地下商业街火灾热释放速率试验研究

本文通过研究测定燃料质量损失速率和出口的烟气流速,建立小火荷试验的火灾热释放速率与烟气生成量的关系,从而获得实体火灾试验中的地下商业街火灾热释放速率（Heat Release Rate）数据和烟气质量流量数据。     

沉管隧道火灾热释放速率试验研究

为了深入分析沉管隧道火灾发展过程及其规模,以港珠澳沉管隧道为研究对象,建立足尺隧道火灾试验平台,配备试验测量系统,开展足尺隧道火灾试验。试验火源选用油池火、木垛火以及真实车辆,通过失重法和热辐射法相结合的方式确定火源规模,同时,探讨影响其火灾热释放速率的因素。试验结果表明:油池火更适宜作为火灾试验火源;通过不同油盘的组合能够模拟多种规模的火灾,试验中最大规模为40 MW左右;废弃小汽车火灾规模近似为5 MW,中巴车近似为15 MW。另外,影响火灾热释放速率的主要因素是燃烧面积、燃料类型、火源位置和纵向风速等。     

两种典型生物质燃料放热功率测定

本文对两种典型的生物质燃料在火墙中的放热功率进行了实验。得出了玉米芯和玉米秸秆的放热功率曲线。在相同燃烧条件下,玉米秸秆的燃烧速率和放热功率要远远高于玉米芯。通过用氧气消耗法和二氧化碳产生法两种方法得到计算结果与实验结果进行对比,验证了放热曲线的可靠性,为进一步建立生物质燃料的燃烧模型提供了参考。     

From Ignition to Suppression,a Thermal View of Flammability Limits

Starting from the flammability diagram, a thermal theory is proposed to scale various critical concentrations in combustion. By an analogy between ignition and suppression, the flammability limits are extrapolated to minimum extinguishing concentrations. Thus the suppressibility of a fuel will be evaluated from its flammability, while the suppression capability of an agent will be evaluated using the cup-burner (CB) value. By setting up the thermal balance at extinguishing, the synergistic effect can also be explained by an adjustable flame temperature factor. This thermal mechanism will guide the future work on selecting new combinations of binary agents.     

The Influence of Tunnel Geometry and Ventilation on the Heat Release Rate of a Fire

It has occasionally been observed that fires in tunnels appear to be significantly more severe than fires in the open air. A literature review has been carried out, comparing heat release data from fires in tunnels with heat release data from similar fires in the open air. A Bayesian methodology has been used to investigate the geometrical factors that have the greatest influence on heat release rate. It is shown that the heat release rate of a fire in a tunnel is influenced primarily by the width of a tunnel; a fire will tend to have a higher heat release rate in a narrow tunnel rather than in a wide tunnel. The observed relationship between heat release rate and tunnel width is presented. Results from a study investigating the variation of heat release rate with ventilation velocity for fires in tunnels are also presented. A method for making realistic estimates of the heat release rates of fires in tunnels, based on these results, is presented.     

Heat Release Rate of Heavy Goods Vehicle Fire in Tunnels with Fixed Water Based Fire-Fighting System

A series of large-scale fire tests for road tunnel application was conducted in a test tunnel facility in Spain. The aim of this fire tests program was to investigate the magnitude of the heat release rate generated by a fire in heavy goods vehicles (HGV’s) with and without a fire suppression system in tunnels in Singapore; the possibility of interchanging a fire suppression system with other measures such as lowering the longitudinal flow velocity; and to acquire information on the appropriate design parameters (e.g., nozzle type, discharge density and activation time) to adopt based on the most probable fuel load used in these road tunnels. In order to ensure repeatability, simulated HGV’s consisting of 228 pallets with 48 plastic pallets (20%) and 180 wooden pallets (80%) were used in all fire tests. An air velocity of approximately 3 m/s was applied. As the scope of work covered in this fire test program is very large, only the setup of the fire test and the findings on the effects of heat release rate with (Test 4) and without (Test 7) a fixed water based fire-fighting system are covered. The test results indicate that a substantial reduction of fire heat release rate can be obtained using a low-pressure deluge fire suppression system, as long as timely activation of the water is provided. However, the influence of the suppression system on CO production is significant. Such experimental data address the current dearth of knowledge on the actual effect of low-pressure deluge systems on the heat release rate from HGVs in tunnel fires.     

A Comparison of a Statistical and Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to Estimate Heat Release Rate in Road Tunnel Fires

Computational tools such as one-dimensional models or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been used for the fire safety design of road tunnels. However, most of these analyses are performed using a specified fire source where the heat release rate (HRR) in the tunnel is fixed by the user and the influences of ventilation conditions and tunnel geometry are not considered. For a more realistic estimate, models need to incorporate these factors in their input. This paper discusses the use of a statistical approach previously developed by other researchers (Carvel and Beard, The handbook of tunnel fire safety. Thomas Telford Publishing, pp 184–197, 2005) and the use of a CFD approach to estimate the HRR in a road tunnel fire. As an application example, fire scenarios in which a light goods vehicle carrying wooden pallets are used to compare the estimation of the HRR using these two methods.     

A Global Model for Heat Release Rate Prediction of Cable Burning on Vertical Cable Tray in Different Fire Scenarios

Fire Technology - Cable fire risk analysis is important for fire protection design in  industrial as well as residential buildings. The vertical movement of the cable...     

Development of Ignition Time and Mass Loss Rate Prediction Models for Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Multi-Step Thermal Degradation Under Various External Heat Flux Conditions

Fire Technology - To predict the ignition time and mass loss rate of rigid polyurethane foam (RPU) under various radiative conditions, numerical models with a multi-step thermal degradation process...     

复合型保温隔热材料的制备与影响因素研究

以可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)、酚醛树脂(PF)为主要原料,按一定的配比,添加适量的助剂,采用正交设计法设计制备EPS/PF复合型保温隔热材料的试验方法。用极差分析的方法讨论了压缩比、阻燃剂用量、固化温度以及保压时间对样品导热系数、阻燃性能、抗压强度以及吸水率的影响。筛选出最佳工艺条件为压缩比为1.5,阻燃剂用量为30%,固化温度为95℃,保压时间为1h时,所制得的复合保温材料的导热系数为0.035W/MK;抗压强度为0.21MPa;阻燃性(氧指数)为36%;吸水率为1.5%。     

变热流条件下XPS板辐射引燃特性试验研究

为研究XPS保温板在变化热流作用下的引燃特性,对10组变热流条件下2.2,4.5cm厚XPS保温板辐射引燃特性进行了试验.测量了XPS保温板表面接受到的热辐射强度、引燃时间、表面温度以及质量损失速率.结果表明：0.0194kW/（m2·s）热流变化率不足以引燃XPS保温板试样;当热流变化率大于0.0373kW/（m2·s）时,在热流的作用下XPS保温板表面温度逐渐升高;当温度达到临界着火点时,XPS保温板瞬间燃烧,发出耀眼火焰和黑色浓烟,同时温度闪升至970.5℃左右;当有焰燃烧结束时,表面温度突降,燃烧过程结束;在有焰燃烧阶段,XPS板质量呈线性递减;临界着火点温度为336.0~387.0℃,且XPS保温板引燃时间与热流变化率具有乘幂关系,幂指数约为-0.765.     

冷凝释放热对周围环境及自然通风的影响研究

本文以分体式空调的室外机为对象,采用CFD方法,使用FLUENT软件模拟了不同的环境风速条件下,不同热释放率的室外机周围的速度场、温度场,分析室外机释放的冷凝热对建筑周围热环境的影响。还模拟了室外机置于建筑迎风面、背风面和无室外机散热影响情况下某大开口单体建筑的自然通风情况,分析通风过程中的速度、温度以及压力分布情况,研究冷凝热释放对自然通风的影响。室外机组的尺寸为900mm×900mm×300mm,距建筑外墙的距离为0.2m,距地面0.5m。由模拟结果可以看出由于热浮力的作用,热气流有明显的上升趋势,并逐渐向外墙面贴附,且影响范围很大。热空气的上升运动不仅与室外机的热释放率有关,而且与室外环境的风速也有关系。本文首次采用热污染边界层的概念来定义室外机冷凝热释放的影响范围,并对室外机的安装布置提出合理化建议。     

含盐多孔材料湿交换率的确定

潮湿的室内环境使室内空气质量恶化。含盐多孔材料具有调节室内湿度的作用,逐步为人所认识。本文通过分析含盐多孔材料表面与空气间的湿交换过程,建立表面湿交换率公式,进一步提出加强含盐多孔材料湿调节能力的方法。     

计量供暖的热价制定及收费方案

提出计量供暖系统的热价制定、热费收缴和热计量方式三者是相互联系的,各种计量方式的实质并不是计算热用户耗热量,而是将其作为热费分摊的依据。阐述了单一热价间接收费、两部制热价间接收费和两部制热价直接收费3种热价制定和收费方案。     

含盐多孔材料传热传质研究

对含盐多孔材料内部温度、质度分布作了现场测定和数值模拟。建立了含盐多孔材料在一维温度质度场的耦合方程组,获得了其温度、质度动态分布规律, 数值模拟结果与实测结果较为吻合, 验证了数值模型的正确性, 对促进含盐多孔材料热质迁移的研究,具有重要的意义     

水泥水化放热行为的温度效应

根据水化反应动力学理论,推导不同养护温度条件下水泥水化放热统一模型的表达式,结果显示:活化能决定了水泥水化反应的温度敏感性以及化学反应速率与养护温度的关系.根据GB/T12959—2008《水泥水化热测定方法》中的溶解热法测定了水泥在20,30,40,50,60℃恒温条件下养护1,3,7,28 d龄期的水化热值,结果表明水泥水化热的温度效应与所推导的统一模型相一致.