离散曲面慢刀伺服车削刀具路径规划

为解决离散曲面加工的难题,进行了离散曲面慢刀伺服车削刀具路径规划,研究了离散曲面的刀触点生成算法和刀位点生成算法,对比了两种刀位点速度插补算法。提出了基于Zernike多项式局部数据点拟合的刀触点生成方法和Z向刀具形状补偿方法。使用MATLAB软件以环曲面为例进行仿真,验证了该方法的正确性。通过对环曲面和渐进多焦点曲面进行刀具路径规划和加工实验,表明该刀具路径规划方法能够在避免对整个曲面进行拟合的基础上实现离散曲面的高精度加工。     

基于三弯矩法的环曲面金刚石切削刀具路径规划及其仿真分析

为解决环曲面加工困难的问题,对环曲面金刚石切削方法进行研究。在刀具路径规划中,使用了刀触点综合离散方法,该方法结合了等角度离散与等弧长离散的优点;提出了通过控制相邻刀触点间Z向距离以减小刀具的Z向移动从而提高离散精度的方法。根据加工时刀位点插补的特点,应用三弯矩法计算插补入口参数,实现插值函数的二阶导数连续。仿真分析表明,综合离散方法能够减小离散误差,使用三弯矩法进行插补计算可将最大插值误差由Hermite插值的0.35 μm减小至0.001 2 μm,效果明显。加工试验结果表明,该路径规划方法可用于环曲面的加工,且能改善工件的加工质量。     

圆柱刀五轴数控侧铣直纹面的直线插补误差分析

在五轴联动数控系统中,相邻刀位点间的运动通过直线、圆弧或样条曲线进行插补运动,其中直线插补方法最具典型性。以圆柱刀侧铣加工直纹面时因线性插补引起的非线性误差为研究对象,首先,在被加工曲面上采用最佳一致逼近法规划圆柱刀侧铣直纹面的刀具位置;然后,利用包络原理建立刀具线性插补时所形成的包络面解析表达式;以理想曲面为基准面,利用牛顿迭代法求取点到曲面的最小距离,从而建立刀具包络面与理论曲面的误差模型,以此得到刀具线性插补时产生的非线性误差;最后,利用MATLAB软件通过数值算例对影响非线性误差的规律、大小以及其影响因素进行了分析。     

面向五轴加工的等距双NURBS刀具路径同步插补方法

针对由离散刀位点数据生成的五轴加工等距非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数不同步的问题,建立了一种等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步模型,实现等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径插补过程中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步运动。将三轴非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法应用于五轴加工等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中的刀具中心点非均匀有理B样条曲线,根据参数同步模型将插补算法同步到刀轴点非均匀有理B样条曲线中。仿真表明,采用该算法能够使刀具始终沿着等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀路进行同步插补,参数同步插补精度主要集中在10-6 mm级数上,适用于复杂曲面的五轴加工。     

基于Tri-NURBS轨迹同步插补的五轴加工技术

为提高复杂曲面五轴加工过程中刀具运动的平稳性，在分析了五轴NURBS插补摆刀轨迹后提出了一种满足插补精度的等距Tri-NURBS轨迹同步插补算法。首先结合NURBS曲线理论生成了三次Tri-NURBS轨迹模型，结合二阶泰勒展开法计算出三条轨迹对应位置的插补参数。然后针对三条轨迹参数不同步的问题，以刀心点轨迹参数为基准，分别对刀触点和刀轴点的轨迹参数进行同步，实现了插补过程中三条轨迹参数的同步运动。最后，使用两个评价指数对等距Tri-NURBS轨迹同步插补算法的插补精度进行评价。MATLAB仿真结果表明，提出的方法能够得到插补精度高的Tri-NURBS同步轨迹，实现了复杂自由曲面的高效率和高质量加工。     

辛普森积分法在双NURBS曲线随动插补中的应用

提出一种精确计算插补步长的双NURBS曲线随动插补算法。首先由曲面数控加工的离散刀位数据分别拟合出刀尖点和刀轴点NURBS曲线,并建立两条曲线插补参数间的随动关系模型;然后采用辛普森积分法计算出曲线的总弧长,进行插补运动的加减速规划;再以刀尖点NURBS曲线为基准确定插补参数,采用辛普森法确定各插补周期的进给步长及插补点坐标;最后依据随动关系模型获得刀轴点NURBS曲线对应的插补参数,完成曲面加工刀路规划的刀具位姿插补。仿真实验表明,与同一参数插补法相比,参数随动法可以获得更加稳定的等距效果,便于实时控制插补过程中的刀轴位置和姿态。     

复杂参数曲面高精度刀具轨迹规划算法

在对等残余高度刀具轨迹规划算法加工参数曲面研究的基础上,提出带有误差补偿值的复杂参数曲面高精度刀具轨迹规划算法——高精度刀轨误差补偿算法。通过分析刀触点及与之相应的相邻路径上的粗、精刀位对应点间的关系,引入误差补偿值以提高精对应刀位点的求解精度,得到经过合理简化的误差补偿值表达式,并得出粗、精对应刀位点与理论刀位点的距离误差表达式。高精度刀轨误差补偿算法可以在满足插补运算实时性要求的前提下,使相邻轨迹上与刀触点相对应的刀位点的参数值计算精度得到极大提高,进而提高复杂参数曲面的加工刀具轨迹精度。以使用平底铣刀为例进行仿真加工,结果表明高精度刀轨误差补偿算法适合进行对复杂参数曲面的高精度加工。     

五轴数控加工中旋转轴运动引起的非线性误差分析及控制

五轴数控(Computer numerical control,CNC)加工中,刀具路径规划阶段与实际加工阶段对旋转轴运动采用的插补方式存在差异,其中刀具路径规划阶段是根据零件的几何信息进行插补,而实际加工中则根据机床信息进行插补,这种差异将引起原理性加工误差。针对五轴数控加工中旋转轴的运动,分析采用线性插补方式控制两个旋转轴进行加工时刀具姿态变化引起的原理性误差,进一步研究不同加工情况下由此产生的在垂直于走刀方向的平面内的非线性误差。通过分析旋转轴运动过程中线性插补引起的刀轴偏差角,证明刀具在相邻两刀位点运动过程的中间时刻处刀轴偏差角取得最大值,并得到由该最大值的显式表达式,在此基础上分析最大偏差角的影响因素。提出通过限制相邻两刀位点间刀轴夹角来控制此非线性误差的方法,并给出实例验证。     

参数预估的空间曲线插补器设计

针对复杂曲面笔式加工时刀具路径为无具体方程表达式的特点,给出一种可保持刀触点切削速率恒定的空间曲线插补算法。该算法根据导动曲线和刀触点轨迹的加工状态近似模型,通过简化导动曲线参数的计算,间接得到投影在曲面上的曲线插补点。该算法的提出扩充了CNC系统的轨迹控制功能,提高了复杂曲面的加工效率。仿真结果证明该算法可行且有效。     

数控加工中的曲面插补技术

针对传统曲面加工模式存在的问题,论述了曲面直接插补的优点,介绍了曲面插补技术的国内外研究现状,提出了开发自适应曲面插补器和将加工方式的选择与走刀路径的合理规划融入曲面实时插补系统的构想。     

RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A HOGGING ALGORITHM

Cast blanks with large-scale free form surfaces are very difficult to manufacture because of significant casting distortions. It is concerned that the development and application of a hogging algorithm for preparing the blanks for an extended rough cutting. The procedure includes three main phases. They are the reconstruction of the free form surface with scattered points based on a special Hermite's interpolation, intersection of curved surfaces to define the hogging areas, and the tool path planning. The result shows that the algorithm is greatly valid in reducing the invalid tool paths so that the work efficiency can be improved remarkably.     

基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法

针对目前航空发动机叶片进排气边加工精度和表面质量较差的问题,提出了一种基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法。建立刀位优化变量与刀位数据之间的关系方程,同时建立刀位数据与机床回转轴角度之间的运动变换方程,从而推导出刀位优化变量与机床回转轴角度之间的关系方程。通过求解上述方程得到球头刀多轴加工复杂曲面的刀轴矢量计算公式。在此基础上,给出球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法和刀轨生成方法。同时,以某航空发动机叶片为例,分析了本文算法和Sturz算法对机床回转轴角度的影响。分别利用本文算法和Sturz算法生成该叶片进气边加工的刀轨,并在五轴数控机床上进行加工试验。试验结果表明,该算法能够避免加工过程中机床回转轴的大幅波动,使机床轴运动更加平稳和光滑,从而提高曲面的加工质量和加工效率,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

数控加工中基于自由曲面表面特性的刀具路径安排

目前CNC上的轨迹控制功能仍主要是直线和圆弧插补,因此当加工自由曲面时,大多只能采用直线或圆弧逼近算法来对曲线进行逼近处理。针对数控加工的实际需求,现在数控系统技术人员对数控机床插补器进行研究并开发出了许多曲线和曲面插补功能。基于曲线插补,在保持进给速度尽可能恒定的条件下,对刀位路径和刀位速度进行离线的曲线拟合,以便于得到用于数控加工的刀位文件。这种方法能有效解决进给速度的波动问题,并能有效压缩刀位文件。为此,提出几种算法来拟合刀位路径和刀位速度轮廓曲线。曲线和曲面插补在数控代码数据量和逼近误差方面都有较大的改善。     

Tool path optimization in postprocessor of five-axis machine tools

Generally, tool path is generated in a computer-aided manufacturing software considering only the geometry of machining parts. It is converted into numerical control (NC) codes in the postprocessor based on the particular machine kinematics. For some special types of five-axis machine tools, e.g., non-orthogonal five-axis machine tools, the generated NC codes may produce unqualified parts because of the existence of the non-linear error. Conventional commercialized postprocessors usually do not have the function of non-linear error checking. Observing that the tool path is a non-smooth trajectory full of corners and a series of connected line segments, cubic spline interpolation is applied to smooth the tool path at regular points in this study. The cutter tip center points are computed by the cubic spine interpolation, while the cutter posture vectors are obtained via linear interpolation. At the splines (for regular points) and the line segments (feature points), more points are chosen to be converted into NC codes to reduce the non-linear error, which is called data densification. Using the cubic spline to smooth the tool path and the data densification to reduce the non-linear error, a novel tool path optimization algorithm in postprocessor is proposed. Experiments were carried out on an inclined rotary spindle axis non-orthogonal five-axis machine tool. It shows that the proposed tool path optimization provides improved accuracy and surface quality.     

An accurate surface error optimization for five-axis machining of freeform surfaces

This paper presents an accurate surface error interpolation algorithm for five-axis machining of freeform surfaces. One of the most important steps in the interpolation process is to calculate the next cutter contact (CC) point according to the present one. In this paper, the next CC point is calculated by an accurate chord evaluation method. This method is developed based on the cutting simulation process, which can be vividly described as firstly planting dense grasses on the tool path curve and then cutting them when the tool moves by. The left lengths of the grasses either positive or negative are considered to be the machining error. The method is accurate also because the tool geometry and the tool orientation changes during five-axis machining are taken into consideration. With this method, the chord errors between CC points are controlled uniform along the tool path. The proposed interpolation algorithm is compared with the commercial CAM systems like PowerMILL and UG. The results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the number of cutter locations meanwhile confine the chord error. A real cutting experiment is implemented, and the result indicates its promising value in industrial applications.     

Precise bi-arc curve fitting algorithm for machining an aspheric surface

With the rapid development of the information/image system and aero-space industries, high quality optic aspheric surface lenses play an increasingly important role for completion of the functionalities. Aspheric lenses are non-spherical surfaces having rotation symmetry about the lens axis. The aspheric lens has various shapes according to its application and often requires tens nanometer order form accuracy since surface roughness and form accuracy play essential roles in the functional performance of the optical products. Interpolation of the aspherical surface path must precisely meet the allowable tolerance. Linear interpolation of the aspheric surface path for CNC machining generates an enormous amount of NC code to satisfy the extremely small tolerance, and produces scallops on the machined surface due to the acceleration and deceleration of the tool during every linear motion. Alternatively, interpolations with bi-arcs are used. In this paper, in order to minimize the error induced by the cutting tool path and to shorten the calculation time of interpolation, a precise -arc interpolation method is proposed. The developed algorithm of bi-arc interpolation meets the given tolerance precisely. This is guaranteed by an analytical proof and error maps. Another advantage is its ability to calculate about five times faster than the existing arc interpolation, since iterative calculations for the maximum error can be omitted. The developed algorithm has been used for the precise aspheric machining.     

五轴数控加工奇异点问题研究

研究了五轴数控加工奇异点问题,分析了奇异现象及产生的原因。在对前人工作分析的基础上,提出了在刀轨规划时避免奇异现象的方法。该方法通过监测刀轴与旋转轴的夹角,找出产生奇异的刀位点,并以上一刀位点对当前刀位点进行优化。结果显示机床各运动轴能平缓通过奇异区域,证明该方法切实可行。     

基于线性插补加工零刃带螺旋回转面刀具的精度研究

针对多轴线性插补方法加工零刃带回转面刀具建立了刃带宽度误差的分析模型,兼顾分析了两个几何体——砂轮大圆和锥面,在工件表面按一定规律运动时对刀刃宽度的精度影响,给出了减小误差的方法。同时提出了刀刃节点交错的刀位(CL)轨迹计算原理,可以大大改善刀具加工工件的表面质量,此方法简单可靠,具有通用性。     

A Cutter Orientation Modification Method for the Reduction of Non-linearity Errors in Five-Axis CNC Machining

In the machining of sculptured surfaces, five-axis CNC machine tools provide more flexibility to realize the cutter position as its axis orientation spatially changes. Conventional five-axis machining uses straight line segments to connect consecutive machining data points, and uses linear interpolation to generate command signals for positions between end points. Due to five-axis simultaneous and coupled rotary and linear movements, the actual machining motion trajectory is a non-linear path. The non-linear curve segments deviate from the linearly interpolated straight line segments, resulting in a non-linearity machining error in each machining step. These non-linearity errors, in addition to the linearity error, commonly create obstacles to the assurance of high machining precision. In this paper, a novel methodology for solving the non-linearity errors problem in five-axis CNC machining is presented. The proposed method is based on the machine type-specific kinematics and the machining motion trajectory. Non-linearity errors are reduced by modifying the cutter orientations without inserting additional machining data points. An off-line processing of a set of tool path data for machining a sculptured surface illustrates that the proposed method increases machining precision.