调合生物柴油燃烧及颗粒物组分的试验研究

为深入研究不同比例调合生物柴油对发动机燃烧特性及颗粒物组分的影响,在一台单缸四冲程发动机上进行了调合生物柴油燃烧及颗粒物排放的试验研究。利用燃烧分析仪研究调合生物柴油对发动机燃烧过程的影响,利用热重分析仪(TGA)、气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC-MS)研究调合生物柴油对颗粒物热重特性、挥发性有机物(VOCs)质量分数及有机可溶成分(SOF)和多环芳香烃(PAHs)组分的影响规律。研究表明:随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,发动机最高爆发压力及压力升高率峰值增加,压力曲线前移,预混放热率峰值随生物柴油掺混比增加而减小。与B0相比,燃用B20调合生物柴油,最高爆发压力增加了5.59%,对应的曲轴转角提前了3°CA。燃用调合生物柴油后VOCs及SOF组分略有增加,燃用B0、B5、B10及B20后颗粒物中VOCs组分的质量分数分别为12.28%、15.09%、23.06%和26.94%,SOF组分的质量分数分别为29.32%、32.08%、34.26%和35.67%,燃用B20后排放颗粒物中总PAHs降低了10.26%。     

车用柴油机瞬态工况的排气颗粒数量

以一台轻型车用柴油机为样机,研究发动机定转速增转矩瞬态工况下的颗粒数量排放。所用燃料为纯柴油、纯生物柴油、B20和B50燃油。结果表明:瞬态工况期间,该机燃用柴油的核态颗粒数上升,且先缓后急;聚集态颗粒数由于瞬态工况初期进气滞后,呈先增后降的特点。总颗粒数整体上升,瞬态过程初期聚集态颗粒数起主要作用,而中后期核态颗粒数占主导地位。B20燃油的颗粒数动态变化特性与柴油类似;B50燃油和纯生物柴油的颗粒数动态特性与柴油差异较大,其中总颗粒数和核态颗粒数始终明显高于柴油,聚集态颗粒一直低于柴油,表明此时核态颗粒数在总颗粒数中的支配地位。纯生物柴油在该瞬态工况初期聚集态颗粒数就持续下降,而核态颗粒数快速上升并持续到工况过渡结束。     

不同路线国Ⅴ柴油机排放研究

随着人类对环境保护的不断重视,作为大中型货运车辆主要发动机的柴油机,人们对其车辆尾气排放的研究也不断增加。为了更好地研究柴油机在不同路线下的排放情况,本文在相同的测试条件下,对采用不同路线的国V柴油机进行欧洲稳态测试循环(ESC)和欧洲瞬态测试循环(ETC)试验,并对两种路线下的柴油机尾气进行了监测分析,着重对尾气中对人体危害较大的可溶性有机物(SOF)和多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了采样分析处理,对试验结果分析可知,选择氧化催化器(DOC)+颗粒过滤器(DPF)路线的柴油机尾气中含有的SOF和PAHs明显低于用选择性催化还原(SCR)路线的柴油机尾气中的含量。两种循环试验中都得到了相应的结果。     

柴油掺烧生物柴油在高速电控共轨柴油机的性能与排放研究

以玉柴4D20柴油机为试验机型,在柴油中掺入10%、20%和30%体积比的大豆生物柴油配置成混合燃料,进行台架试验,测量并分析性能与排放试验数据。试验表明,燃用生物柴油混合燃料动力性稍微有点下降,燃油消耗率增加;排放方面可以大幅度降低碳烟的排放,但是NOx稍微增加。     

AutoCAD二次开发实用机械设计系统的探讨

二甲醚(DME)是一种重要的超清洁能源产品,文中分析了二甲醚的理化特性,并在D1110柴油机上掺烧D90(二甲醚柴油质量分数比9:1),结果表明:功率和转矩略低于原柴油机,PM排放大幅度下降,NOx在整个负荷范围内得到控制.结果体现了柴油机燃用二甲醚柴油混合燃料在降低排放方面的优越性能.     

单缸柴油机上的纯生物柴油性能分析

为降低柴油机的废气排放,在EH36单缸柴油发动机试验台架上,进行了柴油机燃用纯柴油和纯生物柴油的对比性试验,分析研究了柴油机的燃烧特性、动力性、经济性。结果表明:纯生物柴油在低转速大扭矩工况下的经济性能较好;加速过程中,燃料消耗量大且柴油机的功率有所下降;最大扭矩和最大转速均比纯柴油略低,纯生物柴油的爬坡性能略差。     

燃用生物柴油公交车的颗粒物排放特性

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,通过燃用柴油和多种生物柴油比较研究其动力性、燃油经济性、颗粒物质量、数量及粒径分布特性。研究揭示:随着生物柴油的混合比例增加公交车的动力性和燃油经济性变化特性;柴油公交车的颗粒数量排放呈对数双峰分布;生物柴油公交车的颗粒物质量、23nm～2.5μm固态颗粒数量、50 nm以上的聚集态颗粒数量随着生物柴油混合比例的增加呈现的变化趋势。     

生物柴油混合燃料的排放特性研究

本试验通过对燃烧生物柴油对发动机排放污染物的测量和分析,探讨了生物柴油降低柴油机排气污染物的机理。研究结果表明:在同一稳定工况下,随着生物柴油加柴油中入比例的上升,燃烧排放物中的CO和HC比柴油排放呈现线性下降,NOx排放有所上升,而CO2排放一本在同一水平。     

柴油/二甲醚在柴油机上的性能与排放研究

二甲醚（DME）是一种重要的超清洁能源产品,文中分析了二甲醚的理化特性,并在D1110柴油机上掺烧D90（二甲醚柴油质量分数比9：1）,结果表明：功率和转矩略低于原柴油机,PM排放大幅度下降,NOX在整个负荷范围内得到控制。结果体现了柴油机燃用二甲醚柴油混合燃料在降低排放方面的优越性能。     

车用柴油-LPG双燃料发动机工作状态的控制及性能研究

采用单片机控制进气道预混合混合器供气方式,对490Q直喷型柴油机进行了柴油-LPG双燃料技术改造。在分别燃用全柴油和柴油-LPG双燃料的情况下,得到了相应工况下动力性、经济性以及排放噪声等性能指标的对比试验结果。结果表明,然用柴油-LPG混合燃料,发动机的动力性有所提高;经济性在低负荷时优于全柴油,高负荷时较差;排放方面,烟度大幅降低,NOx也有所降低。     

柴油机排气微粒可溶有机组分的色谱质谱分析

采用超声洗脱法对柴油机排气微粒中可溶有机组分SOF和不可溶组分IOF进行了分离,利用色谱—质谱联用技术对其中SOF的成分进行了分析。结果表明,怠速及中低负荷工况下SOF的排放量较低,随着负荷上升其排放量逐渐增加,在最大扭矩和标定转速工况下达到最高。SOF中最大的组分为烷烃,其次是芳香烃;烷烃中大部分为正烷烃,芳香烃以萘族和菲族等多环芳香烃为主。芳香烃的排放量随着负荷的上升而增加。SOF烷烃碳原子数分布的研究表明,低负荷工况下,燃油中易燃的正十四烷～正十七烷的绝大部分被烧掉,SOF中有些成分不是直接来自燃油,而是来自润滑油或燃油聚合反应的中间产物;高负荷工况下,供油量较多导致一部分正十四烷～正十七烷来不及燃烧就排出机外,SOF中还有些成分则是燃油高温裂解的产物。SOF芳香烃碳原子数分布的研究表明,高负荷工况下高碳原子数的芳香烃大都被烧掉,怠速及低负荷工况下SOF芳香烃化合物的种类相对较多。     

Investigation of the effects of steam injection on the emissions and performance of a diesel engine using waste chicken oil methyl ester

The use of biodiesel-blended fuels in diesel engines improves the engine performance parameters and the partial recovery of incomplete combustion products, while also increasing the level of NOx emissions. In this study; biodiesel obtained through the transesterification of waste chicken frying oil was mixed with diesel fuel (90% diesel + 10% biodiesel-B10), and was then used as fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. To reduce the increased NOx emissions caused by the use of B10 fuel, the steam injection method (which is one of the NOx reduction methods) was applied. Steam was injected into the intake manifold at different ratios (5%-S5, 10%-S10 and 15%-S15) and at the time of the induction stroke with the aid of an electronically controlled system. Based on the study results, it was observed that steam injection into the engine using B10 fuel improved both the engine performance and the exhaust emission parameters. It was determined that the S15 steam injection ratio resulted in the best engine performance and emissions parameters. In comparison to STD fuel; the highest increase observed at the S15 steam injection ratio in the effective engine power was 2.2%, while the highest decrease in the specific fuel consumption was 3.4%, the highest increase in the effective efficiency was 3.5%, and the highest decrease in NOx emissions was 13.7%.

     

Size distributions and number concentrations of particles from the DOC and CDPF

Particulate matters (PM) from diesel combustion comprise the major portion of harmful components of air in urban areas. In this study, the effects of DOC and/or CDPF on the size distributions and catalytic reactions of these nano-sized particles were investigated to clarify the exhaust mechanism and to minimize the emission of the nano-sized PM. Parameters of interest in the investigation included sulfur content of the fuels used, air-fuel equivalence ratio, fuel injection pressure, and the engine speed. The number concentration of the particles in diluted exhaust gas was measured by a SMPS in the diametric range of 10–385 nm. The number of nanometer-sized particles increased when the engine was operated at high equivalence ratio with diesel fuel that contained 500 ppm of sulfur. As the sulfur concentration in the fuel increased, the number of the particles smaller than 30 nm increased upon passing DOC and CDPF in the exhaust system of the common-rail diesel engine.     

Pretreatment methods to improve the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel for use in power tiller engines

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can replace diesel in compression ignition engines without changing the engine structure. Biodiesel is typically manufactured from vegetable oils and animal fats, which give the fuel its oxidation stability and cold-flow properties, respectively. However, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel can cause engine performance problems such as incomplete combustion and sludge formation due to insufficient fuel atomization. To address these problems, in this study, a pretreatment technology that lowers the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel made from blended animal fat and vegetable oil was developed. The results of application of the pretreated fuel to a single-cylinder power tiller engine indicated that it produced 88.3–99.8 % of the brake power produced by conventional diesel. In addition, although the pretreated biodiesel exhaust included increased amounts of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions, the proposed fuel also decreased the amounts of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared with conventional diesel emissions.

     

Relation between particulate emissions and exhaust smoke level in premixed charge compression ignition engine

For simplicity in measurement, the smoke level or opacity of the exhaust gas is often measured in diesel engine tests for the purpose of estimating the level of particulate emissions in the belief that smoke level is proportional to the particulate emissions. Existence of the correlation between these two has been well established in conventional diesel engines, but it is not clear yet whether the linear relationship stays in PCCI engines, which are known to emit significantly less NOx but more hydrocarbons than the conventional diesel engines. The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of the correlation between the smoke level and particulate mass in a directly fuel-injected PCCI engine with a DOC in the exhaust system. The smoke and PM are simultaneously measured before and after the DOC, while the single-cylinder diesel engine is operated in either diesel or PCCI combustion mode under various operation conditions. The study reveals that many more hydrocarbons and particulates are emitted in PCCI combustion than in the diesel combustion, and the strong correlation between the engine-out smoke level and particulate emissions in the diesel combustion does not exist in PCCI combustion. The correlation, however, comes back in the post-DOC measurements where most of SOF contained in PM is removed by the DOC.     

Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels in an indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engine

Biodiesel fuels that consist of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters are an alternative diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. However, autoxidation of biodiesel fuels during storage is easily caused by air, reducing fuel quality by adversely affecting its properties such as kinematic viscosity and acid value. One approach to improve the resistance of biodiesel fuels to autoxidation is to mix them with antioxidants. This study investigated the effectiveness of five such antioxidants in mixtures with biodiesel fuels produced by three biodiesel manufacturers: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PrG) and α-tocopherol. An engine test was also performed to investigate the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants in an indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engine. Oxidation stability was determined using Rancimat equipment. The results showed that TBHQ, BHA, and BHT were the most effective and α-tocopherol was the least effective in increasing the oxidation stability of biodiesel. The combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends TBHQ and PrG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage.     

An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel and its blends with diesel

The performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using mixture of jatropha biodiesel and mineral diesel have been experimentally investigated. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends. Brake thermal efficiency decreases with the increased percentage of biodiesel in the blends. The maximum efficiency is found to be 29.6% with pure diesel and 21.2% with pure biodiesel. Carbon mono-oxide and hydrocarbon emissions are improved with the addition of biodiesel to diesel. NO_x emission is found to be increased with pure biodiesel by 24% compared to mineral diesel.     

基于 EGR 耦合米勒循环的柴油机排放控制技术

为了提升柴油机应用过程有害废气排放控制的效果,提出基于 EGR 耦合米勒循环的柴油机排放控制技术。以燃油燃烧各阶段为基础,构建柴油机燃烧模型,分别深入分析 EGR 技术与米勒循环技术对废气排放的影响,衡量指标为 EGR 率与米勒度。以废气排放影响分析结果为依据,以排放控制效果最佳为目标,确定 EGR 技术与米勒循环技术的最佳耦合方案,实现柴油机废气排放的最佳控制。实验数据表明,应用 EGR 耦合米勒循环技术后,废气排放量低于实际废气排放量,并低于 EGR 技术与米勒循环技术对应排放量,充分证实了该技术具备较好的排放控制效果,为大气环境保护提供帮助。     

Emission characteristics of exhaust gases and nanoparticles from a diesel engine with biodiesel-diesel blended fuel (BD20)

This experimental study sought to investigate the characteristics of the exhaust emissions, and nanoparticle size distribution of particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel engines fueled with 20% biodiesel-diesel blended fuel (BD20). The study also investigated the conversion efficiency of the warm-up catalytic converter (WCC). The emission characteristics of HC, CO, NOx and nano-sized PM were also observed according to engine operating conditions with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study revealed that the maximum torque achievable with the biodieseldiesel blended fuel was slightly lower than that achievable with neat diesel fuel at high-load conditions. Smoke was decreased by more than 20% in all 13 modes. While the CO and THC emissions of BD20 slightly decreased, the NOx emission of BD20 increased by 3.7%. Measured using the scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), the total number and total mass of the nanoparticles in the size range between 10.6nm and 385nm were reduced by about 10% and 25%, respectively, when going from D100 to BD20. The particle number and mass for both fuels were reduced by about 43% when going from with EGR to without EGR. When EGR was applied in the engine system, the particle number and mass were reduced by 24%, and 16%, respectively, when going from D100 to BD20.