进给系统中速度爬行响应特征分析

以电机直连滚珠丝杠工作台式进给系统为研究对象,滑动导轨处摩擦采用Stribeck摩擦模型,将系统简化为含摩擦的单自由度力学模型。借助数值仿真和快速傅里叶变换获得了工作台发生爬行时,爬行频率与驱动速度之间的二次函数关系,提出了临界爬行速度的爬行频率辨识法,并通过大量数值仿真,获得了阻尼、刚度、静动态摩擦系数差及Stribeck速度等参数对爬行频率的影响规律,为今后进给系统的结构和摩擦参数辨识提供了研究基础。     

基于结合部刚度特性的滚珠丝杠进给系统动态特性分析

滚珠丝杠进给系统的动态特性对数控机床的定位精度、加工性能和振动等特性具有重要影响。针对滚珠丝杠进给系统理论建模中结合部刚度难以确定的问题,以自行设计制造的滚珠丝杠进给系统为研究对象,基于吉村允效法计算进给系统固定结合部的刚度;根据滚珠丝杠副、滚动导轨副和轴承结合部的共同特点,提出基于Hertz接触理论的进给系统滚动结合部刚度计算方法,建立进给系统的有限元模型。在此基础之上,对进给系统进行理论和试验模态分析,通过模态振型和固有频率的对比验证了有限元模型和滚动结合部刚度计算方法的正确性。根据所建立的有限元模型,着重分析工作台的质量和位置、滚珠丝杠副的刚度、滚动导轨副的刚度和轴承的刚度等参数对进给系统动态特性的影响。所提出的方法为机床滚动结合部刚度的识别提供了参考,研究结论为滚珠丝杠进给系统的改进设计和动态性能优化提供了依据。     

影响数控机床工作台振动特性的参数分析

利用拉格朗日方程和能量原理建立了数控机床进给系统的数学模型,分析了各参数对工作台振动位移的影响。按正交试验的结果,得出了影响工作台振动位移最大的3个因素,分别为丝杠的导程h、工作台的质量m和工作台与丝杠连接的纵向接触刚度kn。在进给系统试验台上测量滚珠丝杠的轴向振幅及扭转振幅,得出与理论分析相同的结果,即:丝杠的导程越大,工作台的质量越大,工作台的轴向振幅越大;工作台与丝杠连接的纵向接触刚度越大,工作台的轴向振幅越小。     

阻尼对数控机床工作台轴向振动的影响分析

为研究阻尼对滚珠丝杠进给系统动态性能的影响,综合考虑了丝杠扭转振动和轴向振动的耦合,利用拉格朗日方程建立进给系统的动力学模型,并采用MATLAB软件对其动力学方程求解,得到不同阻尼参数下工作台轴向振动的加速度曲线。分析结果表明,螺母阻尼对工作台的轴向振动影响最大,导轨阻尼影响次之,电机转子扭转阻尼影响最小;增大阻尼可减小工作台的轴向振动加速度。     

平面滚珠丝杠副多结合面建模与动态特性分析

为了提高平面运输设备的传送效率与定位精度,针对x-y轴平面滚珠丝杠副的多机械装配界面,应用吉村允效法确定螺栓联接界面的法向压缩刚度和切向运动刚度,采用赫兹接触理论确定丝杠螺母、轴承和导轨内接触界面的径向或法向压缩刚度。基于ABAQUS软件建立x-y直线进给系统的动力学模型,通过锤击法模态试验和文献对比研究,证明了所提理论模型以及结合面刚度计算的正确性。数值仿真了工作台质量、滑块间距及导轨间距对于系统动态行为的影响,并给出设计建议值。通过医疗剪刀毛坯平面进给机床设计试验,验证了所获得动态系统设计规律的有效性。     

数控机床进给系统时变特性建模与分析

在数控机床高速运动过程中,由于进给系统速度、加速度的变化,使得丝杠传动系统的固有参数如等效刚度、等效阻尼值发生变化,产生伺服动态误差,进而影响传动系统的动态性能和精度。为获得机床进给传动系统的时变特性模型,首先对其进给系统进行动力学物理模型等效,采用集中参数法和控制理论建立其进给轴伺服模型。基于赫兹接触理论、铁木辛柯梁模型、能量耗散法给出了系统刚度、阻尼的理论计算模型,结合机床进给轴伺服模型,提出了五轴卧式加工中心的时变特性进给轴建模方法。通过给定正弦输入信号,利用MATLAB中Simulink模块仿真得到了时变特性下的进给轴输出值,并与传统伺服系统的输出值进行了对比分析。最后利用球杆仪进行了不同进给速度情况下的联动实验,验证了该模型的准确性。     

一种新型双轴差速式微量进给系统的建模与分析

常规驱动进给系统(Conventional drive feed system,CDFS)的低速运行动态性能对机床的跟踪及定位精度、零件表面加工质量等有着非常重要的影响。非线性摩擦使CDFS在低速运行时出现爬行现象,从而严重影响其低速性能。为了克服CDFS的精度极限,提出一种新型的双轴差速式微量驱动进给系统(Dual-axis differential micro-feed system,DDMS)。在DDMS中,将常规"丝杠旋转型"滚珠丝杠副替换为"螺母旋转主驱动型"滚珠丝杠副,丝杠和螺母均由伺服电动机驱动。两个驱动轴(电动机驱动丝杠和电动机驱动螺母)的运动方向一致,速度几乎一样,通过"螺母和丝杠复合驱动"的差速式传动结构进行合成,可以使被驱动件在极低速下获得均匀、稳定的微量进给。和CDFS相比,丝杠和螺母都在高速下旋转,所以滚珠丝杠副的非线性摩擦干扰会显著降低。系统的摩擦特性用Lu Gre模型来描述,而且对滚珠丝杠传动副和直线运动导轨处的摩擦分别进行建模。通过仿真和试验研究发现,和CDFS相比,DDMS可以使工作台在极低速下获得稳定的速度响应和极高的分辨率。并且,DDMS在低速下的位置跟踪精度也比CDFS高。因此,提出的DDMS可以有效降低摩擦对系统的不利影响,为低速下驱动进给系统动态性能提高建立了基础。     

无平衡重的竖直轴进给系统动态特性变化规律研究

针对小型立式加工中心的竖直轴滚珠丝杠进给系统,由于主轴箱等移动部件质量较小而未安装平衡重装置,此时移动部件的重力将直接作用到滚珠丝杠的传动系统上,在重力和初始预紧力综合作用下,丝杠螺母副和轴承副的实际状态将发生变化,进而影响该动结合部的接触刚度。主轴箱等移动部件处于全行程内不同位置时,即丝杠的受力作用点会发生变化,从而改变该系统的传动刚度,最终影响该系统的动态性能。以传统的竖直轴滚珠丝杠进给系统为研究对象,采用集中参数法进行动力学模型等效,建立考虑传动刚度变化的变系数动力学方程。理论计算移动部件重力作用下丝杠螺母副、轴承副的等效轴向刚度,进一步分析考虑丝杠受力作用点改变时传动刚度的变化规律,最终研究进给系统的固有频率和加速度频响在全行程内的变化规律。最后以某三轴立式加工中心的竖直轴进给系统为案例,进行了模态试验,理论与试验结果具有良好的一致性。     

滚珠丝杠进给系统刚度建模及仿真

以数控机床为研究对象,建立滚珠丝杠进给系统动力学模型,并根据滚珠丝杠的安装方式,建立进给系统轴向刚度和扭转刚度模型.根据刚度对进给系统动态特性的影响,利用动态仿真工具MATLAB/Simulink建立包含刚度环节的进给系统仿真模型,获得了反映系统性能的仿真曲线.为减小刚度因素对系统性能的影响,提出控制补偿策略,仿真结果表明该策略提高了进给系统的稳定性和快速响应特性,减少了系统稳态误差.     

应用有限单元法的机床进给系统轴扭特性分析

基于有限元法建立了考虑轴扭耦合的机床进给系统动力学方程,分析了工作台位置变化对其动态性能的影响.结果 表明:第1、3阶固有频率为丝杠和工作台的轴向振动模态,第2阶为丝杠扭转振动模态.随着工作台位置变化,第1阶固有频率呈现先减后增的变化,最大值出现在丝杠端部,变化率达50.58％;第3阶固有频率为先增后减的变化规律,其中最大值出现在丝杠中部,变化率为10.3％;试验结果与计算结果相吻合;第2阶固有频率受工作台位置变化影响不大,验证试验结果与仿真结果相一致,证明这里的进给系统动力学模型具有较高的精度.     

Stick‐slip with the slip phase as the starting point

In the literature, the stick‐slip phenomenon is always explained and modelled as starting from an initial stick phase. However, stick‐slip can also occur after a decrease in the imposed velocity, commencing above the critical (stick‐slip‐free) velocity. In this paper, it will be shown how stick‐slip can originate from a situation of pure sliding (without stick phases), if the slope of the friction force‐relative sliding velocity relation (F‐v_rel gradient) is negative. The F‐v_rel gradient used to study stick‐slip must, because of the interaction between the friction force and the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical system, be derived from velocity changes with the same time‐constant as the mechanical system of which the friction interface is part. It will also be shown that steady‐state friction data, and dynamic (non‐stationary) friction results obtained for relatively large (but fast) velocity variations, can lead to completely false conclusions related to stick‐slip.     

机械密封的黏滑分析

机械密封副磨损与黏滑引起的振动有关。以密封副动静环为摩擦副进行摩擦磨损试验,通过分析摩擦因数曲线的变化趋势以及机械密封副的磨损形貌,提出在动环与静环相对运动的过程中发生了黏滑振动。考虑动环刚度,构建密封副黏滑模型,通过仿真分析黏滑对密封副表面形貌的影响以及密封副的黏滑磨损机制。结果表明:动环在摩擦扭矩的作用下扭转导致黏滑;动环的最大转速在黏滑过程中达到转轴转速的2倍;黏滑在快速启动阶段并没有发生,仅在速度波动阶段出现,而当速度恢复稳定上升阶段,黏滑现象消失;黏滑最终造成密封副表面严重的黏着磨损。     

基于LuGre模型的气动位置伺服系统摩擦补偿控制

气动伺服系统的摩擦力/驱动之比较大,摩擦力模型复杂、受影响因素较多且存在一定的不确定性,导致精确建模比较困难;另一方面,摩擦力和气体的低刚度、弱阻尼特性相互作用导致爬行、黏滑振荡现象,严重影响了伺服系统的动态及稳态性能的提升。在综合考虑摩擦力特征、系统自身非线性、未建模动态不确定性及摩擦力和系统性能相互影响的基础上,结合LuGre摩擦模型,采用双观测器估计摩擦力模型中的部分不确定性参数,提出非线性自适应反步摩擦补偿控制方法。通过在低速和高速工况下分别进行试验验证,并与PID控制方法进行比较,结果表明非线性自适应反步摩擦补偿控制方法有效改善了起步阶段的动态滞后现象,减少了低速工况下爬行及高速工况下的黏滑振荡现象,提高系统的响应速度及跟踪精度。     

超精密车床进给伺服系统的复合控制设计

超精密车床在非球曲面以及超光滑表面的加工中具有广泛应用.将超精密车床进给系统设计成为具有电流环、速度环和位置环的三环伺服系统结构,并根据实际伺服特性,在位置环上设计了具有速度/加速度前馈补偿的半闭环复合控制策略.通过实验数据的比较,显著提高了进给伺服系统的控制精度,减少了跟踪误差.     

Occurrence limit of stick‐slip: dimensionless analysis for fundamental design of robust‐stable systems

In most practical mechanical systems, sliding surfaces are utilised under the assumption that they operate smoothly. Stick‐slip motion can therefore be a serious nuisance that interferes with achieving high performance in mechanical systems. The present paper describes the nature of stick‐slip based on an analysis of a 1‐DOF sliding system. The dimensionless parameters controlling the stick‐slip are clarified by deriving the dimensionless forms of the governing equations. For a friction model that considers the dependence of the kinetic friction coefficient on the relative velocity, we find three types of sliding systems with regard to stick‐slip: the unstable system, the stable system and the robust‐stable system. A criterion is proposed for the fundamental design of robust‐stable systems; if a sliding system is robust stable, no matter how large a disturbance is, the energy of the disturbance is dissipated perfectly, and steady sliding without any vibration is ensured. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重载静压丝杠螺母结构设计

为满足重型单柱移动立式车床横梁升降结构承重大、效率高的要求,开发研制了重载静压丝杠螺母结构。该结构具有承载能力大、摩擦系数非常小、可靠性高、传动效率高和噪声小的特点。     

Stick‐slip in the presence of a normal vibration

This paper presents a dynamic analysis of a contact system subjected to an applied normal vibration. The tangential motion of the system is found to exhibit stick‐slip behaviour dependent on the applied vibration, even in the absence of a difference in static and kinetic friction or a negative gradient in the friction‐velocity relation. The analysis leads to the development of a criterion for stick‐slip in the form of an equation defined in terms of the system and input parameters. This criterion is also presented graphically and is assessed through a series of experiments. The analysis and measurements show that stick‐slip occurs for a significantly wider drive velocity range when the normal vibration applied is near the natural frequency of the drive system. In addition, when stick‐slip occurs in the presence of a normal vibration, the frequency of stick‐slip is found to lock in to the frequency of the applied vibration.     

The influence of friction on contouring accuracy of a Cartesian guided tripod machine tool

This paper is focused on the friction-induced contouring errors of a three-axis parallel kinematic machine (PKM) called a Cartesian-guided tripod (CGT). A dynamic model of the CGT including the nonlinear dynamic, mechanical compliance and mechanical friction has been formulated. Servo control characteristics of the formulated CGT dynamic model are analyzed based on the conventional P-PI controller and feedforward friction compensation implemented in the joint level control scheme. Quantitative analysis and comparison of the various friction sources from the actuated joints (ballscrew/nut) and passive joints (balljoint and guideway) have been conducted. Analysis results show that the ballscrew/nut friction produces the most significant friction-induced contouring errors. The ball-joint friction and linear-guide friction induced contouring errors are two-order and one-order, respectively, lower than the errors by the ballscrew friction. The main reason is that the equivalent friction torques of these two friction sources coupled into the servo drive loop are reduced by the leverage effect of the driving leg length. It was also found that the conventional feedforward friction compensation can effectively reduce the ballscrew-friction-induced contouring errors. However, if not properly compensated, ballscrew friction could excite significant platform-leg structural vibration because the tripod-based PKM usually has a high compliance vibration mode in the horizontal platform-leg direction. The friction-excited structural vibration can be reduced by putting vibration absorbers on the guideways of the passive leg to damp out the platform-leg vibration. From the primary analysis results, it can be seen that the proposed tripod based PKM has high potential for high-speed 5-axis machining applications.     

滑动轴承二维流场的滑移现象研究

目前对于二维流场及复杂流场的界面滑移分析很少,根据螺旋油楔滑动轴承能使润滑剂产生周向和轴向二维流动的独特的结构特点,考虑周向和轴向两方向的滑移建立基于极限切应力的数学模型,并通过试验和理论对比验证模型的正确性。试验方面运用"目标速度跟踪法"证实了周向和轴向都存在滑移,获知随着供油压力的提高滑移速度有所提高,并且提出轴瓦和轴表面的极限切应力;理论方面运用有限差分法和试验测得的轴瓦和轴表面极限切应力,求解四种状态的广义雷诺方程,发现滑移发生在极限切应力大、间隙小和油膜的封油面区域;考虑界面滑移时,螺旋油楔滑动轴承的承载力和摩擦阻力有所降低;偏心率、螺旋角和转速的变化,影响着承载力和摩擦阻力降低的幅度。     

Kinetic friction characterizations of the tubular rubber seals

In this paper, both the kinetic friction characterizations and the stick–slip motion phenomena for the tubular rubber seals are studied. First, the kinetic friction model of the rubber seal is established to explain the kinetic friction mechanism of the tubular rubber seals. Second, both the measurement principle and the test instrument for the kinetic friction properties of the tubular rubber seals are developed, and then both the normal force curve and the friction force curve are obtained. Finally, the influences of the sliding velocity and the compressive displacement on the kinetic friction properties and the stick–slip motion of the tubular rubber seals are analyzed. The results will play an important role for designing and evaluating advanced rubber seal components.