磨损形貌成像及其拉曼光谱曲线分析了修整的机理。对应于不同的砂轮修整阶段进行熔融石英光学玻璃磨削试验,结果表明,砂轮回转误差较大时,工件材料表面以脆性断裂去除为主;随着砂轮回转误差和轴向梯度误差的减小,工件表面材料以塑性去除为主,磨削表面粗糙度为Ra19.6 nm,亚表层损伤深度低至2 μm。可见,经过精密修整的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮可以实现对光学玻璃的精密磨削。     

五轴磨床加工精密球面的磨削形态及运动分析

为了了解五轴磨床中杯形砂轮用于球面工件磨削的特点,通过坐标变换方法,给出了加工球面时杯形砂轮一点的磨削轨迹方程;基于轨迹方程,分析了磨削形态与加工参数之间的关系,导出螺距公式,提出条纹主带概念;最后进行了运动学分析,并依据杯形砂轮平面磨削实验结果,给出了杯形砂轮的理论磨削力变化曲线.分析表明,杯形砂轮加工球面的磨削形态近似对称,但磨削条件是不对称的.     

基于成形磨削的大模数修形风电齿轮几何误差建模

因能够有效减小齿轮啮合过程中的冲击,改善载荷分布不均,减少振动和降低噪声,齿面修形技术在风电齿轮中被广泛应用。而成形磨削是风电齿轮加工的最后一道工序,其直接决定了齿面的最后精度。求解成形磨削的几何误差,对于规划成形磨削加工路径,提高齿面加工精度至关重要。为求解成形磨削几何误差,首先,建立了包含齿廓修形、螺旋线修形（包含鼓形修形和螺旋角修形）的齿面模型;然后,根据齿面参数、砂轮齿轮轴线公垂线长度以及交错角,求解了成形磨削的接触线,构建了成形磨削齿面;最后,利用理论齿面和成形磨削齿面,定义了成形磨削几何误差,构建了齿面成形磨削的几何误差模型;并给出了减小成形磨削几何误差的建议。     

金刚石微粉烧结棒与杯形砂轮修整碟形金刚石砂轮的对比试验研究

以反映砂轮平面度的端面跳动变化率和径向跳动变化率作为修整效率的评价依据,以插齿刀的齿形精度和齿面精度作为修整效果的评价依据,从试验和实际加工出的插齿刀齿形两方面对金刚石微粉烧结棒和杯形砂轮修整碟形金刚石砂轮进行了对比试验研究。结果表明,杯形砂轮的修整效率高于金刚石微粉烧结棒的修整效率;杯形砂轮修整的碟形金刚石砂轮具有较高的磨削能力。     

一种实用简便的球面磨削方法

磨削内、外球面的方法很多,例如采用成型磨削,这种加工方法操作方便、生产率高,但是砂轮磨损后修整麻烦。这里介绍一种简便的加工方法,不需要特殊设备和定型砂轮,而是利用砂轮和工件的中心线斜交并回转的方法来磨削球面,并可以在普通磨床、车床、钻床上进行磨削。砂轮不需要特殊修整,只要选择合适的平形或杯形砂轮就可以了。1磨削球面的简单原理如图1所示,安装砂轮2与工件1轴线相交成α角,同时绕各自轴线旋转。当工件绕垂直轴线旋转时,它上面每一点的运动轨迹是一个水平圆周。而这些圆周通过倾斜的砂轮内孔,由于砂轮绕轴线作高速旋转,对球面产生磨削作用。当砂轮沿轴线向工件进给时,就能磨出一个符合要求的球面来。图1磨内外球面时砂轮的直径和角度2确定砂轮直径及安装角度要磨出所要求的球面,砂轮的旋转轴线和工件轴线一定要相交成一个角度,而且砂轮的直径dk要等于工件圆截面中的弦长BC。砂轮安装的斜角和砂轮的直径都直接与工件球面大小有关,所以在加工时要根据工件的尺寸来计算。磨外球面用杯形砂轮,磨内球面用平形砂轮(见图1)。假定工件的球面大于半圆,在直角三角形OBO1中BO12=OB2-OO12a2=(d/2)2-k2又,在直角三角形O1BC中BC2=...     

六轴数控蜗杆砂轮磨齿机磨削面齿轮的方法

建立六轴数控圆柱齿轮蜗杆砂轮磨齿机磨削面齿轮的理论模型。提出以初始设计蜗杆砂轮轴截面齿形为基本参数,并考虑齿廓抛物线修形来设计金刚滚轮,再用于修整椭球式蜗杆砂轮的方法。利用双参数啮合方程建立了面齿轮磨齿加工的齿面方程。齿面磨削仿真及轮齿接触分析表明,直接以蜗杆砂轮轴截面齿形作为金刚滚轮齿廓来修整砂轮,所磨削得到的面齿轮齿面压力角偏小,且传动误差为不连续的上凹形曲线。当给滚轮以抛物线修形设计之后,所磨削的面齿轮齿面偏差基本为负值,传动误差曲线为良好的连续上凸式抛物线形。承载接触分析表明新的设计可以减轻齿顶边缘接触,减小冲击振动。数值算例表明,采用该方法磨削加工的面齿轮可以获得较高的精度和良好的啮合性能,并给出了试验验证。     

圆弧金刚石砂轮的修形及修锐技术研究

针对圆弧金刚石砂轮加工非轴对称非球面的平行磨削法中砂轮的修形精度要求较高，通常使用的水平圆弧杯状砂轮修整器很难保证加工精度的问题，提出带倾角圆弧修整器的设计方法。通过对修整器接触弧长的计算，修形延后率设计和修形补偿方法的研究及实验表明：新型圆弧修整器可满足高精度非轴对称非球面加工的要求。     

Grinding of highly accurate hourglass worm gears — trial manufacture of the worm grinding device

Highly accurate worm gears can be effectively used as an angle standard. Wildhaber worm gearing is a kind of hourglass worm gearing, which owing to its geometrical simplicity, can have its worm and worm wheel easily finished and accurately measured. This study describes a precision grinding method of the Wildhaber worm. A hobbing machine can cut hourglass worms, but cannot give them higher accuracy than the master worm gears. To overcome this limitation, a special grinding device has been made. The main features of this grinding device are as follows: the linear motion of the ball screw gives a very accurate circular feed to the grinding spindle, and the device has no mechanical connection between that circular feed and the rotation of the workpiece. In the first place, the working accuracy of the device was measured. The rotational accuracy of the rotary table relative to the worm was 1 second of arc. The accuracy of the ground worm using this device was 1.2 second of arc.     

垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器设计与砂轮修整

针对圆弧形超硬砂轮修整难度大、修整精度低的问题,对树脂结合剂圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整研究。设计制造了一种垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器,通过修整试验研究了不同粒度的圆弧形砂轮在修整前后表面粗糙度、弧形精度、圆度、表面形貌的变化情况。砂轮修整前后对氮化硅陶瓷轴承套圈沟道进行了磨削,并测量了磨削后的轴承套圈沟形精度。研究结果表明：相比修整前,修整后砂轮表面粗糙度平均值由1.731 8 μm减小至0.772 4 μm,减小了55.4%;弧形精度平均值由33.604 7 μm减小至8.527 6 μm,减小了74.6%,修整后4个砂轮的弧形精度更加稳定,且随着砂轮粒度的减小,弧形精度略有减小趋势;砂轮圆度平均值由43.721 μm减小至18.002 μm,减小了58.8%,修整使大量新的磨粒露出。所设计的垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧形修整器可对圆弧砂轮进行精密修整,可改善圆弧形砂轮的弧形精度及圆度,修整后砂轮磨削的轴承套圈沟形精度得到了大幅提高。     

Investigation of internal ultrasonically assisted grinding of small holes: effect of ultrasonic vibration in truing and dressing of small CBN grinding wheel

In internal grinding of small holes, it is hard to realize high accuracy truing and dressing for the grinding wheel when a conventional truing/dressing method using single diamond dresser or rotary cup wheel is employed. Because of the cantilever support condition of the spindle shaft the stiffness of shaft is reduced. Thus the truing force leads the shaft to a significant deformation during truing/dressing. In this study, for improving the truing and dressing accuracy, a new truing/dressing method was proposed, in which the grinding wheel is ultrasonically vibrated along its axis during truing/dressing with a GC rotary cup wheel. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the wheel ultrasonication on the truing force reduction, the truing accuracy improvement and the wheel surface condition. In addition, the grinding force and work surface roughness experimentally obtained by using the wheels trued with or without ultrasonication were compared. The experimental results indicated that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreases the normal and tangential grinding forces by more than 20% and 24%, respectively, and the surface roughness by as much as 18%.     

A manufacturing model of helical groove on rotary burr and a universal post processing method

A systematic machining theory and precision method to determine cutter location in a grinding system is presented for rotary burr. First, the helical cutting edge on various kinds of revolving surfaces is built. Then, based on the geometry model of the helical cutting edge, the smooth spiral rake surface with constant normal rake angle and flank surface can been formed during the one-pass grinding process by this method. No interference between the grinding wheel and workpiece happens by the wheel special rotation. The method has the characteristic of detaching the grinding wheel path solution from specified machining conditions. The grinding wheel path is suitable for different NC machine tools through post processing. Meanwhile, a mechanism kinematic model of the NC machine tool is built, and a generalized algorithm for post-processing of multi-axis NC machine tools is presented. This model is applied to arbitrary configuration of NC machine tool, and the motion value for each axis will be generated by the inputting structure and motion parameters of the machine tool. The model, together with the machining method mentioned in this paper, make the calculation and generation of the grinding wheel path simpler and universal. At last, the validity of the method given in the paper is identified by an example of grinding.     

树脂基圆弧金刚石砂轮的在位精密成形修整技术

针对球面、非球面及自由曲面超精密磨削加工用树脂基圆弧形金刚石砂轮难以精密修整的问题,提出基于旋转绿碳化硅(GC)磨棒的在位精密成形修整技术。在分析GC磨棒和圆弧砂轮几何关系的基础上,确定修整过程中圆弧插补轨迹的补偿方法及GC磨棒运动轨迹的设计方案。采用KEYENCE激光测微仪采集砂轮圆弧特征点,表征圆弧砂轮的修整状况。研究不同粒度的GC磨棒、进给深度和圆弧插补速度对圆弧金刚石砂轮修整率和修整精度的影响规律。研究结果表明,该修整方法可根据加工曲率半径要求实现不同圆弧半径砂轮的精密在位修整,修整后可自动消除砂轮垂直方向的位置偏差;采用400#和800#的GC磨棒对D3和D7砂轮均有较高的修整率(0.7~6.7);与400#和1500#的GC磨棒相比,800#GC磨棒更适合粒度为D3和D7圆弧金刚石砂轮的精密修整;相比圆弧插补速度,进给深度对砂轮的圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差影响更大,进给深度越小,圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差越小;修整后两种砂轮的圆弧半径误差均可控制在5%以内,D3砂轮的形状误差可控制在3μm/4 mm以内,D7金刚石砂轮可控制在6μm/4 mm以内,修整后比修整前形状误差提高14倍左右。     

基于Reynolds 方程的磨削流体动压特性的研究

由于旋转砂轮与工件表面之间存在楔形间隙,当磨削液进入楔形区域后,就会产生磨削流体动压力。以流体动压润滑理论的Reynolds方程为依据,推导出描述平面磨削时磨削流体动压力方程。采用VB和MATLAB混合编程开发出磨削时磨削流体动压力场的计算软件GRWHP。该仿真软件可用于计算磨削流体动压力的分布及磨削流体动压力对砂轮的法向作用力,且仿真结果与实验结果相符。仿真结果表明:最大磨削流体动压力产生于最小间隙附近,且位于磨削引入区内;最大磨削流体动压力随着砂轮转速的提高而增大,随着最小间隙的减小而增大。     

数控磨削回转面刀具时机床联动轴数的确定

根据回转面刀槽螺旋面的成形原理 ,阐释了回转面刀具数控磨削成形的过程实质上就是控制每一瞬时砂轮几何体与工件几何体在空间的相对位姿和相对运动趋势的过程 ;分析了砂轮平动型和砂轮摆动型CNC工具磨床的运动形式 ,讨论了机床联动轴数的确定原则并给出了计算实例     

Form-truing error compensation of diamond grinding wheel in CNC envelope grinding of free-form surface

In computer numerical control (CNC) grinding of free-form surface, an ideal arc profile of trued diamond grinding wheel is generally employed to plan 3D tool paths, whereas its form-truing errors greatly influence the ground form accuracy. A form-truing error compensation approach is proposed by using an approached wheel arc profile to replace the previously designed ideal one. The objective is to directly compensate the trued wheel arc-profile errors. It may avoid the time consumption of traditional approach that compensates the measured coordinate point errors of workpiece to an iterative grinding operation. First, the 3D tool path surface was constructed to plan the 3D tool paths. Second, the CNC arc truing of grinding wheel was conducted to analyze the form-truing error distribution relative to the applied wheel arc profile. Then, the form-truing error compensation was carried out in CNC envelope grinding. Finally, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used to match the measured coordinate points of workpiece to ideal free-form surface. It is shown that the 3D tool path surface constructed is practicable to plan arbitrary 3D tool paths for the form-truing error compensation. The ICP matching may be used to investigate 3D ground form error distribution. It is confirmed that the form-truing error compensation can directly improve the 3D ground form accuracy. It may decrease the 3D ground form error by about 20% when the 2D form-truing error is reduced by about 58% using the same truing conditions for CNC grinding.